APPRAISALS OF NOISE POLLUTION, TRAFFIC AND LAND USE PATTERNS IN METROPOLITAN KARACHI THROUGH GIS AND REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES MOHAMMED RAZA MEHDI ThesisSubmittedto The 'University of'Karachi in (Fulfilment of The (Requirement of The (Degree of Doctor of DhiCosophy in (EnvironmentalStudies / INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF KARACHI KARACHI - PAKISTAN 2002 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Engr. Mohammed Raza Mehdi, has ably completed his dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, under my supervision on “Appraisals of Noise Pollution, Traffic and Land use Patterns in metropolitan Karachi through GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques.” The completed work is beneficial and distinct for different disciplines of engineering, applied and social sciences. It is hoped that in future, more analogous multi-disciplinary researches would be conducted on the cities of developing countries. I wish him success in his future research endeavours. <#- Dr. S. Jamil H. Kazmi ii DEDICATED TO My (BeCoved (FamiCy Mem6ers l iii ABSTRACT Karachi is one of the worst effected cities due to unchecked and uncontrolled noise pollution. Population growth rate of Karachi is about 3.0% per annum that depicts the annual growth of population at risk while pollution growth is also considerably high. The growing environmental degradation has exerted grave burden on resources, therefore, environmental monitoring has become indispensable. This neglected issue needs a serious attention and,continuous surveillance to evaluate the quality regularly. In this study, a hypothesis is formulated: "the high level of noise is associated with the geographical agglomeration of land use and traffic volume, which results in high incidence of noise related diseases and people working near those areas are on vulnerable risk.” The prime goals of this study are to modulate the information pertains to noise pollution and its adverse effects on human health and find out their spatial patterns all over Karachi. The research has covered different parameters: assessment of land cover / land use, human settlement growth, temporal traffic patterns, population distributions, current levels of noise, health implications, physicians’ and public perceptions. Spatial variations within metropolis have been largely ignored mainly due to less comprehension, under estimation of spatial techniques as well as difficulties in collecting, processing and analysing the data at micro geographic scales. Remote Sensing technology has been providing multi-dimensional information, which is utilized in various environmental investigations while Geographical Information Systems (GIS) have been accepted as a turnkey solution for the complex world due to its magnanimous breath of functionalities and cost effectiveness. The developed GIS evaluation combined the data sets, various analyses and the resultant maps with the capability to integrate further parameters for future risk assessments. Multi-attribute decision analysis was successfully employed. Micro-geographic appraisals of the metropolis were performed by considering 58 zones outlined by the local development authority. Each regional assessment included area, population density, distribution of land cover, split of land use, and frequency of noise-induced diseases, their prevalence scenario and temporal variations in noise levels within the zone. Multiple regression models for predicting noise levels at the olden iv regions of Karachi metropolis have been formulated in which traffic and land use parameters act as independent variables. The most unique feature of this study is the unification of engineering techniques with that of human behavioural sciences to trace down the manifestations of noise pollution. It is hoped that in future, more analogous multi-disciplinary researches would be conducted on emerging mega cities of the third world. : Jf <*f KiMiAs t/'CP U'(jIVlJJ l> iir: -<ÿ_ l£d“‘/,ljjllÿTÿlf (jtV 1> i»jC JÿLtf*‘L/j iJÿfjiSÿ/ÿ iff*W/lL.bkljZj{ÿdJj)\ _£_(]jtj¥dÿ<Z'jy*6J,]/s2—i>£ Jr*Jij\}\ÿ\kLjÿ-//-j -c- ir'>(tÿ{jA~‘*Z'iÿ&ÿsJ$ij'y'Sjx?-&,‘Z--l>£-J&"l<J*>3t/6*-f-J/iiriVijiyÿ.'&0?C fruit*' \SS>fi -Oj tf'Jcfr$T(Jÿ-i,A'Jlif/i?< fy'rcpsd&ÿj/' -ÿ(ÿÿUÿ’ÿ|wL/-JÿwL>"-ÿlf,ÿU-4_>jZlGlS J'l/ J>yl?'ÿi&£Lj*>Jj>lJ\i>lfjUjfl'jfl'£Lj'l -Jtf X-i-ÿjuZlJÿy jr'yJ >J\*ÿjr,S> liÿ<£-1 c/i#_'/jX''&&££{&. Jr* wÿÿoÿUt L'lX*1IK/1 -LTUJT If jC(3>lf i-CUÿ jlfÿ!ÿ Ui—tiL./.iZlUj ACKNOWLEDGMENTS It is indeed my honour to bestow my profound gratitude to Dr. S. Jamil H. Kazmi, for his precious supervision of this research. It would have never been likely to accomplish this task without his personal genuineness and solicitude. Throughout my life, 1 will remain thankful to him. I owe deep appreciation to an important member of my supervisor’s research team, Mr. Mudassar Hassan Arsalan for his continued help in data collection, analysis and shaping up of this thesis. 1 extend my obligations to Prof. Dr. M. Altaf Khan, Director, Institute of Environmental Studies, and Prof. Dr. Viqaruddin Ahmed, former Dean, Faculty of Science, University of Karachi towards admission to the program. 1 would like to express indebtedness to the Vice Chancellor of NED University, Engr.Abul Kalam and Prof. Dr. S. F. A. Rafeeqi, Chairman, Department of Civil Engineering for granting me the no objection certificate to pursue my Ph.D studies. 1 acknowledge the generosity of Prof. Mrs. Biijies Talat and Dr.Mrs.Farkhunda Barke, former and present Chairpersons, Department of Geography for providing me a decent place to work during the absence of my research supervisor. I will remain ever thankful to the eminent scholars: Dr. M.Ishaq Mirza, former member (Space) SUPARCO; Prof. Dr. Waseem Akhtar, Chairman, Department of Environmental Engineering, NED University; Prof. Dr. Iqbal Ali, former Chairman, Department of Civil Engineering, Sir Syed University; Engr. Dr. Mir Shabbar Ali, NED University; Dr. Mohsin Raza, HEJ Institute of Applied Chemistry, and Dr. S. Yawar A. Rizvi, the Kidney Center, for contributing their precious ideas and suggestions for the work. My thanks to Engr. Hyder Ali, Traffic Engineering Bureau - KDA; Mr. Muhammad Ayoub, Statistical Division- Karachi Civil Hospital; Mr. Akhtar, Statistical Division - JPMC, Mr. Asif Kazmi and Thair Munir, Population Census of Pakistan; Mr. Shahab A. Alvi, Master Plan & Environmental Control Department - KDA; Mr. Ishtiaq Ali Mehkri and Ms. Sabahat Sherwani, daily Dawn for providing the much needed information. vii My brother-in-law Mr. Syed Muhammad Sibtain, arranged the requisite, Noise Dosimeter complimentarily for this study. My in-laws arranged an extra computer on a very short notice. Likewise, my cousins Mr. and Mrs. Hasan Askari spared their car many times for the field surveys, so nice all of them. With pleasure I acknowledge the debt of affection to my mother (late), father, sister and especially my wife, daughter (Batool) and sons (Mohammad and Ahmed). All of them had to sacrifice on countless instances, setting aside their individual considerations. 1 present my thanks for the respectable teachers at the NED and Karachi Universities specially Miss Sheeba Afsar, Engr. Syed Masood K. Jafri, Mrs. Khalida Mahmood, Mrs. Azra P. Azad, Mr. Shahid Ali, Mr. Shamshad Akhtar, Mr. Razzaq Ahmed, Engr. Asif Abbasi, and Prof.. Dr. Sarosh H. Lodi who provided their advice, moral support and assistance. It would not be justified if I do not acknowledge my personal friends, Maulana Dr.Anwer Ali, Engr. Syed Raza Altaf, Saulat R. Zaidi, Mr. Tehmasp H. Baig, and Engr. Irfan Hameed on their heartfelt cooperation at numerous occasions during my life. Acknowledgements are due towards my graduate student Engr. Shahjahan and some undergrad, students groups at the KU and NED . Few names that I could recall are of Mr. Mohammad Talha, Mr. Adeel Ahmed, Mr. Saad Jamshed, Mr. Hafiz M. Owais, and Mr. M. Farhan. Finally, 1 extend thanks to my supervisor’s supporting staff especially to Mr. ArifMasieh. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT (ENGLISH) iv ABSTRACT (URDU) vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ix LIST OF TABLES xiii LIST OF FIGURES XV LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xviii LOCAL TERMS xiv I. INTRODUCTION I 1.1 Background - 2 1.2 Spatial Canvas - 3 1.2.1 Historical Sprawl - 6 1.2.2 Climate - 8 1.3 The Study - 9 1.3.1 Research Objectives - 10 1.3.2 Research Structure 11 1.3.2.1 Cartographic Approach 14 1.3.2.2 Database Management - 17 1.3.2.3 Analyses 18 1.4 Research Relevance - 18 ASSESSMENT OF LAND COVER CLUSTERS II 2.1 Remote Sensing (RS) on International Arena II -2 2.2 Remote Sensing on Pakistani Arena II -6 2.3 Conceptual Framework II -7 2.3.1 Remote Sensing Data Sources II -8 2.3.2 Satellite Data: Quality And Processing 11 -8 2.3.2.1 Environmental Attenuation II -8 2.3.2.1.1 Seasonal Differences II -9 2.3.2.1.2 Haze Compensation II -9 ix 2.3.2.2 Instrumental Errors -9 2.3.3 Image Geometries - 10 2.3.4 Image Enhancement -11 2.3.5 Targeting Area oflnterest (AOI) - 11 2.3.6 Land-Cover Extraction - 13 2.3.6.1 Land Cover Classification Scheme - 14 2.3.6.2 Supervised Classification Method - 14 2.3.6.2.1 Targeting Training Sites - 15 2.3.6.2.2 Classification Algorithm - 15 2.3.6.3 Classification Result Editing And Aggregation - 15 2.4 The Findings - 16 2.4.1 Prominent Clusters -20 2.5 Change Detection: Growth of Settlements -23 X-3 E APPRAISAL OF LAND USE ECU 3.1 The Framework III -2 3.2 Sources and Quality of Information III -3 3.3 The Findings III -4 L\ E DEMOGRAPHIC APPRAISAL IV I 4.1 Sources and Quality of Data IV - 3 4.2 The Framework IV - 4 4.3 The