The Mineral Industry of Indonesia in 2016
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2016 Minerals Yearbook INDONESIA [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. Department of the Interior January 2020 U.S. Geological Survey The Mineral Industry of Indonesia By Meralis Plaza-Toledo In 2016, Indonesia was the world’s third-ranked producer of metals in Indonesia was mostly owing to changes in the mining mined tin, accounting for 18% of the world’s production and law. Data on mineral production are in table 1. 17% of the world’s reserves. Indonesia also accounted for 9.5% of the world’s mine production of nickel, 3.6% of the world’s Structure of the Mineral Industry mine production of copper, and 3.5% and 2.6% of the world’s In 2016, state-owned PT Aneka Tambang Tbk (PT Aneka) production of nitrogen and gold, respectively. In addition, produced bauxite, ferronickel, gold, nickel, and silver. State- Indonesia was one of the world’s leading producers of coal, with owned companies PT Bumi Resources Tbk, PT Krakatau Steel, a 2.2 % share of the world production (BP p.l.c., 2017, p. 38; PT Pertamina, and PT TIMAH (Persero) Tbk were engaged in Anderson, 2018; Apodaca, 2018; Flanagan, 2018; George, 2018; the production of coal, steel, petroleum, and tin, respectively. McRae, 2018). International companies were also active in Indonesia’s metals Minerals in the National Economy mining and processing industries. Partially foreign-owned companies PT Freeport Indonesia Co. and PT Newmont Nusa In 2016, Indonesia’s real gross domestic product (GDP) Tenggara were engaged in the mining of copper and gold, growth rate was 5% compared with 4.8% in 2015. The mining respectively. Foreign owned PT Vale Indonesia Tbk produced industry accounted for approximately 7.2% of the GDP in nickel ore, and PT Koba Tin produced tin ore and metal (table 2). 2016. By the end of 2016, total employment in the mining and quarrying sector was 1,476,000 (Bank of Indonesia, 2017b, Mineral Trade p. 42; International Monetary Fund, 2017, p. 4). In 2016, the value of Indonesia’s exported goods, including Government Policies and Programs petroleum and natural gas, was $144 billion compared with $149 billion in 2015. Mining exports were valued at an In 2014, the ban on unprocessed mineral exports in estimated $18.2 billion compared with $19.5 billion in 2015; Indonesia came into full effect. The ban was mandated under petroleum and natural gas exports were valued at an estimated the Indonesian Mining Law of 2009 and included provisions $12.9 billion compared with $17.2 billion in 2015. The value prohibiting the export of unprocessed minerals as well as of exported coal was $14.5 billion compared with $16 billion requiring that mineral products be processed and refined in in 2015; copper exports were valued at $3.4 billion compared Indonesia prior to export. The mineral ban was designed to with $3.3 billion in 2015; and bauxite exports were valued at encourage miners to build smelters and process raw minerals $431 million compared with $744 million in 2015. The value within the country. In 2015, Indonesia’s mining companies of imported goods in 2016 amounted to $129 billion compared deliberated with the Government regarding the type of minerals with $135 billion in 2015. Mining imports were valued at that could be exported and the level of processing required $1.4 billion compared with $1.5 billion in 2015. Indonesia’s top before export. As of 2016, the Government was drafting a export destinations were, in order of export value, China, the revision of the regulations, possibly to allow exports of several United States, Japan, Singapore, and India (Bank of Indonesia, unprocessed ores and minerals and giving mining companies 2017a, p. 265, 268, 271, 276; International Monetary Fund, 2017). up to 5 more years to build smelters (Sharma, 2016; Library of Congress, 2017; PricewaterhouseCoopers Inc., 2017). Commodity Review PT Pertamina was the state-owned oil and gas company. Metals The Oil & Gas Law of 2001 regulates oil and gas activities in Indonesia. The law grants the Government the exclusive rights Bauxite and Alumina.—In 2016, PT Aneka produced to oil and gas extraction and requires all private companies 241,202 metric tons (t) of bauxite compared with 201,517 t in wishing to explore for and extract oil and gas resources to enter 2015. PT Aneka bauxite sales were delivered to PT Indonesia into production-sharing contracts with the Government (GBG Chemical Alumina, which was a joint venture between PT Indonesia, 2015). Aneka and Showa Denko K.K of Japan. PT Indonesia Chemical Production Alumina started preproduction on the Tayan chemical-grade alumina plant (Tayan CGA) in 2015 and produced 102,465 t In 2016, production of electrowon-leached copper increased of chemical-grade alumina in 2016. As of 2016, Tayan CGA by 833%; that of alumina, by 757%; zirconium mineral was still in the rampup period; when the plant reaches concentrates, by 256%; bauxite, by 197%; copper (smelter), full production, it would have the capacity to process by 28%; copper (refinery), by 27%; copper (mine output), by 850,000 million wet metric tons per year of washed bauxite, 24%; ferronickel (Ni content), by 18%; and silver, by 10%. resulting in a production capacity of 300,000 metric tons per Production of iodine decreased by 67%; refined tin, by 31%; year of chemical-grade alumina (Aneka Tambang PT Persero and gold, by 14%. Large variations in the production of mined Tbk, 2017a, p. 126; 2017b, p. 3). INDONESIA—2016 [ADVANCE RELEASE] 12.1 In 2016, China Hongqiao Group Ltd. (Hongqiao) and PT Cita Tin.—PT TIMAH (Persero), which was the leading tin producer Mineral Investindo Tbk (Cita) finished the construction of a in Indonesia, reported total tin reserves of 335,909 t in 2016. smelter to produce smelter-grade alumina in Ketapang, West PT TIMAH (Persero) produced 24,121 t of tin ore in 2016 Kalimantan. The smelter would have the capacity to produce compared with 26,361 t in 2015. The decline was attributed 1 million metric tons per year (Mt/yr) during its first phase of to weather conditions, the reduction of mining units, and operations. The second phase would involve the expansion maintenance in some of the production facilities. In addition, of the smelter capacity to 2 Mt/yr and was expected to be PT Refined Bangka Tin (RBT) stopped refining operations in completed by the end of 2018 (Amianti, 2016). February owing to environmental concerns (International Tin In 2016, PT Aneka and PT Indonesia Asahan Aluminum Association, 2016; PT TIMAH (Persero) Tbk, 2017, p. 37). (INALUM) signed a joint-venture agreement to develop the Mempawah SGAR project (Mempawah), which would be a Mineral Fuels smelter-grade alumina plant. The production capacity of the Coal.—As of 2016, Indonesia was the world’s ninth-ranked Mempawah plant was projected to be 2 Mt/yr of smelter-grade producer of coal and had total proved reserves of 25.6 billion alumina. Throughout the development of the Mempawah metric tons. PT Bumi Resources of Indonesia, which was one project, PT Aneka expected to process its own bauxite reserves of the country’s leading coal producers, reported production of and INALUM expected to acquire alumina feed for processing 87.68 million metric tons of coal, or about 20% of the country’s aluminum from domestic plants and thus to lower Indonesia’s total coal production in 2016 (BP p.l.c., 2017, p. 38; PT Bumi dependence on alumina imports (Aneka Tambang PT Persero Resources Tbk, 2017, p. 60). Tbk, 2017a). Petroleum.—As of 2016, Indonesia had 3.3 billion barrels Copper.—Freeport-McMoRan Inc. of the United States and of proven crude petroleum reserves and was ranked among the its subsidiary PT Freeport Indonesia Co. (PT–FI) managed one world’s top producers of crude petroleum. East Kalimantan, of the world’s largest copper and gold deposits at the Grasberg the Java Sea, Natuna, and Sumatra were the main petroleum- minerals district in Papua, Indonesia. The Grasberg minerals producing regions of Indonesia. State-owned PT Pertamina district had the following three operating mines: an open pit, reported production of about 114 million barrels of crude the Deep Ore Zone underground mine, and the Big Gossan petroleum in 2016, representing an increase of 11% from underground mine. PT–FI’s recoverable copper production that of 2015. Indonesia’s production of crude petroleum had in 2016 was 482,168 t compared with 341,101 t in 2015. In decreased during the past decade owing to depletion of reserves 2016, PT–FI was in discussion with the Government regarding and maturation of oilfields as well as only limited investment long-term operating rights under the company’s contract of work (BP p.l.c., 2017, p. 14; Indonesian Petroleum Association, 2017; as well as PT–FI’s right to export copper concentrate without PT Pertamina, 2017, p. 22). restriction. In August 2016, PT–FI’s export permit was renewed through January 11, 2017 (Freeport McMoRan Inc., 2016; 2017, Outlook p. 38, 40). Gold.—In 2016, PT–FI reported production of 33,001 For decades, the mining sector has made a substantial kilograms (kg) of gold at the Grasberg Mine compared with contribution to Indonesia’s GDP, exports, employment, 38,319 kg in 2015. PT–FI reported that sequencing mining in Government revenues, and the economic development of areas with varying ore grades caused a fluctuation in production remote regions where mining sites are located. Indonesia’s as well as issues related to a 10-day work stoppage in September GDP is projected to expand by 5.1% in 2017, led by higher 2016 (Freeport McMoRan Inc., 2016; 2017, p.