THE CAMBRIDGE ANCIE NT HISTORY

VOLUME XIII The Late Empire, A.D. 3 37 - 42 5

Edited by AVERIL CAME RON Wardtn of Ktble Colltge, Oxford PETER GARNSEY Profmor of the Hidory of Classi

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~of~ ~ri

List of text-figures X11 Preface xiii

PART I CHRONOLOGICAL OVERVIEW

1 The successors of Constantine 1 'f?y D A v r D Hu NT, Senior Lecturer in Classics and Ancient History at the University .of Durham

I The dynastic inheritance, 3 37-40 1 II Constans and the west, 340-50 . III · Constantius and Persia, 3 37-50 · r 1 1v Magnentius, Vetranio and the recovery of the west, 350-3 14 v Athanasius, Gallus and Julian, 35 3-6 22. VT Constantius in Rome, 357 29 vu Sirmium and the search for a creed, 3 57-9 32 vrn Coostantius in Constantinople, 3 59-60 37 ix Sapor and Julian, 360-1 39

2 Julian 44 i(yDAVID HUNT r The early years u Caesar in Gaul rrr Proclamation at Paris rv Constantinople v Antioch vr Persia 3 From Jovian to Theodosius 78 b JOHN CURRAN, Lecturer in Classics at The Queen's University of IJe~ast · 1 Jovian 78 rr Valentinian and Valens: accession 80

v Vl CONTENTS

ll[ Religion, magic and treason at Rome 8z I IV Valentinian and the north-west frontier 83 v Valentinian and Britain 86 VI Valentinian and Africa 87 vu Valens and the revolt of Procopius 89 VIII Valens and Persia 91 IX Valens and the Goths 94 x Theodosius: the Gothic war 101 XI Theodosius and Christianity 103 XII The usurpation of Maxi.mus and the fall of Gratian 104 XII! The fall of Valentinian II and the usurpation of Eugenius 108

4 The dynasty of Theodosius I II ry R. c. BLOCKLEY, Professor of Classics, Carleton University, Ottawa I Introduction I II 11 The empfre divided, 395-404 TI3 nr The German onslaught on the west, 400-8 u8

IV Alaric in Italy, 408-10 12.~ v The early years of Theodosius II, 408-14 I 2.8 VI Barbarian settlements in the west, 411-18 12.9 VII The ascendancy of Pulcheria, 414-23 1}3 VIII The last years of Honorius and the usurpation of John, 419-2.5 135

PART II GOVERNMENT AND INSTITUTIONS

5 Emperors, government and bureaucracy 138 ry CH RI s TO PHER KELLY, Lecturer in Classics in the University of

Cambridge1 and Fellow of Corpus Christi College I Introduction 138 II The emperor in the later Roman world 139 m Bureaucracy 162 IV Conclusions 180 6 Senators and senates 184 l!J PETER HEATHER, Lecturer in Ear!J Medieval History, University College London I Institutional change 184 n Senatorial careers 191 III Senators and emperors 197 IV Senators and local politics 2.04 v Conclusion 109 7 The army 211 by A. D. LEE, Lecturer in Classics and Ancient History at the University of Wdles, Lampeter 1 Organization and deployment 2. 13 CONTENTS Vll

II Resources and m~ower 219 nr The army, politics ancl society 224 IV Military effectiveness 2. 32 8 The church as a public institution 2.38 bnAVID HUNT r Introduction: bishops at court 238 II Organization and hierarchy 240 III A Christian environment 250 IV Wealth 257 v The church as a career 262 VI Bishops and the community 269 vu Bishops and the law 272

PART III THE EMPIRE: ECONOMY AND SOCIETY 9 Rural life in the later Roman empire 2.77 b c. R. WHITTAKER, Fel/.ow of Churchill College, Universi'!JI of Cambridge and PETER GARNSEY r Rural production 277 n Labour and property owners 287 m The organization of the countryside 304

IO Trade, industry and the urban economy 3 I 2. bPETER GARNSEY and c. R. WHIT1'AKER r Introduction 312 II State intervention and its limits 316 III Expanding estates, declining cities 322 IV The city economy 328 v Conclusion 335 II Late Roman social relations 338 b ARNALDO MARCONE, Professor of the Economic and Social History of the Ancient WOrlt; Universiry of Parma r Introduction 338 II The sources 339 III A society in transition HO IV The regional reality ;jl v The emperor 352 VI The upper classes 354 VII The lower classes 356 VIII Other social distinctions 359 IX From patronage to patrocinium ;6r x Social mobility 363 XI Social marginalization 366 Xll Conclusion ;69 viii CONTENTS

12 The cities 371 by BRYAN w ARD- PERKIN s, Fellow of Trinity College, Oxford r What .is a civitas and what is a city? 371 II The decline of the curiae and the 'end of the classical city' 3n III The new structures of power and loyalty 382 IV Military needs ;89 v The impact of Christianity 392 VI The size and wealth of cities 403 VII Condusion 409

PART IV FOREIGN RELATlONS AND THE BARBARIAN WORLD 13 Warfare and diplomacy 4ll by R. C. BLOCKLEY

1 War, diplomacy and the Roman state 4II n Sources 414 Ill The defence of the empire to Constantine 416 rv From Constantine's death to the treaty of 36; 41 9 v The Panoonian emperors 424 Vl Theodosius I: the aftermath of Adrianople 426 VII The reigns of Arcadius and Honorius 429 VIII Theodosius II: the emergence of diplomacy 433 14 The eastern frontier 437 by BENJAMIN I SAAC, Proftssorof Ancient History at Te/Aviv University 1 Rome and Persia 437 II Arabs and desert peoples 444 III Regional aod local unrest 452 IV Military organization 455 v Conclusion 460

I 5 The Germanic peoples 461 by MALCOLM TODD, Principal of Trevefyan College and Professor of Archaeology at the University of Durham r Introduction 461 n Gaul, the Germanys and Raetia 464 rn The northern coastlands and Holland 472 IV Britain 474 v Scandinavia and the western Baltic 478 vt The eastern territories and the Danube lands 482

16 Goths and Huns, c. 320-425 487 by PETER HEATHER I Sources 487 CONTENTS ~

n The Goths to c. 370 488 m Goths and Huns beyond the Roman frontier, c. 370-425 499 IV Goths and Romans, c. 376-425 507 r 7 The barbarian invasions and first settlements 5r 6 by 1. N. WOOD, Professor of Ear!J Medieval History at the University of Leeds

PART V RELIGION r 8 Polytheist religion and philosophy 5 38 by GARTH FOWDEN, Centre for Greek and Roman Antiquity, National Research Foundation, Athens

1 Repression and compromise, 337-61 539 n Julian, philosopher and reformer of polytheism 543 m Jovian to Theodosius 11: the attrition of polytheism 548 iv Polytheist resistances 5 54 v Polytheism and Christianity 5 58 19 Orthodoxy and heresy from the death of Constantine to the eve of the first council of Ephesus 561 by HENRY CHADWICK, Professor Emeritus of the University of Cambridge

io Asceticism: pagan and Christian 6o r by PETER BR ow N, Professor of History, Prince/on University

21 Christianization and religious conB.ict 632 by PETER l3ROWN

PART VI ART AND CULTURE

2.2. Education and literary culture by AVERIL CAMERON r Introduction 665 II Christianity and traditional education 667 III Literary education as a path to advancement 673 IV Neoplatonism 680 v Legal and other studies 682 VI History-writing and its context 684 VII High literary culture 691 vm Epistolography and literary networks 696 IX Christian writing 698 x Biography, Christian and pagan 699 xr Ascetic literature 700 XII Theological works 701 xm Conclusion 704 x CONTENTS

2 3a Syriac culture, 3 37-425 708 by SEBASTIAN BROCK, Reader in Syriac Studies in the University of Oxford r Introduction 708 u Literary genres 712 Ill The threefold inheritance 71 z rv Interaction between Syriac and Greek culture 7r4 'v Syriac into Greek and Greek into Syriac 717 23b Coptic literature, 337-425 720 by MARK s M 1 TH, University Lecturer in Ancient Egyptian and Coptic, University of Oxford 1 Magical texts 722 n The Bible and Apocrypha 72.2 m Patristic and homiletic works 725 rv Monastic texts and martyrologies 727 v The Nag Hammadi library and related tractates 730 VI Manichean writings 73 3 24 Art and architecture 736 by J AS EL s NE R, Lecturer in the History of Art at the Courtauld Institute, University of London r Introduction 736 11 The modern critical context 739 rn Art and architecture, 3 37-425 742 Chronological table 762

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abbreviatiq11s 768 Freq11ent!J cited works 771 Part r: Chronological overview (chapters 1-4) 778 Part II: Government and institutions (chapters 5-8) 784 Part rn: The empire: economy and society (chapters 9-u.) 799 Part rv: Foreign relations and the barbarian world (chapters r 3-1 7) 809 Part v: Religion (chapters t 8- z 1) 8 18 Part v 1: Art and culture (chapters 22-24) 826