Introduction

Notes

Introduction

1. Dickens, “Christmas Tree,” pp. 292–3. 2. “Vernon Lee” is the pseudonym of Violet Paget. The prolific Blackwood continued to write ghost stories until his death in 1951. 3. Dickens, “Christmas Tree,” p. 293. 4. Although Spicer is not identified as the author of the story in its original publication in All the Year Round, he reprinted it in Volume II of his collected works, Bound to Please (1867). 5. Spicer, “An Unpatented Ghost,” p. 523. 6. Molesworth, “The Story of the Rippling Train,” p. 319. 7. With the exception of three excellent early studies: Julia Briggs’s Night Visitors: The Rise and Fall of the English Ghost Story (1977), Jack Sulli- van’s Elegant Nightmares: The English Ghost Story from Le Fanu to Black- wood (1978), and Vanessa Dickerson’s Victorian Ghosts in the Noontide: Women Writers and the Supernatural (1996). 8. Auerbach, “Ghosts of Ghosts,” p. 278. 9. Handley, Visions of an Unseen World, p. 1. 10. I use the term “popular” here to distinguish the Christian beliefs this book is interested in and orthodox Christianity supported by the Angli- can Church or various dissenting bodies. 11. Briggs, Night Visitors, p. 16. 12. As Sullivan notes, “While it is true that repressed or displaced sexuality functions as an element in some of these stories . . . it is not necessarily true that this is the dominant or most arresting element. . . To reduce the stories to case studies is to rob them of their charm and power” (6). 13. Sullivan, Elegant Nightmares, p. 3. 14. Ibid., p. 38. 15. Ibid., p. 18. 16. Ultimately, Sullivan does suggest a kind of authority behind the seeming chaos of Le Fanu’s universe: “Once Le Fanu’s hellish machine begins grinding, it does so with Hardyesque remorselessness, but also with a strange awareness of purpose which goes beyond the half-consciousness of the Immanent Will. If Hardy’s cosmos is struggling to attain consciousness, Le Fanu’s has already attained it, or is at least well along the way. If there is no benevolent or rational purpose behind things, there does seem to be a sinister purpose” (19). 17. Davies, The Haunted: A Social History of Ghosts, p. 4. 172 Notes

18. See Davies 5–6 and 39 for particular examples of “crime-solving” ghosts. Davies’s discussion of the Cock Lane Ghost (81–3) is also illustrative of this type of ghost belief. 19. Smith, The English Ghost Story, p. 3. 20. Ibid., p. 4. 21. McCorristine, Spectres of the Self, p. 3. 22. Smith, The English Ghost Story, p. 3. 23. McCorristine, Spectres of the Self, p. 61. 24. Clute, “Beyond the Pale,” p. 421. 25. Stevenson, “The Body Snatchers,” p. 303. 26. Crawford, “The Upper Berth,” p. 69. 27. Le Fanu, “An Account of Some Strange Disturbances on Aungier Street,” p. 19, italics original. 28. Mendlesohn, Rhetorics of Fantasy, p. 6. 29. Ibid., p. 7. 30. Ibid., p. 6. 31. Scott, “The Tapestried Chamber,” p. 7. 32. Scott explicitly connects superstition and Catholicism elsewhere in his fiction. See George W. Boswell’s “Personal Beliefs in Scott’s Novels” and Richard French’s “The Religion of Sir Walter Scott” for discussion of his mixed sentiments regarding Catholicism. For Scott’s support of the Roman Catholic Relief Act, the major political issue of the year in which “The Tapestried Chamber” appeared, see Michael Tomko’s Brit- ish Romanticism and the Catholic Question. 33. Thatcher, An Essay on Demonology, Ghosts and Apparitions, and Popular Superstitions, pp. 1–2. 34. See also Joseph Glanvil’s Sadducismus Triumphatus: Or, A Full and Plain Evidence Concerning Witches and Apparitions (1726) and the tales collected in Andrew Joynes’s Medieval Ghost Stories. 35. James, “Twelve Medieval Ghost Stories,” p. 34. 36. Ibid., p. 43. 37. Ibid. 38. Ibid., p. 41. 39. Davies, The Haunted: A Social History of Ghosts, p. 5. 40. Ibid., p. 4. 41. Handley, Visions of an Unseen World, p. 2. 42. Davies, The Haunted: A Social History of Ghosts, p. 5. 43. Scott, “Novels of Ernest Theodore Hoffmann,” p. 10. “Doctor John- son’s doubts”: Scott goes on to quote Imlac’s opinion of ghosts in Ras- selas: “That the dead are seen no more, said Imlac, I will not undertake to maintain against the concurrent and unvaried testimony of all ages, and of all nations. There is no people, rude or learned, among whom apparitions of the dead are not related and believed. This opinion, which, perhaps, prevails as far as human nature is diffused, could become universal only by its truth: those, that never heard of one another, would not have Notes 173

agreed in a tale which nothing but experience can make credible. That it is doubted by single cavillers can very little weaken the general evidence, and some who deny it with their tongues confess it by their fears” (John- son 107). Samuel Johnson, of course, famously took an interest in ghosts and was one of the investigators of “Scratching Fanny” the Cock-Lane Ghost. 44. Chadwick, The Secularization of the European Mind in the 19th Century, pp. 163–4. 45. Reardon, Religious Thought in the Victorian Age, p. 184. 46. As McCorristine points out, the collection went to a sixteenth edition within six years (10). Crowe’s tales were largely adapted from German works, as she notes in her introduction: “In this discussion, I shall make free use of my German authorities, Doctors Kerner, Stilling, Werner, Eschenmayer, Ennemoser, Passavent, Schubert, Von Meyer, &c., &c.; and I here make a general acknowledgment to that effect, because it would embarrass my book too much to be constantly giving names and references” (19). 47. Crowe, The Night-Side of Nature, p. 10. 48. “Religion and Science,” p. 192. 49. Bahn, “Ghostly Hands and Ghostly Agency,” p. 664. 50. Bahn persuasively argues that ghost stories were also influenced by spiritualist depictions of the afterlife, demonstrated through the greater agency ghosts acquire in late-Victorian ghost stories. 51. This depiction of spiritualism is by no means uniform. Some ghost stories, particularly the type Dickens often published in All the Year Round, criticized spiritualism on the basis that its materialism was focused on the wrong causes, looking for external evidence for spirit manifestations rather than rooting them in the disorders of the senses. For example, in the 1864 story “The Ghost of Mr. Senior” the narrator seems to only mildly distance himself from spiritualism, stating, “The facts to which I allude occurred many years since, before table-turning, spirit-rapping, spirit hands, ‘et hoc genus omne,’ were invented” (34). He ends his story, however, with a minute discussion of the way memory and imagination might affect vision, leading to the creation of a specter. See Chap- ter 4 for a more detailed discussion of ways in which ghost stories and spiritualist tenets are aligned. 52. Dickens, The Haunted House, p. 9. 53. MacDonald, “Uncle Cornelius His Story,” p. 131. 54. Crowe, The Night-Side of Nature, p. 17. 55. Edwards, “The Phantom Coach,” p. 13. 56. Molesworth, “Lady Farquahar’s Old Lady,” p. 2. 57. McCorristine, Spectres of the Self, p. 9. 58. See Erasmus Darwin’s Zoonomia, Section XL. “On the Ocular Spectra of Light and Colours,” pp. 605–8 particularly. 59. Ferriar, An Essay toward a Theory of Apparitions, p. 100. 174 Notes

60. Hibbert, Sketches of the Philosophy of Apparitions, p. 10. 61. As Alderson notes, he first delivered his thoughts on the subject of apparitions in a speech before a literary society in 1810. He claims that Ferriar’s work is based wholly on his own: “In 1813, an eminent and learned physician at Manchester published as new the same theory, supported by ancient history and traditional stories, which, if not equivocal, could not be so well authenticated as those to be found in the following essay” (viii). 62. Alderson, An Essay on Apparitions, p. 28. 63. Newnham, Essay on Superstition, p. 75. 64. Ibid., p. 119. 65. Ollier, Fallacy of Ghosts, Dreams, and Omens, p. 4. 66. Brewster, Natural Magic, p. 20. 67. Ollier, Fallacy of Ghosts, Dreams, and Omens, p. 10. 68. Smajic, Ghost-Seers, Detectives, and Spiritualists, p. 18. 69. Edwards, “Was It an Illusion?,” p. 251. 70. McCorristine, Spectres of the Self, p. 32, italics original. 71. Dickens, Christmas Carol, p. 59. 72. McCorristine, Spectres of the Self, p. 1. 73. Nesbit, “Man-Size in Marble,” p. 123. 74. In fact, Nesbit’s story rejects orthodox religious explanations as well. As Nick Freeman argues, “There is certainly no suggestion of a protecting Providence overseeing the innocent Laura as there was in many earlier Victorian ghost stories. The clergy are conspicuous by their absence, and Jack’s belief that his wife’s sweetness means ‘there must be a God [. . .] and a God who was good’ (132) is the sourest of ironies” (462). 75. Hawker published using the pseudonym Lanoe Falconer.

Chapter 1

1. James, “M. R. James on Ghost Stories,” p. 413. 2. Ibid, p. 24. 3. “The Judge’s House” is closely based on Le Fanu’s “An Account of Some Strange Disturbances in Aungier Street,” for example. For a general discussion of Le Fanu’s influence on Stoker, see Carol A. Senf’s “Three Ghost Stories: ‘The Judge’s House,’ ‘Some Strange Disturbances in an Old House in Aungier Street,’ and ‘Mr. Justice Harbottle.’” Broughton, Le Fanu’s niece on his wife’s side, found her literary endeavors much encouraged by Le Fanu and dedicated Cometh Up as a Flower (1867) to her uncle “as a small token of affectionate regard.” 4. Le Fanu objected to his fiction being labeled “sensational” and asked the press to instead consider his work part of the “school of tragic English romance, which has been ennobled, and in great measure founded, by the genius of Sir Walter Scott” (“Preliminary Word” vii). See Melada, p. 43, for a discussion of Radcliffe’s influence. Notes 175

5. Murphy, Irish Novelists and the Victorian Age, p. 93. 6. A Wyvern Mystery is based on the story “A Chapter in the History of a Tyrone Family,” which, incidentally, supplied the central plot (of a man who hides his mad wife in one part of his home while his new bride takes up residence in another) of Jane Eyre. Le Fanu’s The Fortunes of Colonel Torlogh O’Brien is based on the story “An Adventure of Hardress Fitzgerald, a Royalist Captain.” For a complete record of Le Fanu’s publication history, including stories republished under new names or expanded into novels, see Gary William Crawford, J. Sheridan Le Fanu: A Bio-Bibliography. 7. Sullivan, “Sheridan Le Fanu: The Purcell Papers, 1838–40,” p. 13. 8. Browne, “Ghosts and Ghouls and LeFanu,” p. 5. 9. Melada, Sheridan Le Fanu, p. 50. 10. Coughlin, “Doubles, Shadows, Sedan-Chairs and the Past,” p. 18. 11. McCormack, Sheridan Le Fanu and Victorian Ireland, p. 55. 12. Tracy, “Introduction,” p. xxix. 13. As Sullivan argues in Elegant Nightmares. See pp. 11–12 particularly. 14. Le Fanu, Seventy Years of Irish Life, p. 8. 15. Sullivan, “Sheridan Le Fanu,” p. 11. 16. Le Fanu, “The Ghost and the Bone-Setter,” p. 3. 17. Le Fanu, Seventy Years of Irish Life, p. 38. 18. Ibid., p. 36. 19. Le Fanu, “The Ghost and the Bone-Setter,” p. 7. 20. Qtd. in McCormack, Sheridan Le Fanu and Victorian Ireland, p. 120. 21. Ibid., p. 51. 22. Ibid., p. 52. 23. Le Fanu, “The Ghost and the Bone-Setter,” p. 1. 24. Ibid. 25. Le Fanu, Seventy Years of Irish Life, p. 44. 26. Ibid., p. 63. 27. Ibid., p. 65. 28. Ibid., p. 67. 29. Harrison, Drink and the Victorians, p. 92. 30. Taylor, Bacchus in Romantic England, p. 6. 31. Malcolm, Ireland Sober, Ireland Free, p. 53. 32. Qtd. in Malcolm, Ireland Sober, Ireland Free, p. 57. 33. Doyle, Hints Addressed to the Smallholders and Peasantry of Ireland, p. 58. 34. Ibid., p. 64. 35. Le Fanu became the Dublin University Magazine’s editor in 1861 and kept the position until 1869. 36. “Our Portrait Gallery – No. VII,” p. 376. 37. Malcolm, Ireland Sober, Ireland Free, p. 56. 38. For a discussion of legislation aimed at reducing alcohol consumption in Ireland, see Malcolm, pp. 50–2, 56. 39. Ibid., p. 67. 40. Ibid., p. 61. 176 Notes

41. Le Fanu, “The Ghost and the Bone-Setter,” p. 6. 42. Ibid., p. 8. 43. Ibid., p. 21. 44. Ibid., p. 5. 45. Pritchett, “An Irish Ghost,” p. 122. 46. Malcolm, Ireland Sober, Ireland Free, p. 111. 47. Ibid., p. 99. 48. Daniels, The Temperance Reform and Its Great Reformers, p. 212. 49. Malcolm, Ireland Sober, Ireland Free, p. 117. 50. Le Fanu, Seventy Years of Irish Life, p. 56. 51. Le Fanu, “The Drunkard’s Dream,” pp. 208–9. 52. Ibid., p. 208. 53. Doyle, Hints Addressed to the Smallholders and Peasantry of Ireland, pp. 58–9. 54. Queen Victoria, “Letter to Lord John Russell,” p. 105. 55. Qtd. in Malcolm, Ireland Sober, Ireland Free, p. 121. 56. Le Fanu, “The Drunkard’s Dream,” p. 224. 57. Ibid., p. 228. 58. Ibid., p. 229. 59. Ibid., p. 231. 60. Ibid., pp. 232–3. 61. Sullivan, “Sheridan Le Fanu: The Purcell Papers, 1838–40,” p. 15. 62. Le Fanu, “Billy Malowney’s Taste of Love and Glory,” pp. 261–2. 63. “Pottieen” or potteen whiskey is the drink of choice among Le Fanu’s Irish peasantry. The drink carried specific political connotations. Those who drank it, in effect, were proclaiming loyalty to the Irish nationalist cause. See Malcolm, pp. 33–4, for a fuller discussion. 64. Le Fanu, “Billy Malowney’s Taste of Love and Glory,” p. 288. 65. Le Fanu, “The Quare Gander,” p. 240. 66. Le Fanu, “An Account of Some Strange Disturbances on Aungier Street,” p. 19. 67. Ibid., p. 21. 68. Ibid., pp. 21–2. 69. Ibid., p. 22. 70. Ibid., p. 27. 71. Ibid., p. 21. 72. Ibid., p. 29. 73. Ibid. 74. Ibid., p. 21. 75. Ibid., p. 19. 76. Ibid., p. 24. 77. Ibid., p. 25. 78. Ibid., p. 26. 79. Ibid., p. 30. 80. An establishment that sells alcohol illegally, which again is a mark of political affiliation with the cause of Irish nationalism. Notes 177

81. Le Fanu, “An Account of Some Strange Disturbances on Aungier Street,” p. 30. 82. Le Fanu, “The Drunkard’s Dream,” pp. 202–3. 83. Tracy, “Introduction,” p. xv. 84. McCormack, Dissolute Characters, p. 141. 85. Harris, “Spiritual Warnings,” p. 11. 86. Le Fanu, Seventy Years of Irish Life, p. 151. 87. Lozès, “Fragment d’un journal intimes de J. S. Le Fanu,” pp. 157–60. 88. According to Ivan Melada, even after Le Fanu became a bit of a recluse, “on the few occasions when Le Fanu left his house, it was to make nightly visits to old bookstores in search of books about ghosts and demons” (22). In these visits to bookstores, Le Fanu undoubtedly would have come across treatises on ghost-seeing such as those written by Ferriar, Newnham, Hibbert, and Brewster. 89. Le Fanu, “Green Tea,” p. 8. 90. Ibid., p. 9. 91. Ibid., p. 33. 92. Ibid., p. 39. 93. Ibid. 94. Ibid., p. 40. 95. Ibid., p. 38. 96. Ferriar, An Essay toward a Theory of Apparitions, p. 96. 97. Hibbert, Sketches of the Philosophy of Apparitions, pp. 15–16. 98. Newnham, Essay on Superstition, pp. 94–5. 99. Le Fanu, “Mr. Justice Harbottle,” p. 88. In this case, the carbuncle referred to is “a red spot or pimple on the nose or face caused by habits of intemperance” (Oxford English Dictionary). 100. Ibid., pp. 83–4. 101. Le Fanu, “Green Tea,” p. 21. 102. Ibid., p. 26. 103. Le Fanu, “The Room in the Dragon Volant,” p. 141.

Chapter 2

1. Edgar Johnson, “The Christmas Carol and the Economic Man,” p. 91. 2. Smith, “Dickens’ Ghosts: Invisible Economies and Christmas,” p. 40. 3. Dickens, Letters, March 7, 1854. 4. For an account of the séance Browning attended, conducted by the medium Daniel Duglas, see Gardner Taplin’s Life of Elizabeth Barrett Browning, pp. 293–6. 5. Dickens, The Haunted House, p. 11. 6. Dickens, Pictures from Italy, p. 54. 7. Dickens, Letters, August 9, 1844. 8. Ibid., October 24, 1860. 9. See for example, Phillip Collins’s “Dickens on Ghosts: An Uncollected Article,” p. 5, or Smith, p. 1. 178 Notes

10. Excellent overviews of Dickens’s heterodox Christianity can be found in Carolyn W. de la L. Oulton’s Literature and Religion in Mid-Victorian England and Dennis Walder’s Dickens and Religion. 11. Dickens, “To Be Read at Dusk,” p. 243. 12. “The Night Side of Nature; Or, Ghosts and Ghost Seers by Catherine Crowe.” For evidence of Dickens’s authorship of the article see Phillip Collins’s “Dickens on Ghosts: An Uncollected Article.” 13. Dickens, “To Be Read at Dusk,” p. 244. 14. Dickens, A Christmas Carol, p. 59. 15. Newnham, Essay on Superstition, p. 119. 16. Dickens, A Christmas Carol, p. 50. 17. Ibid., p. 126. 18. Ackroyd, Dickens, p. 704. 19. Forster, Life of Charles Dickens, p. 286. 20. Arnold, “Stanzas from the Grande Chartreuse,” ll. 85–7. 21. Dickens, “Unsettled,” p. 245. 22. Ibid., p. 246. 23. Greg, “Life at High Pressure,” p. 263. 24. Ibid. 25. Ibid., p. 268. 26. Ibid. 27. Ibid., p. 269, italics original. 28. Feltes, “To Saunter, to Hurry,” p. 248. 29. Meyerhoff, Time in Literature, p. 106. 30. Dickens, A Christmas Carol, p. 48. 31. See also James E. Marlow’s Charles Dickens: The Uses of Time, in which he argues that Dickens’s “work may be read as a dialogue with his readers about the topics that were at the forefront of the Victorian imagination: time and one’s conscious address to it” (14). 32. Crawford, “Charles Dickens, Uncommercial Space-Time Traveller,” p. 203. 33. Dickens, Dombey and Son, p. 50. 34. Dickens, A Christmas Carol, p. 48. 35. Ibid. 36. Herbert, Victorian Relativity, p. 9. 37. Erickson, “The Primitive Keynesianism of Dickens’s A Christmas Carol,” p. 51. 38. Stone, “A Christmas Carol’s Fairy Tale Format,” p. 50. 39. Dickens, A Christmas Carol, p. 54. 40. Dickens, “Nobody’s Story,” p. 62. 41. In David Copperfield, Martha, one of the novel’s “fallen” women, exclaims that the Thames is “like [her]”: “I know that I belong to it. I know that it’s the natural company of such as I am! It comes from country places, where there was once no harm in it—and it creeps through the dismal streets, defiled and miserable—and it goes away, like my life, to a great sea, that is always troubled—and I feel that I must go with it” Notes 179

(573). In Little Dorrit, Dickens writes, “Within view [of the Meagles’ home] was the peaceful river and the ferryboat, to moralise to all the inmates, saying: Young or old, passionate or tranquil, chafing or content, you, thus runs the current always. . . Year after year, so much allowance for the drifting of the boat, so many miles an hour the flowing stream, here the rushes, there the lilies, nothing uncertain or unquiet, upon this road that steadily runs away; while you, upon your flowing road of time, are so capricious and distracted” (162). 42. Crawford, “Charles Dickens, Uncommercial Space-Time Traveller,” p. 187. 43. Dickens, The Haunted Man, p. 385. 44. Ibid., p. 383. 45. Ibid. 46. Ibid., 384. 47. Dickens, “A Christmas Tree,” p. 4. 48. See Neil Armstrong’s “England and German Christmas Festlich- keit, c. 1800–1914” particularly pp. 493–4 for a detailed account of the popularization of the Christmas tree in England, which began in the mid-1840s, long after the days of Dickens’s “youngest Christmas recollections.” 49. Smith, “Dickens’ Ghosts: Invisible Economies and Christmas,” p. 40. 50. Ibid., p. 45. 51. Ibid., p. 50. 52. Dickens, A Christmas Carol, p. 86. 53. Ibid., p. 96. 54. Ibid. 55. Dickens, “A Christmas Tree,” p. 18. 56. Rowell, “Dickens and the Construction of Christmas,” p. 22. 57. Benjamin, “Some Motifs in Baudelaire,” p. 173. 58. Ibid., p. 173. 59. Qtd. in Benjamin, “Some Motifs in Baudelaire,” p. 173. 60. Ibid., pp. 174–5. 61. Dickens, The Haunted Man, p. 471. 62. Dickens, The Chimes, p. 168. 63. Dickens’s satire was originally more forceful, and his Young England gentleman played a larger role. He revised the character, exchanging the “Young England gentleman” for a “real old city Tory” based on Forster’s disapproval (159). Much of the Young England gentleman’s speech is retained in the character of the red-faced gentleman, however. Michael Slater appends the original scene in The Christmas Books Volume I, pp. 249–52. 64. Greg, “England as It Is,” p. 180. 65. Qtd. in Houghton, The Victorian Frame of Mind, p. 327. 66. Ibid., p. 327. 67. Dickens, The Chimes, p. 182. 68. Ibid. 180 Notes

69. Ibid., p. 169. 70. Nesbit, “Man-Size in Marble,” p. 187. 71. Two of the more famous medieval ghosts. Victorian accounts can be found in Walter Thornbury’s Old and New London, p. 94, and Arthur Cleveland Coxe’s Impressions of England, p. 83. 72. Dickens, The Chimes, p. 168. 73. Crowe, The Night-Side of Nature, p. 270. 74. Scott, “The Tapestried Chamber,” p. 8. 75. Ibid., p. 2. 76. Ibid., pp. 11–12. 77. Dickens, Bleak House, p. 83. 78. See Cadwallader, “Death by Train” for a discussion of the significance of time in “The Signal-Man.” 79. Parker, Christmas and Charles Dickens, p. 105. 80. Qtd. in Parker, Christmas and Charles Dickens, p. 105. 81. Bentley’s Miscellany was then under William Harrison Ainsworth’s edi- torship, Dickens having resigned the post in March of that year. 82. Jerdan, “The Dead Man’s Race,” p. 142. 83. Ibid., p. 142. 84. Ibid. 85. Dalton, “The Picture Bedroom,” p. 349. 86. Parker, Christmas and Charles Dickens, p. 105. 87. Given the country-house setting Jerdan chooses, the story might be intended as an example of a quaint rural superstition. 88. Dickens, A Christmas Carol, p. 87. 89. Dickens, The Chimes, p. 178. 90. As David Parker argues, the reference to Peckham Fair in The Haunted Man, which “grew to be a nuisance, as fairs generally do, and was abol- ished in 1827” (“Peckham and Dulwich”), can be seen as “a deliberate invitation to readers to imagine the action of the book taking place before 1827, or not much later” (18). 91. Dickens, A Christmas Carol, p. 47. 92. Dickens, The Haunted Man, p. 374. 93. Ibid., p. 375. 94. Ibid., p. 377. 95. Herbert, Victorian Relativity, p. 9. 96. Dickens, A Christmas Carol, p. 46. 97. Bain, The Senses and the Intellect, p. 325. 98. Ibid., p. 565. 99. Dickens, A Christmas Carol, p. 48. 100. Ibid., p. 63. 101. Ibid., p. 66. 102. Ibid., p. 85. 103. Ibid., p. 53. 104. Ibid., p. 72. 105. Crowe, The Night-Side of Nature, p. 276. Notes 181

106. Dickens, Letters, May 4, 1848. 107. Ruskin, “Of Queens’ Gardens,” p. 147. 108. Dickens, Great Expectations, p. 210. 109. Dickens, A Christmas Carol, p. 113. 110. Ibid., p. 112. 111. Ibid., p. 119. 112. Ibid., p. 120. 113. Ibid., p. 126. 114. Ibid., p. 128. 115. Ibid., p. 130. 116. Ibid., p. 134. 117. Dickens, The Haunted Man, p. 373. 118. Ibid., p. 395. 119. For example, in “Remembrance of Wrongs Past in The Haunted Man,” Scott Moncrieff argues that “Redlaw seems to stand in for Dickens himself,” and he proceeds to map onto the story the various events of Dickens’s life (536). More recently, John Bowen has noted connections between The Haunted Man and the unpublished autobiographi- cal work Dickens was composing in the late 1840s (77). Jerry Herron argues that although Dickens’s “interest in The Haunted Man focuses on pathologically disrupted memory. . . Unfortunately, he did not have at his disposal a specialized psychological vocabulary” (47). This is true in the sense that Dickens (obviously) did not have access to the findings of modern psychology; however, he was certainly aware of contemporary psychological theory and its vocabulary, as Bowen and others have cogently demonstrated (79; see also Stolte, pp. 188–90). 120. Reed, “Dickens, Christmas, and the Baby in the Egg-Box,” p. 167. 121. Dickens, The Haunted Man, p. 374. 122. Ibid., p. 394. 123. Ibid. 124. Ibid., p. 394. 125. Ibid. 126. Ibid. 127. Ibid., p. 396. 128. Shelley, Frankenstein, p. 80. 129. Ibid., p. 213. 130. Dickens, The Haunted Man, p. 389. 131. Ibid., p. 472. 132. Dickens, A Christmas Carol, p. 134. 133. Dickens, The Haunted Man, p. 470. 134. Ibid., p. 379. 135. Ibid., p. 395. 136. Ibid. 137. Ibid., p. 437. 138. Ibid., p. 433. 139. Ibid., pp. 433–4. 182 Notes

140. Ibid., p. 472. 141. Ibid., p. 389.

Chapter 3

1. James, The Turn of the Screw, p. 1. 2. Ibid., pp. 30–1. 3. Ibid., p. 31, italics original. 4. Ibid., p. 46. 5. Ibid., p. 70. 6. This reading of the governess famously originated in Edmund Wilson’s essay “The Ambiguity of Henry James,” and it is to Wilson that the beginning of the long-standing debate about Bly’s ghosts and governess can be attributed. 7. In suggesting that ghost stories by and about women are particularly informed by concerns regarding gender, I follow the examples of Van- essa Dickerson in Victorian Ghosts in the Noontide, which deals exclu- sively with women’s ghost stories, and Andrew Smith in The Ghost Story 1840–1920, who includes a chapter on women’s ghost stories because of their “shared concerns” and the way in which “women writers reflect on gender matters” (69). Other useful studies of women and ghost stories include Jarlath Killeen’s “Gendering the Ghost Story? Victorian Women and the Challenge of the Phantom,” Diana Wallace’s “Uncanny Stories: The Ghost Story as Female Gothic,” and Lowell T. Frye’s “The Ghost Story and the Subjection of Women: The Example of Amelia Edwards, M. E. Braddon, and E. Nesbit.” 8. Killeen, “Gendering the Ghost Story?,” p. 83. 9. Qtd. in Arnold, “Rhoda Broughton as I Knew Her,” p. 276. 10. Black, Notable Women Authors of the Day, p. 44. 11. Oliphant, “Novels,” p. 274. 12. Ibid., p. 275. 13. Arnold, “Rhoda Broughton as I Knew Her,” p. 267. 14. Sadleir, Things Past, p. 94. 15. Liggins, “Introduction,” p. iii. 16. Groff, “The Evolution of the Character of Woman in English Litera- ture,” p. 246. 17. Darwin, The Descent of Man. Vol. 2, pp. 326–7. 18. Darwin, The Descent of Man. Vol. 1, p. 121. 19. Spencer, The Study of Sociology, pp. 373–4. 20. Ibid., p. 374. 21. Ibid. 22. Ibid., p. 380. 23. See, for example, Almroth Wright’s The Unexpurgated Case Against Woman Suffrage, particularly pp. vi, 35–8. 24. Allan, “On the Real Differences in the Minds of Men and Women,” p. ccx. 25. Distant, “On the Mental Differences between the Sexes,” p. 84. Notes 183

26. Conway, “Stereotypes of Femininity in a Theory of Sexual Evolution,” p. 142. 27. Geddes and Thomson, The Evolution of Sex, p. 288. 28. Ibid., p. 290. 29. Ibid., p. 287. 30. Ibid., p. 286. 31. Ibid., p. 291. 32. Maudsley, Mind and Body, p. 35. 33. Ibid. 34. Oliphant, The Autobiography of Margaret Oliphant, p. 78. 35. Spencer, The Study of Sociology, p. 374. 36. Allan, “On the Real Differences in the Minds of Men and Women,” p. cxcvii. 37. According to the proceedings, “Thanks were voted to the author of the paper” (ccxv). A lengthy rebuttal was offered by Charles R. Drysdale, but in the record of the conversation that followed, most discussants quibbled with minor points Allan made (his definition of “intuition” for example), while agreeing with his general assessment of women’s inferiority. 38. Maudsley, Mind and Body, p. 75. 39. See Senf, p. 25–6 and Signorotti, p. 610. 40. Le Fanu, “Carmilla,” p. 243. 41. Ibid. 42. Ibid. 43. Qtd. in Tracy, “Explanatory Notes,” p. 344. 44. Ibid. 45. In his classic essay on “Carmilla,” William Veeder also makes note of the possibilities of dualism: “Neither here nor anywhere later in the tale does he define what ‘our dual existence’ is. Challenging readers to define the expression ourselves, ‘Carmilla’ offers so rich a range of pleasures because different readers will draw from it different definitions of dualism” (197). Veeder goes on to discuss the types of dualism suggested by a Freudian framework, noting that “beneath the dualism of vampire-human and lesbian-heterosexual are levels which reveal civilization’s discontents. What characters should want conflicts with what they actually want; and at a deeper level, the wants they admit conflict with what they really (often unconsciously) desire” (198). 46. Le Fanu, “Carmilla,” p. 260. 47. Ibid., p. 264. 48. Ibid., p. 278. 49. Ibid. 50. Ibid. 51. Ibid., p. 289. 52. Ibid., p. 282. 53. Ibid. 54. Veeder, “Carmilla: The Arts of Repression,” p. 203. 55. Le Fanu, “Carmilla,” p. 283. 56. Ibid., p. 246. 184 Notes

57. Ibid., p. 247, italics original. 58. Ibid. 59. Ibid. 60. Ibid. 61. Ibid., p. 289. 62. Ibid., p. 291. 63. Ibid. 64. Senf, The Vampire in Nineteenth Century English Literature, p. 52. 65. Le Fanu, “Carmilla,” p. 264. 66. Ibid. 67. Ibid., p. 265. 68. Ibid. 69. Ibid., pp. 249–50. 70. Leal, “Unnameable Desires in Le Fanu’s Carmilla,” p. 49. 71. Le Fanu, “Carmilla,” p. 317. 72. Veeder, “Carmilla: The Arts of Repression,” p. 199. 73. Davis, “Gothic’s Enigmatic Signifier,” p. 228. 74. Le Fanu, “Carmilla,” p. 319. 75. Davis, “Gothic’s Enigmatic Signifier,” p. 228. 76. Cooke, “Margaret Oliphant’s ‘The Library Window’ and the Idea of ‘Ado- lescent Insanity,’” pp. 245–6, and Heller, “Textual Seductions,” p. 28. 77. Oliphant, “The Library Window,” pp. 12, 23. 78. Ibid., p. 27. 79. Ibid., p. 20. 80. Ibid., pp. 37, 39. 81. Ibid., p. 31. 82. Ibid., p. 38. 83. Ibid., p. 4. 84. Cooke, “Margaret Oliphant’s ‘The Library Window’ and the Idea of ‘Adolescent Insanity,’” p. 246. 85. Oliphant, “The Library Window,” pp. 5, 6, 32. 86. Ibid., pp. 5–6. 87. Ibid., p. 24. 88. Heller, “Textual Seductions,” p. 25. 89. Cooke, “Margaret Oliphant’s ‘The Library Window’ and the Idea of ‘Adolescent Insanity,’” p. 244. 90. Ibid. 91. In “The Open Door” (1881) for example, a father must decide if his son’s illness is the result of a “hysterical temperament” or a ghostly encounter (23). Ultimately, he is convinced of the ghost’s reality, and with help of both the local (skeptical) doctor and the minister, he helps the ghost find peace. Instead of seeing in his son weakness, the narrator understands that the child has great spiritual strength: though the narrator is frightened by the encounter, to his son, “this spirit in pain—if it was a spirit—this voice out of the unseen was a poor fellow creature in misery to be succoured and helped out of his trouble, to my boy” (82). Notes 185

92. Heller, “Textual Seductions,” p. 24. 93. Oliphant, “The Library Window,” pp. 4–5. 94. Cooke, “Margaret Oliphant’s ‘The Library Window’ and the Idea of ‘Adolescent Insanity,’” p. 247. 95. Ibid., p. 246. 96. Oliphant, “The Library Window,” p. 3. 97. Ibid., p. 4. 98. Ibid. 99. Ibid. 100. Ibid., p. 10. 101. Heller, “Textual Seductions,” p. 26. 102. Oliphant, “The Library Window,” pp. 11–12. 103. Oliphant also lost two children in their infancies. 104. Oliphant, The Autobiography of Margaret Oliphant, p. 39. 105. Ibid., p. 84. 106. Ibid., p. 124. 107. Jay, Mrs. Oliphant: A Fiction to Herself, p. 139. 108. Oliphant, “The Library Window,” p. 5. 109. Ibid., p. 11. 110. Ibid., p. 17. 111. Jay, Mrs. Oliphant: A Fiction to Herself, p. 157. 112. Oliphant, “The Library Window,” p. 8. 113. Ibid., p. 27. 114. Heller, “Textual Seductions,” p. 28. 115. Oliphant, “The Library Window,” p. 34. 116. Ibid., pp. 35–6. 117. Calder, “Science and the Supernatural in the Stories of Margaret Oliph- ant,” p. 173. 118. Oliphant, “The Library Window,” p. 38. 119. Ibid. 120. Ibid., p. 39. 121. Ibid. 122. See Heller, “Textual Seductions,” p. 29. 123. Oliphant, “The Library Window,” p. 41. 124. Winston, “Afterword,” p. 53. 125. Oliphant, “The Library Window,” p. 40. 126. Ibid. 127. Ibid., p. 43. 128. Shakespeare, King Lear, ll. 4.6. 124–5. 129. Allan, “On the Real Differences in the Minds of Men and Women,” p. cxcviii. 130. Poovey, Uneven Developments, p. 36. 131. Mitchell, Lectures on Diseases of the Nervous System, Especially in Woman, p. 219. 132. Terry, Victorian Popular Fiction, p. 114. 133. Heller, “‘That Muddy, Polluted Flood of Earthly Love,’” p. 89. 186 Notes

134. Terry, Victorian Popular Fiction, p. 110. 135. Broughton, Not Wisely but Too Well, p. 51. 136. Broughton, “The Man with the Nose,” p. 37. 137. Ibid., p. 38. 138. Ibid., p. 44. 139. Ibid., p. 57. 140. Ibid., p. 59. 141. Ibid., p. 47. 142. Ibid. 143. Allan, “On the Real Differences in the Minds of Men and Women,” p. cxcviii. 144. Qtd. in Poovey, Uneven Developments, p. 5. 145. Ibid., p. 25. 146. Poovey, Uneven Developments, p. 30, italics original. 147. Qtd. in Poovey, Uneven Developments, pp. 34, 31. 148. Ibid., p. 31. 149. Ibid., p. 48. 150. See also Laurie Garrison’s discussion of mesmerism and sexuality in Cometh Up as a Flower. 151. Broughton, “The Man with the Nose,” p. 41. 152. Ackroyd, Dickens, p. 245. 153. Pearl, “Dazed and Abused,” p. 163. 154. See Lillian Nayder’s The Other Dickens: A Life of Catherine Hogarth for detailed discussion on the relationship between Dickens, Augusta de la Rue, and Catherine. For a discussion of the possible sexual overtones of Dickens’s mesmeric work, see Holly Furneaux’s Queer Dickens: Erotics, Families, Masculinities. 155. Broughton, “The Man with the Nose,” p. 40. 156. Ibid., pp. 40–1. 157. Ibid., p. 41. 158. Ibid., p. 52, italics original. 159. Ibid., italics original. 160. Ibid., p. 54, italics original. 161. Gilbert, Disease, Desire, and the Body in Victorian Women’s Popular Novels, p. 114. 162. Broughton, “The Man with the Nose,” p. 48. 163. Antoine Wiertz (1806–1865), Belgian painter and sculptor. His often disturbing and graphically detailed subject matter includes decapitated heads, suicide, and the impact of a bullet with a would-be rapist’s skull. The image the narrator here refers to is The Premature Burial (1854). 164. Broughton, “The Man with the Nose,” pp. 45–6. 165. Ibid., p. 46. 166. Ibid., p. 51. 167. Ibid., p. 62. 168. Ibid., pp. 69, 73. 169. Ibid., p. 78. Notes 187

170. Dickerson, Victorian Ghosts in the Noontide, p. 7. 171. Arnold “Rhoda Broughton as I Knew Her,” p. 274. 172. Ibid., p. 262.

Chapter 4

1. Wilde, “The Canterville Ghost,” p. 40. 2. Ibid. 3. Ibid., p. 54. 4. Ibid., p. 49. 5. Weather conditions according to the Times: “Day broke heavily, the wind being loaded with moisture, the sky threatening-looking. . . It was as cold and cheerless a morning as could well be conceived” (November 19, 1852). See also the various accounts listed by Pearsall, p. 378. Parade route according to Wolffe. Population according to the census of 1851— England and Wales, pop. 17,914,148. For information pertaining to the rest of Great Britain, see Gendocs: Geneological Research in England and Wales. 6. Kate and Margaret Fox claimed to be communicating with a spirit through a series of raps heard in their home. Their story drew a great deal of atten- tion, and thanks to their older sister Leah’s managerial skills, they turned their story into a lucrative career, giving demonstrations in public venues. The popularity of their performances and the idea that communication with the spirit world was possible gave rise to the Spiritualist Movement. In 1888 Margaret publicly confessed that the spirit rapping was actually the sound of her toe joint popping; she recanted this statement in 1889. 7. See Paul Firenze, “Spirit Photography: How Early Spiritualists Tried to Save Religion by Using Science,” Tom Gunning, “Phantom Images and Modern Manifestations: Spirit Photography, Magic Theater, Trick Films, and Photography’s Uncanny,” and Paola Cortés-Rocca, “Ghost in the Machine: Photographs of Specters in the Nineteenth Century.” 8. Qtd. in Wolffe, Great Deaths, p. 43. 9. Qtd. in Ames, Prince Albert and Victorian Taste, p. 165. 10. Dickens, “Trading in Death,” p. 98. 11. Two consecutive advertisements from November 16, 1852, issue of the Times serve as a striking example: “RELICS of the late Duke of WELLING- TON. For SALE, a WAISTCOAT, in good preservation, worn by his Grace some years back,” followed by “REFRESHMENTS, on the Day of the Funeral of the Duke of Wellington.” Clearly, any possible angle by which money could be had was being exploited. 12. See Wolffe, p. 29, Curl, p. 216, and Pearsall, p. 369. 13. Times, November 15, 1852. 14. Wolffe, Great Deaths, p. 36. 15. Ibid., p. 28. 16. Qtd. in Wolffe, Great Deaths, p. 47. 17. Times, November 19, 1852. 188 Notes

18. Qtd. in Pearsall, “Burying the Duke,” p. 379. 19. Ibid., p. 378. 20. Greville, The Great World, p. 289. 21. Qtd in Morley, Death, Heaven and the Victorians, p. 85. 22. Pearsall, “Burying the Duke,” p. 370. 23. Carlyle, Past and Present, p. 261. 24. Disraeli, Letter to Sarah Brydges Willyams, p. 233. 25. Kaplan, “Where the Paranoid Meets the Paranormal,” p. 22. 26. Firenze, “Spirit Photography,” p. 76. 27. Dickens, “Trading in Death,” p. 96. 28. Curl, The Victorian Celebration of Death, p. 194. 29. See Curl, p. 195, for a description of heraldic significance of common funeral practices. 30. Jalland, Death in the Victorian Family, p. 195. 31. Ibid., p. 299. 32. Qtd. in Leja, Looking Askance, p. 1. 33. Armstrong, Fiction in the Age of Photography, p. 5. 34. The pioneers of spirit photography in the United States and England. Édouard Buguet, discussed below, pioneered spirit photography in France. 35. Jalland, Death in the Victorian Family, p. 221. 36. Tennyson, In Memoriam, Canto XXI, ll. 5–16. 37. It could be usefully argued that remaining in mourning after the pro- scribed period for such dress is ended makes this same statement, as Vic- toria’s example illustrates. A key difference is in the spirit photograph’s separateness from the body, a space that allows for the contemplation of the act of mourning. 38. The aims of the Society for Psychical Research, published in their ini- tial proceedings, offer an interesting window into the popularity of various occult beliefs in the latter half of the nineteenth century: “1. An examination of the nature and extent of any influence which may be exerted by one mind upon another, apart from any generally recognized mode of perception. 2. The study of hypnotism, and the forms of so- called mesmeric trance, with its alleged insensibility to pain; clairvoy- ance and other allied phenomena. 3. A critical revision of Reichenbach’s researches with certain organizations called ‘sensitive,’ and an inquiry whether such organizations possess any power of perception beyond a highly exalted sensibility of the recognized sensory organs. 4. A careful investigation of any reports, resting on strong testimony, regarding apparitions at the moment of death, or otherwise, or regarding disturbances in houses reputed to be haunted. 5. An inquiry into the various physical phenomena commonly called Spiritualistic; with an attempt to discover their causes and general laws. 6. The collection and collation of existing materials bearing on the history of these subjects” (Butler 484–5). 39. Gurney and Myers, “A Theory of Apparitions,” p. 111. 40. “Strange and Yet True,” p. 543. 41. Ibid., p. 541. Notes 189

42. Molesworth, “Witnessed by Two,” p. 44. 43. Ibid., p. 57. 44. Ibid., p. 59. 45. Ibid., p. 63, italics original. 46. Ibid. 47. Ibid., p. 71. 48. Ibid., pp. 71–2, italics original. 49. Jones, “Letter to the Editor.” 50. Keith, “More Spirit Photographs,” p. 71. 51. Molesworth, “Witnessed by Two,” p. 81. 52. Ibid., p. 84, italics original. 53. Cortés-Roca, “Ghosts in the Machine,” p. 160. 54. Barthes, Camera Lucida, p. 14. 55. Armstrong, Fiction in the Age of Photography, p. 175. 56. Britten, “Address on Spiritualism and Its Relations to Science,” p. 124. 57. “The Theological and Spiritual Aspects of Death,” p. 28. 58. Crowe, The Night-Side of Nature, p. 10. 59. Gurney and Myers, “A Theory of Apparitions,” p. 109. 60. Burnett, The One I Knew Best of All, p. 162. 61. Ibid., pp. 162–3. 62. For a fuller discussion of Frances Hodgson Burnett’s views on the afterlife and her connection to spiritualism, see Jen Cadwallader, “The Three Veils: Death, Mourning, and the Afterlife in The Secret Garden.” 63. Wheeler, Death and the Future Life in Victorian Literature and Theology, p. 6. 64. Newnham, Essay on Superstition, p. 76. 65. Ibid., p. 76. 66. Tennyson, In Memoriam, Canto XLVII, ll. 1–4. 67. Phelps, The Gates Ajar, p. 83. 68. Tennyson, In Memoriam, Canto XLVII, l. 5. 69. Jones, “Letter to the Editor.” 70. “The Philosophy of Death.” 71. Keith, “More Spirit Photographs,” p. 71. 72. Mumler, The Personal Experiences of William H. Mumler in Spirit Photog- raphy, p. 4. 73. Nesbit, “Haunted,” ll. 1–4. 74. Ibid., l. 5. 75. Ibid., ll. 7–8. 76. Ibid., ll. 14–16. 77. Barrie, Peter and Wendy, p. 5. 78. Nesbit, “John Charrington’s Wedding,” pp. 360–1. 79. Ibid., p. 361. 80. Ibid., p. 362. 81. Ibid., p. 364. 82. Ibid., p. 365. 83. Ibid. 190 Notes

84. Ibid., pp. 365–6. 85. Le Fanu, “Schalken the Painter,” p. 456. 86. For a discussion of this story as symbolic of women’s position in marriage, see Lowell T. Frye’s “The Ghost Story and the Subjection of Women: The Example of Amelia Edwards, M. E. Braddon, and E. Nesbit,” pp. 189–91. 87. Nesbit, “The Ghost Bereft,” ll. 17–18. 88. Ibid., ll. 41–4. 89. Ibid., ll. 47–54. 90. Obviously, this represents the limits of the photographers responsible for these images. Their ghosts, when they were recognizably detailed (and not the result of chemical washes on the plate), were taken from life. 91. Baym, “Introduction,” p. viii. 92. That is, if they were identifiable. A large percentage of spirit extras were too faint or vaguely formed for sitters to recognize. A number of Mum- ler’s clients, for example, reported sitting multiple times before they received satisfactory results. See Coates, pp. 7–13 for detailed accounts of Mumler’s process. 93. Qtd. in Coates, Photographing the Invisible, p. 5. 94. Phelps, The Gates Ajar, pp. 85–6. 95. Gunning, “Phantom Images and Modern Manifestations,” p. 46. 96. Phelps, Beyond the Gates, p. 118. 97. Pope, Essay on Man, ll. 70–1. 98. Ibid., ll. 99–114. 99. Ibid., ll. 241–4. 100. Harrison, “The Poetry of Science,” ll. 65–72. 101. Briggs, Night Visitors, p. 17. 102. Braddon, “The Shadow in the Corner,” p. 52. 103. Stoker, “The Judge’s House,” p. 111. 104. Collins, The Frozen Deep, p. 5. 105. In The Edge of the Unknown, pp. 77–80, Doyle lists as proof that the episode was genuine the changed expression on the medium’s face and her ability to accurately describe the type of clothing worn by a groom at the start of the nineteenth century. 106. Haddon, The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time, p. 88. Haddon’s title, of course, is taken from one of Sherlock Holmes’s more enigmatic utterances in “Silver Blaze” (1892). 107. Doyle, “The Captain of the Pole-Star,” p. 294. 108. See Coren, pp. 44–5. 109. Qtd. in Coren, Conan Doyle, p. 46. 110. Not much fodder for public gossip, though Michael Coren is right to assert that the letter “was a courageous act because spiritualism was not taken seriously by everybody and though not openly mocked as it is today it was nevertheless thought to be on the edge of foolishness. There was a strong move within the medical profession to parody and marginalize it until it was virtually impossible for a doctor to continue to practice if he held such views” (48). Notes 191

111. Doyle, A Study in Scarlet, p. 14. 112. Levine, “The Vanishing Point,” p. 249. 113. Doyle, A Study in Scarlet, p. 31. 114. Gerry, The Mumler “Spirit” Photograph Case, pp. 26–8. 115. Brevior, “What It Is to Be a Spiritualist,” p. 28. 116. Pope, Essay on Man, ll. 189–96. 117. Giovanni Battista Odierna published his study of the fly’s eye, L’Occhio della Mossca, in 1644. 118. The society addressed the subject of spirit photography at their Forty- Sixth General Meeting and again in a series of letters to the editor of the Journal of the Society for Psychical Research in 1891–92. Eleanor Mildred Sidgwick dismissed the claims of spirit photographers, writing, “I think it unlikely that satisfactory evidence in so difficult a matter could be obtained when the bona fides of all concerned is not above suspicion, or even when a person whose co-operation is essential has a direct pecuniary interest in the result” (159). It is perhaps ironic that while the society’s and Sher- lock Holmes’s methods of inquiry corresponded (the society’s aim was “to approach [its subjects] without prejudice . . . in the same spirit of exact and unimpassioned inquiry which has enabled science to solve so many problems”), Doyle himself was passionately prepossessed in favor of spiritualistic phenomena such as spirit photography (Sidgwick, Proceedings 4). Doyle’s eventual public criticism of the SPR was partially due to its investigation of “psychic photographer” William Hope, which Doyle claimed bore “some signs of a conspiracy against the medium” (History 87). See Doyle’s chapter on the SPR in The History of Spiritualism, Volume 2, and his The Case for Spirit Photography (1923) for a more detailed account. 119. Doyle, The History of Spiritualism, p. 56. 120. Harrison, “New Discoveries in Spiritualism,” p. 186. 121. Firenze, “Spirit Photography,” p. 75. 122. Qtd. in Pollack, The Picture History of Photography, p. 84. 123. Ibid., p. 85. 124. Schaaf, “Invention and Discovery,” p. 26. 125. Leja, Looking Askance, p. 24. 126. Ibid., p. 26. 127. Ibid., p. 45. 128. Coates, Photographing the Invisible, p. 44. 129. Ibid., p. 22. 130. One article for The Spiritualist lists “five chief methods by which photographers can produce artificial spirit pictures (“Spirit Photography” 37). These are: “By the collusion of the sitter”; “by double-printing upon paper”; “by using a plate of glass in such a molecular state, that when clean to the eye, it has an invisible ghost-picture upon it”; “by double exposure at long intervals”; and “by printing from a dense posi- tive a ghost picture on one part of the plate, by diffused light, between the development and sensitising of the plate” (“Spirit Photography” 37). 131. Gerry, The Mumler “Spirit” Photograph Case, p. 13. 192 Notes

132. Ibid., p. 17. 133. Ibid., p. 18. 134. Leja, Looking Askance, p. 32. 135. Gerry, The Mumler “Spirit” Photograph Case, p. 30. Although here, Gerry goes on to note, “I do not assert that they are insane. They are not the only men of intelligence who have been afflicted in this way with mental delusions” (30). A rather equivocal concession! 136. In fact, he maintained his ignorance, claiming to have no idea how spirit extras appeared in his photographs: “[Mumler] asserts that these so-called spirit forms are produced by means wholly beyond his control, for which he cannot account, and that those means are unknown, and not human” (Gerry 8). 137. Chéroux, “Ghost Dialectics,” p. 51. 138. Coates, Photographing the Invisible, p. 62, italics original. 139. Chéroux, “Ghost Dialectics,” p. 51. 140. Kipling, “At the End of the Passage,” p. 328. 141. Ibid., p. 344. 142. Ibid., p. 335. 143. Ibid., p. 328. 144. Ibid., p. 331. 145. Ibid., p. 333. 146. Ibid., p. 328. 147. Ibid., p. 334. 148. Ibid., p. 336. 149. Ibid., p. 337. 150. Ibid., p. 340. 151. Ibid., p. 339. 152. The theory of optography had some currency in the 1880s and 1890s and was even used forensically by the Metropolitan Police Force. See Douglas J. Lanksa’s “Optograms and Criminology” for a detailed account. 153. Kipling, “At the End of the Passage,” p. 343. 154. Ibid., p. 344. 155. Grove, “Röntgen’s Ghosts,” p. 156.

Coda

1. Hawker, Cecilia De Noël, p. 83. 2. Ibid., p. 85. 3. Ibid., p. 86. 4. Ibid., p. 117. 5. Ibid., p. 122. 6. Ibid., p. 142. 7. Ibid., p. 163. 8. Ibid., p. 181. 9. Ibid., p. 215. Bibliography

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Ackroyd, Peter, 56, 118 114, 174n3, 186n150 Alderson, John, 14, 174n61 “The Man with the Nose,” 86, An Essay on Superstition, 14 112, 114–122 Allan, James McGrigor, 18, 92–3, Not Wisely But Too Well, 114 99, 113, 116, 183n37 Browne, Joseph, 22 “On the Real Differences in the Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, 53, Minds of Men and Women,” 90, 177n4 92–3, 113, 116 Buguet, Édouard, 161–2, 188n34 Ames, Winslow, 126 Burnett, Frances Hodgson, 140–1, Armstrong, Nancy, 131, 139 189n62 Armstrong, Neil, 179n48 Butler, Nicholas Murray, 188n38 Arnold, Ethel M., 85, 86, 122 Arnold, Matthew, 42, 56, 85 Calder, Jenni, 110 “Dover Beach,” 42 Carroll, Lewis, 86 “Stanzas from the Grande Char- Catholicism, 9–11, 25, 26, 28, treuse,” 56 30–2, 154 172n32 Auerbach, Nina, 2, 3 Carlyle, Thomas, 129 Past and Present, 129 Bahn, Jennifer, 12, 173n50 Chadwick, Owen, 11 Bain, Alexander, 17, 70, 73 Chéroux, Clement, 162 The Senses and the Intellect, 70 Church of England, 10–11, 28, 37, Barthes, Roland, 139 52, 115, 140, 171n10 Baym, Nina, 147 Clute, John, 6 Benjamin, Walter, 52, 62 Coates, James, 160, 162, 190n92 Black, Helen C., 85 Collins, Phillip, 177n9, 178n12 Boswell, George W., 172n32 Collins, Wilkie, 53, 152 Bowen, John, 181n119 The Frozen Deep, 152 Braddon, Mary Elizabeth, 85, 152 Conway, Jill, 89 “The Shadow in the Corner,” 152 Cooke, Simon, 102–4, 105 Brevior, Thomas, 156–7 Coren, Michael, 190n108, Brewster, Sir David, 15–6, 177n88 190n110 Natural Magic, 15 Cortés-Roca, Paola, 139 Briggs, Julia, 3, 151, 171n7 Coughlin, Patricia, 23 Britten, Emma Hardinge, 139–40 Coxe, Arthur Cleveland, 180n71 Broughton, Rhoda, 18, 21, 24, Crawford, Brigid Lowe, 58, 60 85–7, 93, 112, 114–122, 168, Crawford, F. Marion, 7 174n3 “The Upper Berth,” 7 Cometh Up as a Flower, 85, 112, Crawford, Gary William, 175n6 206 Index

Crowe, Catherine, 11, 12, 17, 55, “To Be Taken with a Grain of 65, 66, 72, 79, 140, 173n46 Salt,” 65 The Night-Side of Nature, 11, “Trading in Death,” 126, 130 55, 65, 66, 72, 140, 141, “An Unsettled Neighborhood,” 57 173n46 Dickerson, Vanessa, 122, 171n7, Curl, James Stevens, 130, 187n12, 182n7 188n29 Disraeli, Benjamin, 129 Distant, W. L., 89, 90 “Dalton,” 67 Doyle, Arthur Conan, 18, 24, “The Picture Bedroom,” 67 152–5, 157–8, 190n105, Daniels, W. H., 30–1, 32 190n110, 191n118 Darwin, Charles, 87–9 “The Captain of the ‘Pole-Star,’” The Descent of Man, 87–9 154–5 Darwin, Erasmus, 14, 173n58 The History of Spiritualism, 158, Davies, Owen, 2, 4, 10, 172n18 191n118 Davis, Michael, 101 A Study in Scarlet, 155–7, 162, Dickens, Charles, 1–2, 6, 17, 19, 191n118 21, 24, 51, 114, 122, 149, Doyle, Martin [William Hickey], 151, 168, 178n12, 180n81, 27–8, 31 and Christianity, 52, 54, 178n10, and encounters with Edwards, Amelia, 13, 15 ghosts, 52–4, and mesmerism, “The Phantom Coach,” 13 118–9, 186n154, and spiritual- “Was it an Illusion?” 15 ism, 12, 52–3, 56, 173n51, and Erickson, Lee, 59 time, 52, 57, 58–63, 178n31, 178n41 Feltes, N. N., 58 Bleak House, 65 Ferriar, John, 14, 15, 16, 46, 79, The Chimes, 53, 63–5, 68, 76 174n61, 177n88 A Christmas Carol, 1, 17, 30, An Essay Toward a Theory of Ap- 51–2, 56, 58–9, 61–2, 66–75, paritions, 14, 46 77, 78–9, 81 Firenze, Paul, 130, 158, 187n7 “A Christmas Tree,” 1, 56, 61, 62 Forster, John, 56, 179n63 David Copperfield, 60, 178n41 Freeman, Nick, 174n74 Dombey and Son, 58–9 French, Walter, 172n32 Great Expectations, 73 Frye, Lowell T., 182n7, 190n86 The Haunted House, 12, 53 The Haunted Man and the Ghost’s Garrison, Laurie, 186n150 Bargain, 17, 52, 60, 63, Geddes, Patrick, 89–90 66, 68, 69, 75–81, 180n90, Gerry, Elbridge T., 156, 160–1, 181n119 192n35 Little Dorritt, 60, 178n41 Gilbert, Pamela K., 120 Mugby Junction, 169 Glanvil, Joseph, 172n34 “Nobody’s Story,” 59–60 Greg, W. R., 57, 63, 70, 73, 116 Pictures from Italy, 53 “England as it is,” 63 “To Be Read at Dusk,” 54–5, 78 “Life at High Pressure,” 57, 70 “The Signal-Man,” 65–6, 180n78 Greville, Charles, 127, 128 Index 207

Groff, Alice, 87 Killeen, Jarlath, 84, 182n7 Grove, Allen W., 164 Kipling, Rudyard, 18, 162–4, 168 Gunning, Tom, 149, 187n7 “At the End of the Passage,” 18, Gurney, Edmund, 135, 140, 150 162–4 “A Theory of Apparitions,” 135, 140, 150 Lanska, Douglas J., 192n152 Leal, Amy, 100 Haddon, Mark, 153, 190n106 Le Fanu, Joseph Sheridan, 1, 4–5, Handley, Sasha, 2, 10 17, 51, 54, 78, 122, 151, 152, Harris, Sally, 42 168, 171n16, 174n3, 174n4, Harrison, Brian Howard, 27 175n6, 175n35, 177n88, and Harrison, William H., 151, 158 early influences, 24–5, and Hawker, Mary Elizabeth, 18–9, interest in occult, 21, 43, and 167–70 interest in psychology, 40–2, 43, Cecilia De Noël, 18–9, 167–70 45, and loss of faith, 42–3, and Hay, Simon, 2 sympathy with Irish Catholics, Heller, Tamar, 102, 103, 105, 108, 25–6, 31 and Tithe Wars, 26–7 114, 185n122 “An Account of Some Strange Herbert, Christopher, 59, 70 Disturbances on Aungier Herron, Jerry, 181n119 Street,” 7, 35–40, 152, 174n3 Hibbert, Samuel, 14, 16, 46, 55, “Billy Malowney’s Taste of Love 177n88 and Glory,” 33–4 Sketches of the Philosophy of Appari- “Carmilla,” 47, 93–101, 112, tions, 14, 46 183n45 Hickey, William, see “Doyle, Martin” “The Drunkard’s Dream,” 24, Hudson, Frederick, 131, 133, 138, 147 31–3, 34, 37, 40–1, 47 “The Ghost and the Bone-Set- Jalland, Pat, 131, 134 ter,” 23, 24–5, 28–30, 33 James, Henry, 5, 16, 83–4, 182n6 In a Glass Darkly, 4, 17, 23–4, The Turn of the Screw, 83–4, 35, 38, 40, 41–2, 43, 44, 46–7, 182n6 49, 93 James, M. R., 1, 9–10, 21 “Green Tea,” 40, 44–6, 47, 48 “Twelve Medieval Ghost Stories,” “Mr. Justice Harbottle,” 21, 22, 9–10 47–8, 174n3 Jay, Elisabeth, 107–8 The Purcell Papers, 17, 23–4, 37, Jerdan, W., 66–7, 180n87 38, 40, 42, 46, 47 “The Dead Man’s Race,” 66–7, “The Quare Gander,” 24, 33, 180n87 34–5 Johnson, Edgar, 51 “The Room in the Dragon Vol- Johnson, Samuel, 11, 184–5n43 ant,” 47, 48–9 The History of Rasselas, Prince of Uncle Silas, 22 Abissinia, 184–5n43 Le Fanu, William, 24, 25, 26–7, Jones, John, 138, 143 31, 42 Seventy Years of Irish Life, 24, 25, Kaplan, Louis, 130 26–7, 31, 42 Keith, G. W., 138, 143 Leja, Michael, 160 208 Index

Levine, Michael, 156 Wedding,” 145 Liggins, Emma, 86 “Man-Size in Marble,” 16, 64, Lozès, Jean, 43 174n74 Newnham, W. (William), 14, 15, MacDonald, George, 12 16, 45, 46, 55, 71, 79, 141, “Uncle Cornelius His Story,” 12 151, 177n88 Malcolm, Elizabeth, 27, 28, 30, 31, Essays on Superstition, 14, 15, 46, 32, 176n63 55, 141 Marlow, James E., 178n31 Maudsley, Henry, 18, 90–3, 94, 95, Oliphant, Margaret, 18, 24, 85–7, 99, 102, 103–5, 109 91–2, 93, 101–112, 114, 116, Mind and Body, 90–3, 94, 102 122, 184n91 Mathew, Father Theobald, 30–4, 41 “The Library Window,” 101–112, McCormack, W. J., 26, 42 114, 116, 122 McCorristine, Shane, 2, 4–5, 13, “The Open Door,” 101, 184n91 15, 173n46 Ollier, Charles, 14–5 Melada, Ivan, 22, 174n4, 177n88 Oulton, Carolyn W. de la L., Mendlesohn, Farah, 7–8 178n10 mesmerism, 118–9, 186n150 Meyerhoff, Hans, 58 Parker, David, 66, 67, 180n90 Mitchell, S. Weir, 113 Pearl, Sharonna, 119 Molesworth, Mary Louisa, 2, 13, Pearsall, Cornelia D. J., 127, 128, 125, 136–9, 143 129, 187n5, 187n12 “Lady Farquhar’s Old Lady,” 13 Phelps, Elizabeth Stuart, 142, 147, “The Story of the Rippling 149 Train,” 2 Beyond the Gates, 149 “Witnessed by Two,” 136–9, 143 The Gates Ajar, 142, 147, 149 “Unexplained,” 125, 139 Pollack, Peter, 159 Moncrieff, Scott, 181n119 Poovey, Mary, 113, 117 Morley, John, 129 Pope, Alexander, 150–1, 156, 157, mourning practices, 18, 125–9, 164 130–5, 149, 165, 188n37 An Essay on Man, 150–1, 157 Mumler, William, 125, 131–2, Pritchett, V. S., 29–30 143, 147–8, 156, 158, 160–2, Protestant Ascendancy, 25–8, 29, 190n92, 192n136 30, 33, 34 Murphy, James H., 21 Proust, Marcel, 62 Myers, F. W. H., 135, 140, 150 “A Theory of Apparitions,” 135, Reardon, Bernard M. G., 11 140, 150 Reed, James, 77 Rowell, Geoffrey, 62 Nayder, Lillian, 186n154 Ruskin, John, 63, 73 Nesbit, E. (Edith), 16, 64, 144–7, “Of Queen’s Gardens,” 73 148, 174n74 “The Ghost Bereft,” 146 Schaaf, Larry J., 160 “Haunted,” 144–5 Scott, Sir Walter, 8–9, 10–11, 21, “John Charrington’s 65, 172n32, 172n43, 174n4 Index 209

“The Tapestried Chamber,” 8–9, Stone, Harry, 59 10, 65 Sullivan, Jack, 3–4, 23, 171n7, Senf, Carol A., 93–4, 98, 174n3, 171n12, 171n16, 175n13 183n39 Sullivan, Kevin, 24, 33 Shakespeare, William, 112–3 Swedenborg, Emanual, 35, 43, 94 King Lear, 112–3 Shelley, Mary, 78 Taplin, Gardner, 177n4 Frankenstein, 78, 87 Taylor, Anya, 27 Sidgwick, Eleanor Mildred, temperance reform, 17, 27–32, 34, 191n118 149 Sidgwick, Henry, 135 Tennyson, Alfred, 18, 133–5, 136, Signorotti, Elizabeth, 93–4, 142, 149 183n39 In Memoriam, A.H.H., 18, Society for Psychical Research, 135, 133–5, 142 158, 188n38, 191n118 Terry, R.C., 114 Spicer, Henry, 1–2, 171n4 Thatcher, James, 9 “An Unpatented Ghost,” 1–2 Thomson, J. Arthur, 89–90 Smajic, Srdjan, 2, 15 Thornbury, Walter, 180n71 Smith, Andrew, 2, 4–5, 16, 51, 61, Tithe Wars, 26–28 177n9, 182n7 Tomko, Michael, 172n32 Smith, W. Tyler, 117, 118 Tracy, Robert, 23, 41, 94 Spencer, Herbert, 87–9, 90, 91, 92, 94 Veeder, William, 96, 101, 183n45 The Study of Sociology, 87–9, 92 Victoria I, Queen of England, 31–2 spirit photography, 18, 124, 125, 129, 131–3, 135, 138–9, 143, Walder, Dennis, 178n10 147–150, 152, 154, 157–8, Wallace, Diana, 182n7 160–2, 165, 188n34, 188n37, Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, 1st 190n90, 190n92, 191n118, Duke of, 18, 26, 125–130, 191n130, 192n136 132, 165, 187n11 spiritualism, 12, 52, 56, 84, 124, Wheeler, Michael, 141 125, 131, 139–143, 147–9, Wilde, Oscar, 124 152–4, 156–8, 160–2, 165, “The Canterville Ghost,” 123–4 173n50, 173n51, 189n62, Wilson, Edmund, 182n6 190n110, 191n118 Winston, Elizabeth, 111 Stevenson, Robert Louis, 7 Wolffe, John, 127, 187n5, 187n12 “The Body Snatchers,” 7 Wright, Almroth, 182n23 Stolte, Tyson, 181n119 Stoker, Bram, 21, 152, 174n3 Young England Movement, 63–4, “The Judge’s House,” 152 76, 179n63