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Reconnaissance Investigation of Water Quality, Bottom Sediment, and Biota Associated with Irrigation Drainage in the Columbia Basin Project, Washington, 1991-92

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Reconnaissance Investigation of Water Quality, Bottom Sediment, and Biota Associated with Irrigation Drainage in the Columbia Basin Project, Washington, 1991-92 Reconnaissance Investigation of Water Quality, Bottom Sediment, and Biota Associated with Irrigation Drainage in the Columbia Basin Project, Washington, 1991-92 By S. S. Embrey and E. K. Block U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4007 Prepared in cooperation with the U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE, BUREAU OF RECLAMATION, and BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS Tacoma, Washington 1995 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Gordon P. Eaton, Director Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey. For additional information write to: Copies of this report may be purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Earth Science Information Center 1201 Pacific Avenue, Suite 600 Open-File Reports Section Tacoma, Washington 98402 Box 25286, MS 517 Denver Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 CONTENTS """ """" """""""""""""" "" """""""""""*"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" "" " -" " «~ 1 Introduction 2 JP 3,CK.KfOU no ~~~»'"-"-"--"'-"-"-"-""1 "" -- " " " "" -* " -* ""-*- _, __^__^__^__^__^__^__^_._»_»..,__-_._» _. .,».. j Purpose and scope 3 Acknowledgments 5 Description of the study area 5 rusiory - » ..... -.. _ _.- _...-_. _. .. _ ...... .r...... ^ Wildlife and fisheries 6 Geohydrology 9 Soils and agriculture 1 1 Surface-water hydrology 14 Irrigation delivery system 14 Irrigation return-flow system 14 Previous studies 1 9 Sample collection and analysis 22 VVfllCr _ . -, .-. j£ Bottom sediment 33 Biota 33 Bird eggs 34 Juvenile birds 34 rlSll ~ ~~" ~ ~ "" " " ~ " ~ ~ ~ * ~ ~ ~ " ~~ ~ ~ "" -3^ Plants 35 Invertebrates 35 Quality-assurance procedures 35 Discussion of results 37 Characteristics of sampled water 38 Field measurements 38 Dissolved solids, major ions, and nutrients 38 Trace elements 42 ijuiuiiT3/-»rr»n _ . __ . _ .. _ . ______ . _____ . ._ _ , _ . _________ . ______ .___ ____ . __ . _____ ._, __ . __ . _ . *T,CAf) Molybdenum 44 Uranium 44 Vanadium 44 Other trace elements 44 Pesticides 45 Concentrations of constituents in bottom sediment 46 Concentrations of constituents in biota 50 Trace elements 5 1 Arsenic - - - - - - ------ ~ - - - ______________________ ^ i Boron - - - - - 53 Cadmium 53 Chromium 53 Copper ------- - 58 in CONTENTS-Continued Mercury 58 Selenium 62 Organic compounds - 62 Changes in organochlorine-pesticide concentrations over time 66 Dioxins and furans 66 Other biological assessments 68 Bioassays 69 Eggshell thickness 69 Visible abnormalities in bird embryos and fish 70 Summary 70 Selected references 73 Data tables --------------------------------- - 80 FIGURES 1. Map showing location and major features of the Columbia Basin Project in Washington State 4 2. Map showing Federal National Wildlife Refuges and State Wildlife areas in the Columbia Basin Project 7 3. Bar charts showing long-term average precipitation (1951-80) and monthly precipitation for the years 1991 and 1992 atEphrata, Washington 10 4. Map showing distribution of the applications of surface water and ground water for irrigation 12 5. Hydrograph showing monthly mean discharge for Crab Creek near Beverly, Washington, and for Rocky Ford Creek near Ephrata, Washington 15 6. Bar chart showing long-term (1970-92) mean monthly discharges in Crab Creek near Beverly, and the monthly mean discharges during calendar years 1991 and 1992 16 7. Schematic diagram of water movement through the Columbia Basin Project and the principal reservoirs and lakes 17 8. Hydrograph showing adjusted monthly mean discharge in Main Canal below Billy Clapp Lake for the period 1960-92, and bar chart showing adjusted mean monthly discharge in Main Canal below Billy Clapp Lake for the period 1970-92, and the adjusted monthly mean discharges for calendar years 1991 and 1992 18 9. Map showing 24 sampling sites for water quality, bottom sediment, and biota in the Columbia Basin Project study area, 1991-92 23 10. Graph showing concentrations of dissolved solids in water samples from the Columbia Basin Project, November 1991, March 1992, and July 1992 41 11. Bar chart showing dissolved nitrate-nitrogen concentrations in water samples from the Columbia Basin Project, November 1991, March 1992, and July 1992 43 IV FIGURES-Continued 12-15. Graphs showing: 12. concentrations of chromium in fish samples from the Columbia Basin Project 57 13. concentrations of copper in fish samples from the Columbia Basin Project 59 14. proportion of the o,p' isomers of total DDT to the p,p' isomers of total DDT in carp and perch samples from the Columbia Basin Project 64 15. DDT concentrations in fish samples collected from the Columbia Basin Project during 1977-85 and in 1992 - 67 TABLES 1. Common and scientific names and endangerment status of species in or near wetlands and shrub-steppe habitat within the Columbia Basin Project, Washington 8 2. Pesticides commonly used on farms in the Columbia Basin Project 13 3. Location of sampling points where water, bottom sediment, and biota were collected in the Columbia Basin Project 24 4. Sampling sites, types of constituents analyzed for, and schedule of sampling for water and bottom sediment in November 1991, March 1992, and July 1992 in the Columbia Basin Project 26 5. Sampling sites, time of collection, and types of analyses for biota collected in 1992 in the Columbia Basin Project 28 6. Analytical reporting limits for selected trace elements in water, bottom sediment, and biota 29 7. Compounds and analytical reporting limits for selected organic compounds in water, bottom sediment, and biota 30 8. Type and number of water-quality assurance samples collected during the study, 1991-92 36 9. Results of analyses for inorganic constituents in blank-water samples prepared during sample collection in November 1991, March 1992, and July 1992 36 10. Summary of properties and inorganic-constituent concentrations in water samples collected from the Columbia Basin Project in November 1991, March 1992, and July 1992 39 11. Drinking water standards and water-quality criteria of selected constituents and properties for the protection of freshwater aquatic life and for the purposes of irrigation and livestock watering 40 12. Summary of insecticides, herbicides, and other organic compounds in water samples from the Columbia Basin Project, November 1991, March 1992, and July 1992 47 13. Summary of trace-element concentrations in bottom-sediment samples from the Columbia Basin Project and geochemical baseline concentrations for soils from the western United States - - - - - 48 14. Summary of insecticides and other organic compounds in bottom-sediment samples from the Columbia Basin Project, July 1992 ----------------------------------------------------------------- 50 15. Arsenic concentrations in biological samples from the Columbia Basin Project and criteria or concentrations observed in biota from other studies used for comparison 52 TABLES-Continued 16. Boron concentrations in biological samples from the Columbia Basin Project and criteria or concentrations observed in biota from other studies used for comparison 54 17. Cadmium concentrations in biological samples from the Columbia Basin Project and criteria or concentrations observed in biota from other studies used for comparison 55 18. Chromium concentrations in biological samples from the Columbia Basin Project and criteria or concentrations observed in biota from other studies used for comparison 56 19. Copper concentrations in biological samples from the Columbia Basin Project and criteria or concentrations observed in biota from other studies used for comparison ff) 20. Mercury concentrations in biological samples from the Columbia Basin Project and criteria or concentrations observed in biota from other studies used for comparison Cl 21. Selenium concentrations in biological samples from the Columbia Basin Project and criteria or concentrations observed in biota from other studies used for comparison f 3 22. Summary of total chlordane, total DOT, and dieldrin concentrations in biological samples from the Columbia Basin Project, summer 1992 (5 23. Concentrations of dioxins and furans in whole longnose suckers collected from Billy Clapp Lake (site BCL), 1992 -- ______ _ - f 8 24. Eggshell thickness for coot, mallard, and western grebe eggs collected from the Columbia Basin Project in 1992 and thickness of eggs collected before the use of DOT (before about 1940) (9 25. Field measurements and results of analyses for inorganic constituents in filtered water samples from the Columbia Basin Project, November 1991, March 1992, and July 1992 - - H 26. Results of analyses for insecticides, herbicides, and other organic compounds in whole water samples from the Columbia Basin Project, November 1991, March 1992, and July 1992 F? 27. Results of analyses for total trace elements and carbon in the less-than-2-millimeter size fraction of bottom-sediment samples from the Columbia Basin Project, July 1992 97 28. Results of analyses for pesticides and other organic compounds in the less-than-2-millimeter size fraction of bottom-sediment samples from the Columbia Basin Project, July 1992 1C3 29. Measurements of mallard, western grebe, and American coot eggs collected from the Columbia Basin Project, in 1992 - - 1C* 30. Concentrations of trace elements (wet weight) in fish, birds, snails, and pondweed collected from the Columbia Basin Project in 1992 1C7 31. Concentrations of trace elements (dry weight) in fish, birds, snails,
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