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Sediment Loading from Crab Creek and Other Sources to Moses Lake, Washington, 2007 and 2008

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Sediment Loading from Crab Creek and Other Sources to Moses Lake, Washington, 2007 and 2008 Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation Sediment Loading from Crab Creek and Other Sources to Moses Lake, Washington, 2007 and 2008 Scientific Investigations Report 2010–5001 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cover: Aerial photograph of Moses Lake, Washington, and the surrounding area. Image source: USDA-APFO National Agricultural Inventory Project, 2005. Sediment Loading from Crab Creek and Other Sources to Moses Lake, Washington, 2007 and 2008 By Christopher S. Magirl, Stephen E. Cox, Mark C. Mastin, and Raegan L. Huffman Prepared in cooperation with the Bureau of Reclamation Scientific Investigations Report 2010–5001 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior KEN SALAZAR, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Marcia K. McNutt, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2010 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment, visit http://www.usgs.gov or call 1-888-ASK-USGS For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod To order this and other USGS information products, visit http://store.usgs.gov Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report. Suggested citation: Magirl, C.S., Cox, S.E., Mastin, M.C., and Huffman, R.L., 2010, Sediment loading from Crab Creek and other sources to Moses Lake, Washington, 2007 and 2008: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2010-5001, 20 p. iii Contents Abstract ..........................................................................................................................................................1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................1 Purpose and Scope ..............................................................................................................................4 Previous Studies ...................................................................................................................................4 Description of Study Area ............................................................................................................................4 Moses Lake ............................................................................................................................................4 Crab Creek..............................................................................................................................................5 Sediment Sources into Moses Lake ..................................................................................................6 Methods...........................................................................................................................................................6 Suspended-Sediment Sampling .........................................................................................................7 Calculating Fluvial Sediment Loads ...................................................................................................8 Lakebed Coring and Analysis .............................................................................................................8 Fluvial Sediment Load in Channels Feeding Moses Lake .......................................................................9 Eolian Inputs .................................................................................................................................................13 Lakebed Accumulation ...............................................................................................................................13 Implications for Sedimentation from Crab Creek Bypass .....................................................................17 Summary and Conclusions .........................................................................................................................18 Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................................18 References Cited..........................................................................................................................................18 iv Figures Figure 1. Map showing locations of surface-water sampling sites, Moses Lake, and Crab Creek, Washington ……………………………………………………………… 2 Figure 2. Map showing locations of the sediment core sites, stream-gaging stations, and three prominent branches of Moses Lake, Washington ………………………… 3 Figure 3. Graph showing annual peak streamflow for U.S. Geological Survey stream-gaging station 12467000, Crab Creek near Moses Lake, Washington, for the period of record, 1943–2008 …………………………………………………… 6 Figure 4. Photographs of vesiculated Mount St. Helens ash shards shown under plane polarized light and with crossed polarized light ………………………………… 9 Figure 5. Graph showing suspended-sediment load as a function of discharge measured at six sampling sites near Moses Lake, Washington, 2007 and 2008 ……………… 11 Figure 6. Graph showing comparison of suspended-sediment load as a function of discharge with historical suspended-sediment load in central and southeastern Washington, October 2007–October 2008 ………………………………………… 11 Figure 7. Graph showing estimated annual sediment load from Crab Creek into Moses Lake, Washington, calculated using a regression equation, water years 1943–2008 …………………………………………………………………… 12 Figure 8. Map showing locations of sediment core samples and depth of sediment accumulation since the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, Moses Lake, Washington ……………………………………………………………………… 15 Tables Table 1. Suspended-sediment sampling sites near Moses Lake, Washington …………… 7 Table 2. Suspended-sediment data collected near Moses Lake, Washington, October 2007–October 2008 ……………………………………………………… 10 Table 3. Characteristics of sediment core samples collected from Moses Lake, Washington, July and August 2008 ……………………………………………… 14 v Conversion Factors and Datums Conversion Factors Inch/Pound to SI Multiply By To obtain Length inch (in.) 2.54 centimeter (cm) foot (ft) 0.3048 meter (m) mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer (km) Area acre 0.4047 hectare (ha) square mile (mi2) 2.590 square kilometer (km2) Volume cubic yard per year (yd3/yr) 0.7646 cubic meter per year (m3/yr) Flow rate foot per year (ft/yr) 0.3048 meter per year (m/yr) cubic foot per second (ft3/s) 0.02832 cubic meter per second (m3/s) inch per year (in/yr) 25.4 millimeter per year (mm/yr) mile per hour (mi/h) 1.609 kilometer per hour (km/h) Mass pound, avoirdupois (lb) 0.4536 kilogram (kg) ton, short (2,000 lb) 0.9072 megagram (Mg) ton per day (ton/d) 0.9072 metric ton per day ton per year (ton/yr) 0.9072 metric ton per year Pressure pound per square foot (lb/ft2) 0.04788 kilopascal (kPa) Density pound per cubic foot (lb/ft3) 16.02 kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) SI to Inch/Pound Multiply By To obtain Length centimeter (cm) 0.3937 inch (in.) vi Conversion Factors and Datums—Continued Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (°F) may be converted to degrees Celsius (°C) as follows: °C=(°F-32)/1.8. Concentrations of chemical constituents in water are given either in milligrams per liter (mg/L) or micrograms per liter (µg/L). Datums Horizontal coordinate information is referenced to the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83). Vertical coordinate information is referenced to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD 29). Altitude, as used in this report, refers to distance above the vertical datum. Sediment Loading from Crab Creek and Other Sources to Moses Lake, Washington, 2007 and 2008 By Christopher S. Magirl, Stephen E. Cox, Mark C. Mastin, and Raegan L. Huffman Abstract shallow and subject to significant wind-driven circulation currents, mixing also would redistribute some of the fluvial sediment load deposited from Crab Creek throughout Parker The average sediment-accumulation rate on the bed Horn and the rest of Moses Lake, further mitigating the local of Moses Lake since 1980, based on the identification of effect of Crab Creek sedimentation near the City of Moses Mount St. Helens ash in lakebed cores, was 0.24 inches Lake. per year. Summed over the lake surface area, the average sediment-accumulation rate on the lakebed is 190,000 tons per year. Based on USGS stream-gaging station data, the average annual sediment load to Moses Lake from Crab Introduction Creek was 32,000 tons per year between 1943 and 2008; the post Mount St. Helens eruption annual load from Crab Creek Moses Lake, in Grant County in central Washington, was calculated to be 13,000 tons per year. The total mass is a shallow, freshwater lake used by regional wildlife and input from Crab Creek and other fluvially derived sediment for recreation (fig. 1). To supplement irrigation deliveries to sources since 1980 has been about 20,000 tons per year. Potholes Reservoir, the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) Eolian sediment loading to Moses Lake was about 50,000 tons recently completed the Draft Environmental Assessment that per year before irrigation and land-use development largely considers a proposal for a “supplemental feed” to route water
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