of

Empire to Empire:

The Americas in the Age

UC Berkeley, July14-16, 2008

CLAS Summer Institute for Teachers Thomas Holloway, History, UC Davis

Brazilian Counterpoint:

Nomads, Traders, and Slaves navigation, ship European demand (for comes to occupy half Hunters and gatherers (Jê

(plan for this presentation) design, cartography; a network of aggressive trade sugar), American land, African labor of South America Brazil in the Age of Expansion speakers) retreat from hunters andspeakers) farmers before (Tupi Europeans arrive • Indigenous Peoples: • The plantation complex: • How the west was won: • Portuguese maritime pioneers: Indigenous Peoples Today

Today the indigenous population of Brazil is about 300,000, or .02% of the national total. About 12% of the national territory is in Indigenous Reserves. There are 206 different “tribes” speaking 170 distinct languages. Only 10 groups have more than 5,000 members. Language “Families”

Ethnohistorians believe that speakers of Jê languages were pushed to the interior of the continent by groups speaking Tupi, who were still expanding north to south and east to west when Europeans arrived around 1500. Waura

From near the Venezuelan border. Tchikao people, Xingu park Subsistence

Making manioc flour (farinha de mandioca)

Pounding corn

Beiju (manioc cakes) Subsistence

Pirarucu

Fishing

Learning to hunt Shifting Villages

A Jê speaking group

In Xingu park

Villages are abandoned and rebuilt a few miles away every few years, as soil and hunting are depleted. Ceremonies

Nambikwara Bororo Aljubarrota Portuguese independence from Castile was confirmed in 1385, at the battle of Aljubarrota.

Portugal emerges of the Iberian peninsula from the Muslims left an independent kingdom by 1143, recognized by the Pope in 1179, and territorially complete by 1250. The Christian retaking --how make a ship --how to find one’s --where things are in

Technical Innovations location on the globe inpoints, relation and to how other to reachpoints the other that will get there andcargo back, that with will a pay for the trip relation to other things, indirection distance and • Naval architecture • Navigation aids • Mapmaking Hereford Mappamundi,1300 Augsburg, 1472

Maps from Medieval Europe maps, based on religion more than astronomy or cartography, show Jerusalem at the center of the world (and east at the top--the origin of “orientation”). These stylized “T in O” . It shows the world known to Europeans AD)

Maps of the Renaissance (about 150 before the Age of Expansion. This map from 1482, is adapted the work of Ptolemy The Compass used not just to find North, but to maintain a bearing (direction) in relation to North. in ancient times, and first used in Europe in the 1200s. A magnetized needle, It was known in China The Astrolabe used for sighting the sun at its zenith (noon) or the North Star at night, to determine one’s latitude (position north to south on the globe) in relation to the horizon. The ASTROLABE was The Quadrant used for sighting the sun or North Star, to determine one’s latitude (position north to south on the globe) in relation to the surface of earth (by using the plumb line). The QUADRANT was In practice, the curved surface of the earth appears as a flat horizon, and the angle between it and the North Star increases as one moves north from the Equator.

Finding Latitude “north star” Naval Architecture developed in Europe the 1400s, combining relatively large hull capacity (also used in the Carrack and Galleon) and lateen (triangular) sails for maneuverability, making long-distance voyages practical. The Caravel was (A replica of Columbus’s second ship, the Niña, a caravel.)

The Caravel about 60-70 feet long and 20 feet across, combined square sails in the front masts for speed with the wind,and lateen (triangular) sails in the rear for maneuverability, including sailing into side winds. A typical Caravel was consolidated monarchy after c. 1250 African port of Ceuta in 1415. exploration of Africa from hisPortugal, base from in the southern 1420s to his death in 1460. • A seafaring tradition underpinned a • A large Portuguese fleet occupied the north • Prince Henry “The promoted Navigator”

Portugal Leads Maritime Expansion Portugal in West Africa Portuguese Prince Henry launched trips down the African coast, beginning the black slave trade by the 1440s and seeking a route to the Far East. Ceuta, 1415 Cape Bojador, 1434 El Mina, 1481 After taking Ceuta in 1415, Start of the African Slave Trade (Lagos, Nigeria is Lagos, southern Portugal, the first black slaves brought directly from sub- saharan Africa were sold, brought by Gil Eanes in 1445. named for this town.) In this building in Around Africa seeking a route to India hit contrary conditions in the south Atlantic. Both currents and winds push north along the African coast. Bartolomeu Dias, 1487 (5 years before Columbus sailed west) Portuguese mariners Knowledge spreads quickly in 1489 by Henricus Martellus, a German working in Florence, Italy, not long after Dias returned to Portugal in Dec. 1488. The African coastline is complete to beyond the Cape of Good Hope. This map was produced 1489 Just 7 years difference. 1482

Compared to a few years earlier Dividing the World 1492 (red line) Spain and Portugal met at Tordesillas in 1494 and agreed on a line dividing non-Christian territories between them (black line). After Columbus’s trip in South Atlantic navigation currents along the African coast, ,10 years after Dias, sailed to the south west, and caught currents that took him around the Cape of Good Hope to India. Bartolomeu Dias, 1487 Vasco da Gama, 1497 To avoid the contrary Accidental(?) landing trip 3 years later, Pedro Alvares Cabral took a similar route with a slightly different bearing, and bumped into Brazil in April 1500. Bartolomeu Dias, 1487 Vasco da Gama, 1497 Pedro Alvares Cabral, 1500 Following Da Gama’s The Cantino Map, 1502 and Da Gama, Cabral, the Corte-Real brothers (all for Portugal). Drawn after the voyages of Columbus (for Spain), (Detail from the 1502 Cantino map)

“Este he o marco dantre castella y portuguall” A New World map upper right. The eastern coastline of “America,” including the Caribbean islands, shows at the left side. Made by Martin Waldseemuller in 1507. Amerigo Vespucci is the figure in “America” named Detail showing label “America,” on the Waldseemuller map of 1507. 1507

A New Understanding 1489 In just 18 years, European understanding of the world changed dramatically. Around the World With the first circumnavigation, by Magellan (Magalhães)/ Del Cano in 1519-22, the basic configuration was established. The fleet started with 5 ships and c. 240 men. One ship 18 men survived. , often mistranslated as “factories”) on three feitorias continents, including Brazil. In the 16th century African and Asian trade was much more lucrative than Brazil. bases ( The Portuguese Trading Empire By about 1550 the Portuguese had established some 50 trading , a native wood that pau brasil the indigenous people for produces a red dye used in coloring textiles. The “dyewood phase”-Pau Brasil The first economic activity by Portugal in Brazil was trading with went on for about a century, and nearly pau brasil

Unsustainable extraction brought the tree to extinction along Brazil’s Atlantic forest. It also brought the natives in contact with Europeans and their trade goods--and weapons. Extraction of Sugar economy using European capital, colonial land, African labor for European markets. production began along the Brazilian coast, based on patterns already used in the Atlantic islands (Madeira and the Azores). By the 1530s sugar An enclave Brazil alone received some 40% of all slaves taken from Africa over more than 3 centuries, 1530-1850--around four million people. (Vs. about 500,000 to British North America).

Slaves Engenho (mill)

The Sugar A United Kingdom (and colonies)

Between 1580 and 1640, Spain and Portugal were united under one crown, so the border set at Tordesillas was not so important. Erasing the Tordesillas line In the 1600s expeditions of Bandeirantes extended Portuguese influence through the interior of the continent, ignoring the line of demarcation set in 1494. The reality

Bandeirantes The legend Monções (“Monsoons”)

River-borne expeditions into the interior of the continent, named for the season when the rivers ran high--a term borrowed from the Indian Ocean experience. How the West was won

Both river and land- based expeditions established a Portuguese presence in the area not Occupied by the Spanish.

Tordesillas line:

Monções (river trips):

Bandeirantes (overland trips): Borders redrawn Borders with Spanish America were realigned, in the Treaties of Madrid (1750), and San Ildefonso (1778). Thomas Holloway, History, UC Davis

Muito Obrigado pela Atenção!

Empire to Empire: The Americas in the Age CLAS Summer Institute for Teachers of Exploration UC Berkeley, July14-16, 2008 Extra slides

The following slides were deemed not essential to the presentation, and are placed here to remove them from the the body of the show, to save time and reduce sensory overload. I have left them in the PPT set in case anyone who uses this collection might find them of interest or useful. Tom Holloway, Dept. of History UC Davis Body Decoration

Kraho Suya The Crusades of the 1100s The Black Death 1347 and 1351, the bubonic plague killed about one-third of the population of Europe. Between Guessing Latitude the horizon with one arm, and point to the North Star with the other arm. Then measure the arc between your arms, in degrees. need to have a friend help, and a really big protractor.) On a clear night, point to (Note: You’ll probably (A flat version)

A globe--with parts missing Martin Behaim in 1492, the same year Columbus first sailed west. After Dias, Africa was (fairly) complete. What’s missing, between Europe and “Cipangu” was the American continent and most of the Pacific Ocean. This globe was made by Boundary Disputes Demarcation described by the . There were several attempts to fix the location of Line of Marking the Divide of Laguna marks the positionTordesillas, of according the to line the of Portuguese). This monument in the southern Brazilian town 1969

The Slave Trade The , From Curtin, Risk and Reward a fleet of 13 ships, lost5ontheway, sent one more home with news of the landfall in Brazil, and arrived in India with 7 ships. Only 4 of13 the ships returned to Portugal in 1501. Cabral left Lisbon with