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Lakshmi Narasaiah Reddyet Al, J. Global Trends Pharm Sci, 2018; 9(2) Lakshmi Narasaiah Reddy et al, J. Global Trends Pharm Sci, 2018; 9(2): 5568- 5574 An Elsevier Indexed Journal ISSN-2230-7346 Journal of Global Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences SYNTHESIS AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES FROM HAMELIA PATENS AQUEOUS LEAF EXTRACT Lakshmi Narasaiah Reddy1, Sugunakar, Y.J2, Chandramati Shankar P2* 1Department of Microbiology, Rayalseema University, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India. 2Department of Biotechnology, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India *Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected] ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Key Words The current study reports a safe method of synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from aqueous leaf extract of Hamelia patens.a medicinally important plant. The initial confirmation of biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles were Haemelia patens, characterized by UV–Vis spectrophotometer and the characteristic surface silver nanoparticles, plasmon resonance peak was identified to be 435 nm. The AgNPs were observed antibacterial activity, to be roughly spherical in shape and size ranged 10–100 nm as seen in TEM Aqueous plant extract. analysis. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was employed to ascertain the crystalline nature and purity of the silver nanoparticles which implied the presence of (111) and (220) lattice planes of the face centered cubic (fcc) structure of metallic silver. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to key out the specific functional groups responsible for the reduction of silver nitrate to form silver nanoparticles and the capping agents present in the leaf extract. The synthesized AgNPs showed strong inhibitory activity against microorganisms like Salmonella ebony (MTCC 3384), Bacillus subtilis(MTCC 10619), Klebsella pneumonia(MTCC 432), Pseudomonas aeruginosa(MTCC 1688). These findings would find applications in the development of new antibacterial drugs. INTRODUCTION: studies with rats have shown that firebush Hamelia patens is a large perennial shrub in has analgesic, diuretic and hypothermic the coffee family, Rubiaceae, that is native activities. Nanoparticles have found lot of to the American subtropics and tropics.The application in biology area. Silver plants are used in folk medicine against a nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been studied range of ailments. A number of active extensively as they exhibit different compounds have been found in Hamelia properties of importance such as biological patens, but no scientific study of its medical physical, optical absorbance and chemical. usefulness has been conducted yet. People in These properties have created an opportunity Tropical America use extracts of the leaves for application in different industries and and stems to treat various types of skin medical fields for drug delivery, preparation diseases such as rashes, skin fungus, sores of medicines etc. The ratio of surface area to and insect stings. Other ethno botanical uses volume is more in silver Nanoparticles hence include treatment for menstrual cramps, it has increased the interest of scientists. headache, rheumatism, fever, and dysentery. Silver Nanoparticles can be synthesized by Effective immuno-stimulants have been chemical and physical methods.The identified in Hamelia patens extracts and chemical approaches involves the use of 5568 Lakshmi Narasaiah Reddy et al, J. Global Trends Pharm Sci, 2018; 9(2): 5568- 5574 reductants which are toxic in nature such as MilliQ water used as solvent. The collected sodium borohydride, trisodium citrate and extract was further concentrated using dimethyl formamide. There is an increasing Rotavapour (Heidolph) and this concentrated need to develop an eco-friendly and filtrate was used for the present study. nontoxic AgNPs in which the process is cost-effective and requires no high end Synthesis of silver nanoparticles: equipments. Biosynthesis of nanoparticles Biological synthesis of AgNPs was carried using various plant part extracts gives out by preparing 1 mM aqueous solution of approximately uniform size of the silver nitrate (AgNO3)(purchased from nanoparticles and they donot contain any Molychem). 20 ml of aqueous Hamelia contaminants and it can be scaled up (Mittal patens.L leaf extract was added to 180 ml of et al., 2014). Plant extracts have various aqueous 1 mM silver nitrate solution for primary and secondary metabolites which reduction of Ag+ ions .This was left act as both reducing and capping agents overnight at room temperature (Vivek R et (Tavakoli et al., 2015). The synthesized al. 2012). AgNPs of Hamelia patens leaf extracts were Bio-reduction mechanism: The characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy, biochemical reaction of AgNO3 reacts with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy plant broth leads to the formation of AgNPs (FTIR), Transmission electron microscopy by following reaction (Tripathy et al., 2010). (TEM) and X-ray diffraction method (XRD). Fig. 2 explains the proposed mechanism of The antimicrobial activity of the AgNPs was biological synthesis of nanoparticles evaluated against human pathogens such Ag+NO3- + plant extract AgNPs as,Salmonella ebony(MTCC 3384), Bacillus + byproducts subtilis(MTCC 10619), Klebsella pneumonia(MTCC 532), Pseudomonas Characterization of synthesized silver aeruginosa(MTCC 1688) to check for their nanoparticles: The synthesis of silver biomedical importance. Survey of Literature nanoparticles by reduction of silver was showed no reports on synthesis of silver monitored using UV-visible spectrometer, at nanoparticles using the aqueous leaf extract the wavelength of 200–700 nm. The nano of Hamelia patens. Therefore, the objective particle formed in plant extract solution was of the present study was to synthesize and centrifuged at 8000 rpm for 10 min. The characterize the silver nanoparticles using supernatant was again centrifuged at 10,000 aqueous leaf extract of Hamelia paten and rpm for 20 min, and the pellet of silver screen for antibacterial activity using crude nanoparticles was obtained. The pellet were aqueous leaf extract and synthesized silver resuspended into 1 mL of deionized water . nanoparticles. Characterization of nanoparticles was carried MATERIALS AND METHODS out in the mid IR region of 400–4000 cm−1 Collection of plant sample: Fresh leaves of by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Hamelia patens were collected from (FTIR) analysis. X-ray diffraction (XRD) Idupulayapaya region of Y.S.R.Kadapa analysis was carried out to study the nature district,Andhra Pradesh. Leaves were of AgNPs. X-ray diffractometer (Bruker, D8 washed thoroughly with tap water and then advance, Germany) was operated at a followed with Distilled water and shade voltage of 40 kV and a current of 30 mA at a dried. wave length of 1.5406Ẩ. Elemental Preparation of the plant sample and its Detection Analysis(EDA) was used to detect leaf aqueous extract: The dried leaves of the presence of elemental silver. Hamelia patens were ground finely. 20gms Transmission Electron Microscope was used of the leaf powder was taken in to thimble to observe image and size of Silver made of Watman filter paper No.1 and taken Nanoparticles (Santhosh S. B. et al. 2015). into Soxhlet(Techinico) for extraction with 5569 Lakshmi Narasaiah Reddy et al, J. Global Trends Pharm Sci, 2018; 9(2): 5568- 5574 ANTI BACTERIAL ACTIVITY ASSAY absorption spectra of the AgNPs showed the The pure cultures of Salmonella ebony absorbance Surface plasmon (MTCC 3384), Klebsiella pneumonia resonance(SPR) peak at 435 nm, which (MTCC 432), Bacillus subtilis (MTCC confirms the synthesis of AgNPs(Fig.2a,2b). 10619) and Escherichia coli (MTCC 443) Similar results have been reported in were obtained from Institute of Microbial literature showing absorbance at 445 nm of Technology (IMTECH), Chandigarh, India. silver nanoparticles synthesized by All the cultures were revived aseptically in Cochlospermum religiosum extract (Sasikala freshly prepared Nutrient broth medium and et.al 2014) and by Pithophoraoe dogonia incubated at 37°C for 18-24 hrs for bacterial extract (Sinha et.al, 2014). growth as per instructions. The antimicrobial The different molecules present in the activity was carried out with 24 h active aqueous plant extracts help in capping and cultures by employing disc diffusion method stabilization of AgNPs formed. This (Ghassan et al. 2013). Nutrient agar (NA) characteristic SPR peak also confirms the plates were swabbed (sterile cotton swabs) spherical shape of AgNPs (Kotakadi et al. with 8 hours old broth culture of human 2014) pathogenic bacterial strains. Sterile discs FTIR Analysis: The bands at wave number impregnated with 20 µl of AgNPs solution at of 3272.32 cm-1, 1639.9cm-1, 1327.31cm-1 a concentration of 100µg/ml were then and 1095.4cm-1 correspond to N–H placed on the surface of the inoculated stretching of the secondary amide, carboxyl medium. Standard antibiotic ampicillin was –C=O stretching, C–N stretching and C–O used as a positive control. The agar plates stretching respectively respectively (Fig.3). were incubated at 37◦C for 24 h. The FTIR results show the presence of different diameter of the inhibition zone (mm) was functional groups on the nanoparticles measured after 24hrs of incubation. surface which indicates that stability of Triplicate plates for each condition and the indicating the potential of Hamelia experiment was repeated thrice. patens.L.,leaf aqueous extract in RESULTS AND DISCUSSION synthesizing AgNPs. The dual role of the synthesis of silver nanoparticles: Light plant extract as a reducing and capping agent brown aqueous
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