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1 a Preliminary World-Wide Key to the Lichen Genus Pertusaria (Including

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1 a Preliminary World-Wide Key to the Lichen Genus Pertusaria (Including Archer & Elix, World-wide key to Petrusaria (including Lepra), Aug. 2018 A Preliminary World-wide Key to the Lichen Genus Pertusaria (including Lepra species) A.W. Archer & J.A. Elix The lichen genus Pertusaria (Pertusariaceae) is widely distributed throughout the world, from equatorial to polar regions (Dibben 1980; Lumbsch & Nash 2001). Species may grow on bark, rock, soil, plant débris and mosses and are differentiated by the apothecial structure (disciform or verruciform), the number and structure of the ascospores (1, 2, 4 or 8 per ascus, smooth- or rough-walled ascospores) and the chemistry (Dibben 1980; Archer 1997). Chemistry has been recognised as an important taxonomic tool in the identification of species in the genus Pertusaria (Lumbsch 1998). The chemistry of the genus Pertusaria has been reported in many publications. Oshio (1968) reported the colour reactions of Japanese species and the compounds producing these colours were subsequently identified by Dibben (1975) who later published the chemistry of North American Pertusaria (1980). Similarly, Poelt and Vĕzda (1981) described the colour reactions of European species of Pertusaria and the identity of these compounds was later determined by Hanko (1983). Additional synonymy and chemical data for a range of European taxa was reported by Niebel-Lohmann and Feuerer (1992). Chemical data on many type specimens was reported by Archer (1993, 1995) and the chemistry of Australian Pertusaria published (Archer 1997). Additional type specimens hace since been examined and their chemistries determined. A current Key to European Pertusaria (Sipman, www.bgbm.org/BGBM/Staff/Wiss/Sipman/keys/perteuro.htm) contains much chemical information on European taxa, which has been included in this Key. Modern descriptions of new taxa in the genus would now be regarded as incomplete without a report of the chemistry. The total number of species in the genus is not accurately known. Nash et al. (2001) suggest ca. 350 species and American Record Express (http://americanrecordexpress.com/fungi/p/) suggests ca. 920 species. Archer & Messuti (2009) calculated a possible 1550 species out of a theoretically possible 3500 chemical and morphological combinations (Archer 1997) while the Index Fungorum (www.indexfungorum.org) lists 1770 taxa, which, however, include many forms and varieties. For example, P. coccodes (Ach.) Nyl. has 17 forms and 10 varieties. This Key includes 794 taxa, together with 316 synonyms or possible synonyms that are listed following the Key. Please send any comments, corrections and additions to: [email protected] [email protected] Chemistry The compounds found in the genus Pertusaria fall into 8 categories: Xanthones such as lichexanthone, 4,5-dichlorolichexanthone and thiophaninic acid. Orcinol p-depsides such as lecanoric and gyrophoric acid. Homologues of orcinol p-depsides such as perlatolic acid and its derivatives. Orcinol depsones such as picrolichenic acid and its homologues. -Orcinol m-depsides such as hypothamnolic and thamnolic acids. -Orcinol p-depsides such as squamatic and barbatic acids. -Orcinol depsidones such as stictic, norstictic, psoromic and protocetraric acids. 1 Archer & Elix, World-wide key to Petrusaria (including Lepra), Aug. 2018 Aliphatic acids such as allopertusaric acid and lichesterinic acid. In addition, some taxa lack lichen compounds. Recently a number of Pertusaria species have been transferred to the genus Lepra Scop. (Scopoli 1777) by Hafellner & Türk (2016), Lendemer & Harris (2017), Buaruang et al. (2017) and Wei et al. (2017). This genus is characterised by disciform apothecia, asci with 1 (rarely 2) large or 8 small ascospores and the absence of chlorinated xanthones and orcinol p-depsides such as perlatolic acid and its derivatives. The published species are shown in the key with their authors; unpublished species are shown with Lepra only. References: Archer, A.W. (1997) A chemical and morphological arrangement of the lichen genus Pertusaria in Australia. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 53:1-17. Archer, A.W. (1995) A chemical and morphological arrangement of the lichen genus Pertusaria in Australia;: additional data and corrections. Mycotaxon 55:385-389. Archer, A.W. (1997) The lichen genus Pertusaria in Australia. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 69:5-249. Buaruang, K; Boonpragob, K; Mongkolsuk, P; Sangvichien, E; Vongshewerat, K; Polyiam, W; Rangsiruji, A; Saipunkaew, W; Naksuwankul, K; Kalb, J; Parnmen, S; Kraichak, E; Phraphuchamnong, P; Meesim, S; Luangsuphabool, T; Nirongbut, P; Poengsungnoen, V; Duangphui, N; Sodamuk, M; Phokaeo, S; Molsil, M; Aptroot, A; Kalb, K; Lücking, R; Lumbsch, HT (2017): A new checklist of lichenised fungi occuring in Thailand. Mycokeys 23: 1-91. Dibben, M.J. (1975) The Chemosystematics of the lichen genus Pertusaria in North America north of Mexico. Appendix II, Exotic species, pp. 492-519, Ph.D. thesis, Duke University. Dibben, M.J. (1980) The Chemosystematics of the lichen genus Pertusaria in North America north of Mexico. Milwaukee Publications in Biology and Geology 5: 1-162. Hafellner, J; Türk, R (2016): Die lichenisierten Pilze Österreich— eine neue Checkliste der Bisher nachgewiesen Taxa mit Angaben zu Verbreitung und Substratökologie. Stapfia 104(1):1-216. Lendemer, JC; & Harris, JC (2017): Nomenclatural changes for North American members of the Variolaria- group necessitated by recognition of Lepra (Pertusariales) Bryologist 120(2):183-190. Hafellner, J; Türk, R (2016): Die lichenisierten Pilze Österreich— eine neue Checkliste der Bisher nachgewiesen Taxa mit Angaben zu Verbreitung und Substratökologie. Stapfia 104(1):1-216. Hanko, B. (1983) Die Chemotypen der Flechtengattung in Europa. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 19:3-296. Lendemer, JC; & Harris, JC (2017): Nomenclatural changes for North American members of the Variolaria- group necessitated by recognition of Lepra (Pertusariales) Bryologist 120(2):183-190. Lumbsch, H.T. (1998) Taxonomic use of metabolic data in lichen-forming fungi. In: Frisvald, J.C., Bridge, P.D. & Arora, D.K (eds.) Chemical fungal taxonomy: 345-387. Marcel Dekker, New York. Lumbsch, H.T. & Nash, T.H (2001) Pertusaria in Nash, H.T., Ryan, B.D., Gries, C & Bungartz, F. Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region 1: 341-357 Messuti, M.I. & Archer, A.W. (2009) ¿Cuántos taxones pueden incluirse teóricamente en el género Pertusaria? Glalia 2(1): 1-9. Niebel-Lohmann, A. & Feuerer, T. (1992). Die Gattung Pertusaria DC (Lichenes) in Schleswig-Holstein: Anatomie, Morphologie Taxonomie und Verbreitung 1. Mitt. Inst. Allg. Bot. Hamburg. 24: 199-252. 2 Archer & Elix, World-wide key to Petrusaria (including Lepra), Aug. 2018 Oshio, M (1968) Taxonomical studies on the family Pertusariaceae of Japan. Journal of Science of the Hiroshima University, B(2), 12: 81-163. Poelt, J. & Vezda, A. (1981). Pertusaria in Bestimmungsschlüssel europäischer Flechten. Ergänzungheft II. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 16: 1-390. Scopoli, G.A. (1777) Introduct. ad Hist. Nat., W. Gerle, Prague Wei, X; Schmitt, I; Hodkinson, B; Flakus, A; Kukwa, M; Divakar, K; Kirika, P; Otte, J; Meiser, A; Lumbsch, HT (2017) Circumscription of the genus Lepra, a recently resurrected genus to accommodate the "Variolaria"- Group of Pertusaria sensu lato (Pertusariales, Ascomycota) PloS ONE 12(7): e0180284. https:/doi.org/10.137/journal.pone.0180284 Notes: The key uses apothecial structure and number and type of ascospores to place specimens in appropriate Groups (vide infra). Within the Groups chemical constituents, and size and arrangement of ascospores, are used to distinguish species. Synomyms and possible synonyms are indicated by the symbol Only major chemical constituents are referred to and there remain species whose chemistry is unknown; these species are omitted until their chemistry is determined and published. Where the results of chemical tests (K, C, etc.) are reported and give a strong indication of the substance(s) present, these species are tentatively included. Rock includes species growing on soil and plant débris, and mosses. Disciform species include species where the apothecia is disciform and either sessile or raised in protuberances. Sterile sorediate or isidiate species include species that may also occur as fertile specimens; sorediate or isidiate species which are always fertile are included in the appropriate fertile Group. Taxa which are reported to occur on both wood and rock are included twice. Species with 2-3, or 2-4 ascospores per ascus are included in the 4-spored species; species with 6, 7 or 8 ascospores are inclcuded in 8-spored species. Many images of tropical species of Pertusaria can be found on the web site: www.tropicallichens.net/ and bibliographic data on each species is available fom the Index Fungorum. Group 1. Apothecia absent; isidia present; on rock Group 2. Apothecia absent; isidia present; on wood Group 3. Apothecia absent; soredia present; on rock Group 4. Apothecia absent; soredia present; on wood Group 5. Apothecia present, verruciform; ascospores 1 per ascus; on rock Group 6. Apothecia present, verruciform; ascospores 1 per ascus; on wood Group 7. Apothecia present, disciform; ascospores 1 per ascus; on rock Group 8. Apothecia present, disciform; ascospores 1 per ascus; on wood Group 9. Apothecia present, disciform; ascospores 2 per ascus; on wood Group 10 Apothecia, present disciform; ascospores 2 per ascus; on rock Group 11. Apothecia present, verruciform; ascospores 2 per ascus, smooth; on rock Group 12. Apothecia present, verruciform; ascospores 2 per ascus,
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