DOCSLIB.ORG

Indo-Iranian Borrowings in Uralic

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Indo-Iranian Borrowings in Uralic Faculty of Arts University of Helsinki INDO-IRANIAN BORROWINGS IN URALIC CRITICAL OVERVIEW OF THE SOUND SUBSTITUTIONS AND DISTRIBUTION CRITERION Sampsa Holopainen DOCTORAL DISSERTATION To be presented for public discussion with the permission of the Faculty of Arts of the University of Helsinki, in Auditorium PII, Porthania, on the 14th of December, 2019 at 12 o’clock. Helsinki 2019 ISBN 978-951-51-5728-7 (pbk.) ISBN 978-951-51-5729-4 (PDF) Unigrafia Helsinki 2019 2 TIIVISTELMÄ Väitöskirjan aiheena ovat uralilaisten (suomalais-ugrilaisten) kielten indoiranilaisperäiset lainasanat. Työssä arvioidaan kriittisesti aiemmissa lähteissä esitetyt etymologiat ja kommentoidaan niiden pohjalta lainoissa esiintyviä äännesubstituutioita ja levikkiä. Aineiston muodostavat eri uralilaisissa kielissä esiintyvät lainasanat, joille on aiemmassa tutkimuksessa esitetty kantaindoiranilaista tai kantairanilaista, tai muuta varhaista iranilaista laina-alkuperää. Menetelmänä sovelletaan lainasanatutkimuksen yleisesti hyväksyttyjä kriteereitä. Etymologioita arvioidaan äänneasun, levikin ja merkityksen perusteella. Työssä on otettu huomioon sekä uralilaisen että indoiranilaisen kielikunnan äännehistorian uusin tutkimus, ja monet työn tuloksista poikkeavat aiemman tutkimuksen käsityksistä, jotka perustuvat jo osittain vanhentuneisiin näkemyksiin äännehistoriasta. Tärkeimpinä tuloksina esitetään lainaetymologioiden jaottelu todennäköisiin, epätodennäköisiin ja epävarmoihin etymologioihin sekä esitetään lainoissa esiintyvät äännesubstituutiot ja niiden pohjalta määriteltävä kronologinen jako eri lainasanakerrostumiin. Työn tulosten perusteella voidaan todeta, että merkittävä osa aiemmassa tutkimuksessa esitetyistä etymologioista on epävarmoja tai vääriä. Lisäksi on huomattavaa, että melko useat työssä käsitellyt etymologiat on äänteellisin kriteerein varsin vaikea luokitella kantaindoiranilaisiksi, kantairanilaisiksi tai myöhemmistä iranilaisista kielistä saaduiksi lainasanoiksi. Usean etymologian kohdalla voidaan myös todeta, että indoiranilaisen laina-alkuperän lisäksi myös lainautuminen jostakin muusta arkaaisesta indoeurooppalaisesta kielestä on mahdollista. Lisäksi työssä esitetään muutamia uusia indoiranilaisia etymologioita. Huomattava tulos on myös, että lainojen äänneasu on esihistoriallisia lainasanoja tutkittaessa levikkiä tärkeämpi kriteeri, sillä vuosituhansien saatossa lainasanoja on muun sanaston mukana hävinnyt ja korvautunut. Lainasanojen levikin yksinomainen merkitys uralilaisen kielikunnan taksonomian evidenssinä on siis kyseenalaista. Levikkiä on vääristänyt myös lainojen rinnakkainen lainautuminen, sillä osa varhemmassa tutkimuksessa jo uralilaiseen kantakieleen saaduiksi oletetuista lainasanoista on todellisuudessa varhaisen, rinnakkaisen lainautumisen tulosta. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work has benefited hugely from the assistance of various colleagues and teachers, and it is no exaggeration to mention that without their precious and kind help this work would have never materialized. I am in eternal debt of gratefulness to my three supervisors who have guided me through the research and the writing process. Professor Janne Saarikivi was my first real guide into mysteries of etymology, and it is largely thanks to him that I got into the study of loanwords. His healthy scepticism towards earlier research and open mind to new ideas has always been an inspiration to me, and the spirit of research that he gave in his lectures about etymology and historical phonology during my student years has guided me through the years. Ulla-Maija Forsberg has been my main supervisor, and thanks to her kind but staunch support I have been able to keep up in some kind of tempo and finish things more or less on time. Professor Ulla-Maija’s knowledge of Ob-Ugric languages and helpful and friendly attitude have been essential in the birth of this dissertation. Lastly, without downplaying the importance of anyone else, I own my greatest debt to docent Petri Kallio, the uncrowned king of Uralic and Indo-European loanword studies. Without his mastery of the two language families my work would be nothing. Petri’s quick reactions to my questions and friendly comments to even the poorest drafts is something I cannot thank enough It goes without saying that the reviewers of my dissertation deserve my deepest thanks. Professor Martin Kümmel and Professor Sirkka-Liisa Hahmo gave me many good, critical but encouraging comments that have been essential help in finishing this study. I am honoured to have such important scholars to read my dissertation. I would also like to thank Professor Kümmel for acting as the opponent in my defence. I would also like to express my gratitude to the representatives of the Faculty of Arts, Professors Jouko Lindstedt and Mika Lavento. I would also like to thank my other teachers for valuable help during all of my years as a student and researcher. Professor Riho Grünthal was one of my first teachers in historical- comparative Uralic linguistics, and he has also offered valuable help during all my years as a PhD student, for which I am very grateful. Docent Tapani Salminen encouraged me to study Siberian languages and their lexicon, and he has always helped with his immerse knowledge of Samoyedic. I am also grateful to my other teachers in Helsinki, Rigina Ajanki, Arja Hamari, Magdolna Kovács, Ildikó Vecsernyés and others. Petri Pohjanlehto’s courses in various Indo-European languages have been not only extremely useful but very enjoyable, and I offer him my heartfelt thanks. During my various periods in Budapest, I have benefited greatly from the teachings of Dr. Márta Csepregi and the various Indo- European courses that Dr. Máté Ittzés taught; I would like to thank him for welcoming me to his lectures and for being very helpful in many Indo-European matters. In the University of Vienna, Melanie Malzahn was veru kind to act as my host as a visiting PhD student during the winter semester 2018–2019 and also to give valuable comments on many etymologies. The teachings by her and Dr. Hannes Fellner have been very useful and influential, and I am very thankful to them. 4 Among other teachers and mentors whom I would especially like to thank are Professor Ante Aikio (Luobbal Sámmol Sámmol Ánte), whose etymological and historical works have been a great inspiration to me, and whose comments on my early papers and presentations had great influence on my work. I would also like to thank Professor Aikio for the chance to read his manuscript of Uralic etymological dictionary. To Dr. Mikhail Zhivlov I am grateful for the possibility to consult his unpublished dissertation about the development of Ob- Ugric vocalism. I would like to thank also Professor Johanna Nichols for being always supportive of my work and also for giving me a chance to work in an interesting project with her during the final stages of my PhD. To Professor Martin Schwartz I give thanks for commenting many Iranian etymologies and for showing interest in my work. I am also grateful to Dr. Natalia Kuznetsova, Professor Juha Janhunen and researchers of the Institute of Linguistics, Russian Academy of Sciences, for helping me to get a copy of Alla Lushnikova’s dissertation from the archives of the Institute. My work would not have been possible without the support of various funders over the years. I am grateful to Wihuri foundation for providing the funding in the initial phase of my PhD work, and to the Faculty of Arts of the University of Helsinki for funding most of my time as a PhD student. Final stages of the dissertation work have also benefited from the funding of the Kone foundation. My many kind and friendly colleagues also deserve my gratitude for the immerse help and comradeship they have provided during the years. My fellow etymology scholars and friends Juha Kuokkala and Niklas Metsäranta have helped me more than anyone else, and without the lengthy discussions with them and the useful comments they provided my work would have much less value than it has now. Juha’s encyclopedic knowledge of especially Saami and Finnic, his technical skills and his calm but firm attitude to research have been essential help to me. Niklas has always provided answers to my questions about the tricky problems of Mari and Permic, and his extremely creative mind has produced etymological remarks that have enriched my dissertation vastly. I am also grateful to my friend, Dr. Santeri Junttila for precious help in questions related to Finnic and Baltic, and for pleasant company during various conference trips. Juho Pystynen, one of the best specialist of Uralic historical phonology, has also commented various parts of my dissertation and many of my earlier etymologies, for which I offer my deepest thanks. The list of dear colleagues is whom I would like to thank is too long to be listed here, but to mention just the few, I thank Chams Bernard, Jeremy Bradley, András Czentnár, Nikolett Gulyás Farkasné, Jaakko Helke, Jeongdo Kim, Veronika Milanova, Oliver Plötz, Zsolt Simon and many others (you know who you are) for help during various phases of my career. Christopher Culver has been of special assistance in proofreading the English of my dissertation and also provided many enlightening comments to many etymologies. For Zoltán Molnár I am forever grateful for the immense help he has given me in the library of the Finno-Ugric department of ELTE, Budapest during the times I have spent in Hungary. A special thanks goes also to my dear friend and colleague Niko Partanen, with whom I have
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Linguistics Development Team
    Development Team Principal Investigator: Prof. Pramod Pandey Centre for Linguistics / SLL&CS Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi Email: [email protected] Paper Coordinator: Prof. K. S. Nagaraja Department of Linguistics, Deccan College Post-Graduate Research Institute, Pune- 411006, [email protected] Content Writer: Prof. K. S. Nagaraja Prof H. S. Ananthanarayana Content Reviewer: Retd Prof, Department of Linguistics Osmania University, Hyderabad 500007 Paper : Historical and Comparative Linguistics Linguistics Module : Indo-Aryan Language Family Description of Module Subject Name Linguistics Paper Name Historical and Comparative Linguistics Module Title Indo-Aryan Language Family Module ID Lings_P7_M1 Quadrant 1 E-Text Paper : Historical and Comparative Linguistics Linguistics Module : Indo-Aryan Language Family INDO-ARYAN LANGUAGE FAMILY The Indo-Aryan migration theory proposes that the Indo-Aryans migrated from the Central Asian steppes into South Asia during the early part of the 2nd millennium BCE, bringing with them the Indo-Aryan languages. Migration by an Indo-European people was first hypothesized in the late 18th century, following the discovery of the Indo-European language family, when similarities between Western and Indian languages had been noted. Given these similarities, a single source or origin was proposed, which was diffused by migrations from some original homeland. This linguistic argument is supported by archaeological and anthropological research. Genetic research reveals that those migrations form part of a complex genetical puzzle on the origin and spread of the various components of the Indian population. Literary research reveals similarities between various, geographically distinct, Indo-Aryan historical cultures. The Indo-Aryan migrations started in approximately 1800 BCE, after the invention of the war chariot, and also brought Indo-Aryan languages into the Levant and possibly Inner Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • The Iranian Reflexes of Proto-Iranian *Ns
    The Iranian Reflexes of Proto-Iranian *ns Martin Joachim Kümmel, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena [email protected] Abstract1 The obvious cognates of Avestan tąθra- ‘darkness’ in the other Iranian languages generally show no trace of the consonant θ; they all look like reflexes of *tār°. Instead of assuming a different word formation for the non-Avestan words, I propose a solution uniting the obviously corresponding words under a common preform, starting from Proto-Iranian *taNsra-: Before a sonorant *ns was preserved as ns in Avestan (feed- ing the change of tautosyllabic *sr > *θr) but changed to *nh elsewhere, followed by *anhr > *ã(h)r. A parallel case of apparent variation can be explained similarly, namely Avestan pąsnu- ‘ashes’ and its cog- nates. Finally, the general development of Proto-Indo-Iranian *ns in Iranian and its relative chronology is discussed, including word-final *ns, where it is argued that the Avestan accusative plural of a-stems can be derived from *-āns. Keywords: Proto-Iranian, nasals, sibilant, sound change, variation, chronology 1. Introduction The aim of this paper is to discuss some details of the development of the Proto- Iranian (PIr) cluster *ns in the Iranian languages. Before we proceed to do so, it will be useful to recall the most important facts concerning the history of dental-alveolar sibilants in Iranian. 1) PIr had inherited a sibilant *s identical to Old Indo-Aryan (Sanskrit/Vedic) s from Proto-Indo-Iranian (PIIr) *s. This sibilant changed to Common Iranian (CIr) h in most environments, while its voiced allophone z remained stable all the time.
    [Show full text]
  • Eastern Finno-Ugrian Cooperation and Foreign Relations
    UC Irvine UC Irvine Previously Published Works Title Eastern Finno-Ugrian cooperation and foreign relations Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4gc7x938 Journal Nationalities Papers, 29(1) ISSN 0090-5992 Author Taagepera, R Publication Date 2001-04-24 DOI 10.1080/00905990120036457 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Nationalities Papers, Vol. 29, No. 1, 2001 EASTERN FINNO-UGRIAN COOPERATION AND FOREIGN RELATIONS Rein Taagepera Britons and Iranians do not wax poetic when they discover that “one, two, three” sound vaguely similar in English and Persian. Finns and Hungarians at times do. When I speak of “Finno-Ugrian cooperation,” I am referring to a linguistic label that joins peoples whose languages are so distantly related that in most world contexts it would evoke no feelings of kinship.1 Similarities in folk culture may largely boil down to worldwide commonalities in peasant cultures at comparable technological stages. The racial features of Estonians and Mari may be quite disparate. Limited mutual intelligibility occurs only within the Finnic group in the narrow sense (Finns, Karelians, Vepsians, Estonians), the Permic group (Udmurts and Komi), and the Mordvin group (Moksha and Erzia). Yet, despite this almost abstract foundation, the existence of a feeling of kinship is very real. Myths may have no basis in fact, but belief in myths does occur. Before denigrating the beliefs of indigenous and recently modernized peoples as nineteenth-century relics, the observer might ask whether the maintenance of these beliefs might serve some functional twenty-first-century purpose. The underlying rationale for the Finno-Ugrian kinship beliefs has been a shared feeling of isolation among Indo-European and Turkic populations.
    [Show full text]
  • Language Documentation and Description
    Language Documentation and Description ISSN 1740-6234 ___________________________________________ This article appears in: Language Documentation and Description, vol 17. Editor: Peter K. Austin Countering the challenges of globalization faced by endangered languages of North Pakistan ZUBAIR TORWALI Cite this article: Torwali, Zubair. 2020. Countering the challenges of globalization faced by endangered languages of North Pakistan. In Peter K. Austin (ed.) Language Documentation and Description 17, 44- 65. London: EL Publishing. Link to this article: http://www.elpublishing.org/PID/181 This electronic version first published: July 2020 __________________________________________________ This article is published under a Creative Commons License CC-BY-NC (Attribution-NonCommercial). The licence permits users to use, reproduce, disseminate or display the article provided that the author is attributed as the original creator and that the reuse is restricted to non-commercial purposes i.e. research or educational use. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ ______________________________________________________ EL Publishing For more EL Publishing articles and services: Website: http://www.elpublishing.org Submissions: http://www.elpublishing.org/submissions Countering the challenges of globalization faced by endangered languages of North Pakistan Zubair Torwali Independent Researcher Summary Indigenous communities living in the mountainous terrain and valleys of the region of Gilgit-Baltistan and upper Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, northern
    [Show full text]
  • NS-Raubgut Und Die Österreichische Nationalbibliothek
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by E-LIS Diplomarbeit NS-Raubgut und die Österreichische Nationalbibliothek Von „arisierten“ Beständen zur Provenienzforschung. Ein historischer Querschnitt von Lisa Paar betreut von HR Univ.-Doz. Dr. Brigitte Bailer Im Fachbereich: IM Fachhochschul-Studiengang Informationsberufe Eisenstadt 2008 Hope is on the next page. Don’t close the book. I’ve turned every page and have not met hope. The book may be the hope. Edmond Jabés, From the Book to the Book Ehrenwörtliche Erklärung Ich habe diese Diplomarbeit selbstständig verfasst, alle meine Quellen und Hilfsmit- tel angegeben, keine unerlaubten Hilfen eingesetzt und die Arbeit bisher in keiner Form als Prüfungsarbeit vorgelegt. Ort und Datum Unterschrift Lisa Paar L. Paar FHS Informationsberufe 2008 Kurzfassung Von 1938 bis 1945 wurden unter dem nationalsozialistischen Regime tausende von Büchern geraubt und an die Österreichische Nationalbibliothek gebracht. Diese Ar- beit zeichnet einen Überblick über die Rolle der größten österreichischen Bibliothek während der NS-Herrschaft und zeigt weiters aktuelle Ergebnisse des Provenienzfor- schungsprojektes auf. Das Ziel der Arbeit ist, die Aufmerksamkeit der Öffentlichkeit und der Medien für den Raub von Bibliotheken und Sammlungen zu erregen. Zudem werden die schmerzvollen Schicksale der Opfer beleuchtet, die sich hinter dem Raub der Bücher verbergen. Die Arbeit versucht ferner die Frage zu beantworten, warum die Österreichische Nationalbibliothek Jahrzehnte benötigte, um die Restitutionen abzuschließen und ihre eigene Geschichte aufzuarbeiten. Die Grundlage der Arbeit stellt eine fundierte Literaturrecherche dar. Anschließend wurden vier qualitative Experteninterviews geführt, mit dem Ziel aktuelle Ergebnisse und Barrieren der Provenienzforschung zu erfahren.
    [Show full text]
  • The Socio Linguistic Situation and Language Policy of the Autonomous Region of Mountainous Badakhshan: the Case of the Tajik Language*
    THE SOCIO LINGUISTIC SITUATION AND LANGUAGE POLICY OF THE AUTONOMOUS REGION OF MOUNTAINOUS BADAKHSHAN: THE CASE OF THE TAJIK LANGUAGE* Leila Dodykhudoeva Institute Of Linguistics, Russian Academy Of Sciences The paper deals with the problem of closely related languages of the Eastern and Western Iranian origin that coexist in a close neighbourhood in a rather compact area of one region of Republic Tajikistan. These are a group of "minor" Pamir languages and state language of Tajikistan - Tajik. The population of the Autonomous Region of Mountainous Badakhshan speaks different Pamir languages. They are: Shughni, Rushani, Khufi, Bartangi, Roshorvi, Sariqoli; Yazghulami; Wakhi; Ishkashimi. These languages have no script and written tradition and are used only as spoken languages in the region. The status of these languages and many other local linguemes is still discussed in Iranology. Nearly all Pamir languages to a certain extent can be called "endangered". Some of these languages, like Yazghulami, Roshorvi, Ishkashimi are included into "The Red Book " (UNESCO 1995) as "endangered". Some of them are extinct. Information on other idioms up to now is not available. These languages live in close cooperation and interaction with the state language of Tajikistan - Tajik. Almost all population of Badakhshan is multilingual or bilingual. The second language is official language of the state - Tajik. This language is used in Badakhshan as the language of education, press, media, and culture. This is the reason why this paper is focused on the status of Tajik language in Republic Tajikistan and particularly in Badakhshan. The Tajik literary language (its oral and written forms) has a long history and rich written traditions.
    [Show full text]
  • UC Santa Barbara Himalayan Linguistics
    UC Santa Barbara Himalayan Linguistics Title Traces of mirativity in Shina Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3bk2d2s6 Journal Himalayan Linguistics, 9(2) Author Bashir, Elena Publication Date 2010 DOI 10.5070/H99223478 License https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ 4.0 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Himalayan Linguistics Traces of mirativity in Shina Elena Bashir The University of Chicago ABSTRACT This paper explores the question of whether mirative meaning, in the sense of Aksu-Koç and Slobin’s (1986) “unprepared mind” and DeLancey (1997), is grammatically encoded in the Dardic language Shina. Mirativity marking in Shina’s linguistic neighbors is examined and compared with the situation in Shina. I find a clustering of what appears to be morphologically indicated mirativity in the eastern dialects of Shina, and identify two morphological strategies which can be employed to encode mirativity. KEYWORDS mirativity, Shina, Dardic languages, Nuristani languages, evidentiality, Kalasha, Khowar, Balti, Tajik Persian This is a contribution from Himalayan Linguistics, Vol. 9(2): 1-55. ISSN 1544-7502 © 2010. All rights reserved. This Portable Document Format (PDF) file may not be altered in any way. Tables of contents, abstracts, and submission guidelines are available at www.linguistics.ucsb.edu/HimalayanLinguistics Himalayan Linguistics, Vol. 9(2). © Himalayan Linguistics 2010 ISSN 1544-7502 Traces of mirativity in Shina∗ Elena Bashir The University of Chicago 0 Introduction In this paper, I explore the question of whether mirative meaning is grammatically expressed in Shina, a Northwest Indo-Aryan (“Dardic”1) language spoken in northeastern Pakistan and some adjacent areas of northwestern India.
    [Show full text]
  • M. Witzel (2003) Sintashta, BMAC and the Indo-Iranians. a Query. [Excerpt
    M. Witzel (2003) Sintashta, BMAC and the Indo-Iranians. A query. [excerpt from: Linguistic Evidence for Cultural Exchange in Prehistoric Western Central Asia] (to appear in : Sino-Platonic Papers 129) Transhumance, Trickling in, Immigration of Steppe Peoples There is no need to underline that the establishment of a BMAC substrate belt has grave implications for the theory of the immigration of speakers of Indo-Iranian languages into Greater Iran and then into the Panjab. By and large, the body of words taken over into the Indo-Iranian languages in the BMAC area, necessarily by bilingualism, closes the linguistic gap between the Urals and the languages of Greater Iran and India. Uralic and Yeneseian were situated, as many IIr. loan words indicate, to the north of the steppe/taiga boundary of the (Proto-)IIr. speaking territories (§2.1.1). The individual IIr. languages are firmly attested in Greater Iran (Avestan, O.Persian, Median) as well as in the northwestern Indian subcontinent (Rgvedic, Middle Vedic). These materials, mentioned above (§2.1.) and some more materials relating to religion (Witzel forthc. b) indicate an early habitat of Proto- IIr. in the steppes south of the Russian/Siberian taiga belt. The most obvious linguistic proofs of this location are the FU words corresponding to IIr. Arya "self-designation of the IIr. tribes": Pre-Saami *orja > oarji "southwest" (Koivulehto 2001: 248), ārjel "Southerner", and Finnish orja, Votyak var, Syry. ver "slave" (Rédei 1986: 54). In other words, the IIr. speaking area may have included the S. Ural "country of towns" (Petrovka, Sintashta, Arkhaim) dated at c.
    [Show full text]
  • Internal Classification of Indo-European Languages: Survey
    Václav Blažek (Masaryk University of Brno, Czech Republic) On the internal classification of Indo-European languages: Survey The purpose of the present study is to confront most representative models of the internal classification of Indo-European languages and their daughter branches. 0. Indo-European 0.1. In the 19th century the tree-diagram of A. Schleicher (1860) was very popular: Germanic Lithuanian Slavo-Lithuaian Slavic Celtic Indo-European Italo-Celtic Italic Graeco-Italo- -Celtic Albanian Aryo-Graeco- Greek Italo-Celtic Iranian Aryan Indo-Aryan After the discovery of the Indo-European affiliation of the Tocharian A & B languages and the languages of ancient Asia Minor, it is necessary to take them in account. The models of the recent time accept the Anatolian vs. non-Anatolian (‘Indo-European’ in the narrower sense) dichotomy, which was first formulated by E. Sturtevant (1942). Naturally, it is difficult to include the relic languages into the model of any classification, if they are known only from several inscriptions, glosses or even only from proper names. That is why there are so big differences in classification between these scantily recorded languages. For this reason some scholars omit them at all. 0.2. Gamkrelidze & Ivanov (1984, 415) developed the traditional ideas: Greek Armenian Indo- Iranian Balto- -Slavic Germanic Italic Celtic Tocharian Anatolian 0.3. Vladimir Georgiev (1981, 363) included in his Indo-European classification some of the relic languages, plus the languages with a doubtful IE affiliation at all: Tocharian Northern Balto-Slavic Germanic Celtic Ligurian Italic & Venetic Western Illyrian Messapic Siculian Greek & Macedonian Indo-European Central Phrygian Armenian Daco-Mysian & Albanian Eastern Indo-Iranian Thracian Southern = Aegean Pelasgian Palaic Southeast = Hittite; Lydian; Etruscan-Rhaetic; Elymian = Anatolian Luwian; Lycian; Carian; Eteocretan 0.4.
    [Show full text]
  • A Linguistic Assessment of the Munji Language in Afghanistan
    Vol. 6 (2011), pp. 38-103 http://nflrc.hawaii.edu/ldc/ http://hdl.handle.net/10125/4506 A Linguistic Assessment of the Munji Language in Afghanistan Daniela Beyer Simone Beck International Assistance Mission (IAM) This paper presents a sociolinguistic assessment of the Munji (ISO: mnj) speech variety based on data collected in the Munjan area of northern Afghanistan. The goal was to determine whether a national language is adequate for primary school education and literature, or whether the Munji people would benefit from language development, including literature development in the vernacular. The survey trip entailed administering questionnaires to village elders,sociolinguistic questionnaires as well as Dari proficiency questionnaires to men and women of various age groups, eliciting word lists, and observing intelligibility of Dari and language use. In this way we aimed to determine the vitality of Munji, the different varieties of Munji, the use of Munji and Dari in the different domains of life, attitudes toward the speaking community’s own speech variety and toward Dari, and to investigate their intelligibility of Dari. In this paper we aim to show that the Munji people would benefit from Munji language development as a basis for both primary school material and adult literacy material in the mother tongue. In the long term, this is likely to raise the education level as well as the Munji people’s ability to acquire Dari literacy. 1. INTRODUCTION.1 From April 20 to 25, 2008, we conducted sociolingistic research in the Munjan language area of northern Afghanistan.2 The research was carried out under the auspices of the International Assistance Mission (IAM), a non-governmental organization working in Afghanistan.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction. Komi Folklore Studies: Connecting Points1
    https://doi.org/10.7592/FEJF2019.76.introduction INTRODUCTION. KOMI FOLKLORE STUDIES: CONNECTING POINTS1 Liudmila Lobanova Researcher Department of Folklore, Institute of Language, Literature, and History Komi Science Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia Email: [email protected] Nikolay Kuznetsov Lecturer in Finno-Ugric Languages Department of Finno-Ugric Studies University of Tartu Email: [email protected] The special edition of Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore is dedicated to Komi2 folklore and folklore studies. The issue was prepared within the frame- work of cooperation between the Department of Folkloristics of the Estonian Literary Museum and the Folklore Department of the Komi Science Centre by Komi and Estonian folklore researchers. Prior to this, the authors published one of the issues (vol. 17, 2016) of the Sator periodical, which was also dedi- cated to Komi folklore studies. The goal of this issue is to present some of the results of recent Komi folklore studies to wider academic circles, overcoming the natural linguistic obstacles. The majority of articles are written within the research project “Local Folklore Traditions of the European Northeast of Russia: Mechanisms of Development and Adaptation, System of Genres, Ethnocultural Folklore Interaction” (№ AAAA-A17-117021310066-4). The history of Komi folklore studies reveals processes typical for the Rus- sian, Soviet, and post-Soviet research dealing with folklore (the research field extended and became more limited over time), as well as studying the Komi language and culture as part of the general development of Finno-Ugric stud- ies. Traditionally, academician Andreas Sjögren (1794–1855) is considered to have discovered Komi folklore – in 1827, he transcribed folklore texts and published them as examples of the Komi language.
    [Show full text]
  • The Linguistic History of Some Indian Domestic Plants the Harvard
    The Linguistic History of Some Indian Domestic Plants The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Witzel, Michael. 2009. The linguistic history of some Indian Citation domestic plants. Journal of BioSciences 34(6): 829-833. Published Version doi:10.1007/s12038-009-0096-1 Accessed April 17, 2018 3:26:20 PM EDT Citable Link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:8954814 This article was downloaded from Harvard University's DASH Terms of Use repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Open Access Policy Articles, as set forth at http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms- of-use#OAP (Article begins on next page) Michael Witzel, Harvard University [email protected] THE LINGUISTIC HISTORY OF SOME INDIAN DOMESTIC PLANTS From* the mist of times emerge our earliest Indian texts, the Ṛgveda (c. 1300 -1000 BCE), composed in the Northwest of the subcontinent, and the Sangam texts (c. 2nd cent. BCE - early CE), composed in the extreme South. They contain valuable materials in archaic Indo-Aryan (Vedic Sanskrit) and in archaic Old Tamil respectively. The former belongs, along with Old Iranian (Avestan of Zarathustra), to the ancient Indo-Iranian subfamily of Indo-European that stretches from Iceland to Assam and Sri Lanka.1 The latter belongs to the Dravidian family2 that is restricted to the subcontinent but may have relatives in Northern Asia (Uralic) and beyond.3 As for the plant names found in these old sources, it must be observed that recent advances in archaeobotany4 indicate at least three major nuclei of food production in the subcontinent.
    [Show full text]