Faculty of Arts University of Helsinki INDO-IRANIAN BORROWINGS IN URALIC CRITICAL OVERVIEW OF THE SOUND SUBSTITUTIONS AND DISTRIBUTION CRITERION Sampsa Holopainen DOCTORAL DISSERTATION To be presented for public discussion with the permission of the Faculty of Arts of the University of Helsinki, in Auditorium PII, Porthania, on the 14th of December, 2019 at 12 o’clock. Helsinki 2019 ISBN 978-951-51-5728-7 (pbk.) ISBN 978-951-51-5729-4 (PDF) Unigrafia Helsinki 2019 2 TIIVISTELMÄ Väitöskirjan aiheena ovat uralilaisten (suomalais-ugrilaisten) kielten indoiranilaisperäiset lainasanat. Työssä arvioidaan kriittisesti aiemmissa lähteissä esitetyt etymologiat ja kommentoidaan niiden pohjalta lainoissa esiintyviä äännesubstituutioita ja levikkiä. Aineiston muodostavat eri uralilaisissa kielissä esiintyvät lainasanat, joille on aiemmassa tutkimuksessa esitetty kantaindoiranilaista tai kantairanilaista, tai muuta varhaista iranilaista laina-alkuperää. Menetelmänä sovelletaan lainasanatutkimuksen yleisesti hyväksyttyjä kriteereitä. Etymologioita arvioidaan äänneasun, levikin ja merkityksen perusteella. Työssä on otettu huomioon sekä uralilaisen että indoiranilaisen kielikunnan äännehistorian uusin tutkimus, ja monet työn tuloksista poikkeavat aiemman tutkimuksen käsityksistä, jotka perustuvat jo osittain vanhentuneisiin näkemyksiin äännehistoriasta. Tärkeimpinä tuloksina esitetään lainaetymologioiden jaottelu todennäköisiin, epätodennäköisiin ja epävarmoihin etymologioihin sekä esitetään lainoissa esiintyvät äännesubstituutiot ja niiden pohjalta määriteltävä kronologinen jako eri lainasanakerrostumiin. Työn tulosten perusteella voidaan todeta, että merkittävä osa aiemmassa tutkimuksessa esitetyistä etymologioista on epävarmoja tai vääriä. Lisäksi on huomattavaa, että melko useat työssä käsitellyt etymologiat on äänteellisin kriteerein varsin vaikea luokitella kantaindoiranilaisiksi, kantairanilaisiksi tai myöhemmistä iranilaisista kielistä saaduiksi lainasanoiksi. Usean etymologian kohdalla voidaan myös todeta, että indoiranilaisen laina-alkuperän lisäksi myös lainautuminen jostakin muusta arkaaisesta indoeurooppalaisesta kielestä on mahdollista. Lisäksi työssä esitetään muutamia uusia indoiranilaisia etymologioita. Huomattava tulos on myös, että lainojen äänneasu on esihistoriallisia lainasanoja tutkittaessa levikkiä tärkeämpi kriteeri, sillä vuosituhansien saatossa lainasanoja on muun sanaston mukana hävinnyt ja korvautunut. Lainasanojen levikin yksinomainen merkitys uralilaisen kielikunnan taksonomian evidenssinä on siis kyseenalaista. Levikkiä on vääristänyt myös lainojen rinnakkainen lainautuminen, sillä osa varhemmassa tutkimuksessa jo uralilaiseen kantakieleen saaduiksi oletetuista lainasanoista on todellisuudessa varhaisen, rinnakkaisen lainautumisen tulosta. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work has benefited hugely from the assistance of various colleagues and teachers, and it is no exaggeration to mention that without their precious and kind help this work would have never materialized. I am in eternal debt of gratefulness to my three supervisors who have guided me through the research and the writing process. Professor Janne Saarikivi was my first real guide into mysteries of etymology, and it is largely thanks to him that I got into the study of loanwords. His healthy scepticism towards earlier research and open mind to new ideas has always been an inspiration to me, and the spirit of research that he gave in his lectures about etymology and historical phonology during my student years has guided me through the years. Ulla-Maija Forsberg has been my main supervisor, and thanks to her kind but staunch support I have been able to keep up in some kind of tempo and finish things more or less on time. Professor Ulla-Maija’s knowledge of Ob-Ugric languages and helpful and friendly attitude have been essential in the birth of this dissertation. Lastly, without downplaying the importance of anyone else, I own my greatest debt to docent Petri Kallio, the uncrowned king of Uralic and Indo-European loanword studies. Without his mastery of the two language families my work would be nothing. Petri’s quick reactions to my questions and friendly comments to even the poorest drafts is something I cannot thank enough It goes without saying that the reviewers of my dissertation deserve my deepest thanks. Professor Martin Kümmel and Professor Sirkka-Liisa Hahmo gave me many good, critical but encouraging comments that have been essential help in finishing this study. I am honoured to have such important scholars to read my dissertation. I would also like to thank Professor Kümmel for acting as the opponent in my defence. I would also like to express my gratitude to the representatives of the Faculty of Arts, Professors Jouko Lindstedt and Mika Lavento. I would also like to thank my other teachers for valuable help during all of my years as a student and researcher. Professor Riho Grünthal was one of my first teachers in historical- comparative Uralic linguistics, and he has also offered valuable help during all my years as a PhD student, for which I am very grateful. Docent Tapani Salminen encouraged me to study Siberian languages and their lexicon, and he has always helped with his immerse knowledge of Samoyedic. I am also grateful to my other teachers in Helsinki, Rigina Ajanki, Arja Hamari, Magdolna Kovács, Ildikó Vecsernyés and others. Petri Pohjanlehto’s courses in various Indo-European languages have been not only extremely useful but very enjoyable, and I offer him my heartfelt thanks. During my various periods in Budapest, I have benefited greatly from the teachings of Dr. Márta Csepregi and the various Indo- European courses that Dr. Máté Ittzés taught; I would like to thank him for welcoming me to his lectures and for being very helpful in many Indo-European matters. In the University of Vienna, Melanie Malzahn was veru kind to act as my host as a visiting PhD student during the winter semester 2018–2019 and also to give valuable comments on many etymologies. The teachings by her and Dr. Hannes Fellner have been very useful and influential, and I am very thankful to them. 4 Among other teachers and mentors whom I would especially like to thank are Professor Ante Aikio (Luobbal Sámmol Sámmol Ánte), whose etymological and historical works have been a great inspiration to me, and whose comments on my early papers and presentations had great influence on my work. I would also like to thank Professor Aikio for the chance to read his manuscript of Uralic etymological dictionary. To Dr. Mikhail Zhivlov I am grateful for the possibility to consult his unpublished dissertation about the development of Ob- Ugric vocalism. I would like to thank also Professor Johanna Nichols for being always supportive of my work and also for giving me a chance to work in an interesting project with her during the final stages of my PhD. To Professor Martin Schwartz I give thanks for commenting many Iranian etymologies and for showing interest in my work. I am also grateful to Dr. Natalia Kuznetsova, Professor Juha Janhunen and researchers of the Institute of Linguistics, Russian Academy of Sciences, for helping me to get a copy of Alla Lushnikova’s dissertation from the archives of the Institute. My work would not have been possible without the support of various funders over the years. I am grateful to Wihuri foundation for providing the funding in the initial phase of my PhD work, and to the Faculty of Arts of the University of Helsinki for funding most of my time as a PhD student. Final stages of the dissertation work have also benefited from the funding of the Kone foundation. My many kind and friendly colleagues also deserve my gratitude for the immerse help and comradeship they have provided during the years. My fellow etymology scholars and friends Juha Kuokkala and Niklas Metsäranta have helped me more than anyone else, and without the lengthy discussions with them and the useful comments they provided my work would have much less value than it has now. Juha’s encyclopedic knowledge of especially Saami and Finnic, his technical skills and his calm but firm attitude to research have been essential help to me. Niklas has always provided answers to my questions about the tricky problems of Mari and Permic, and his extremely creative mind has produced etymological remarks that have enriched my dissertation vastly. I am also grateful to my friend, Dr. Santeri Junttila for precious help in questions related to Finnic and Baltic, and for pleasant company during various conference trips. Juho Pystynen, one of the best specialist of Uralic historical phonology, has also commented various parts of my dissertation and many of my earlier etymologies, for which I offer my deepest thanks. The list of dear colleagues is whom I would like to thank is too long to be listed here, but to mention just the few, I thank Chams Bernard, Jeremy Bradley, András Czentnár, Nikolett Gulyás Farkasné, Jaakko Helke, Jeongdo Kim, Veronika Milanova, Oliver Plötz, Zsolt Simon and many others (you know who you are) for help during various phases of my career. Christopher Culver has been of special assistance in proofreading the English of my dissertation and also provided many enlightening comments to many etymologies. For Zoltán Molnár I am forever grateful for the immense help he has given me in the library of the Finno-Ugric department of ELTE, Budapest during the times I have spent in Hungary. A special thanks goes also to my dear friend and colleague Niko Partanen, with whom I have