AFRICAN INSTITUTE FOR MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES SCHOOLS ENRICHMENT CENTRE (AIMSSEC) AIMING HIGH
GOLDEN PENTAGON In each of these diagrams of a regular pentagon find the ratio of the length shown in � (� √�) red to the length in blue in terms of the Golden Ratio � = � Find all the angles in the diagram. Let AE = 1 unit and BE = x units. Which triangles are isosceles? Which triangles are similar? Use similar triangles to give an equation for x and solve the equation.
Prove = � Prove = = �
Prove �� = � ��
Prove �� = ∅ ��
HELP You may find it helpful to mark all the angles of 36o in one colour, angles of 54o in another colour and angles of 72o in a third colour. This will help you to see which triangles are isosceles, and also to see which pairs of triangles are similar. Write the ratios in terms of x and 1 + x and simplify the expressions to give quadratic equations. For some of these proofs you will need to manipulate surds.
NEXT Using the same diagram write down the value of cos 36o in terms of √5.
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NOTES FOR TEACHERS SOLUTION The angles of a regular pentagon are 108° so all the angles can be found. The edges of the regular pentagon are
36o 36o 36o 1 unit and BE = x units.
1 1 Triangle ABR is isosceles so BA = BR = 1 x -1 x -1 and RE = x – 1 units. o o o o B 36 108 72 72 x -1 E Triangles ABP and ARE are congruent 36o 72o 36o isosceles triangles. AR = RE = AP = x – 1.
U 1. Triangles ABE, ABP and ARE are similar (108o, 36o, 36o) hence
BE/AE = AB/AP � 1 36o 36o = 1 � − 1 36o
Hence x2 - x - 1 = 0 and this quadratic equation has solutions