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The Importance and Potential of Golden Ratio in Architecture Design

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The Importance and Potential of Golden Ratio in Architecture Design Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology ISSN No : 1006-7930 The Importance and Potential of Golden Ratio in Architecture Design Toh Lai Fun Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, UniversitiKebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia Ismar.M.S Usman Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, UniversitiKebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia Corresponding NangkulaUtaberta Architecture Department, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, UniversitiTun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia, A.R.M Ariffin Department of Architecture, Faculty of Built Environment, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Roslina Sharif Department of Architecture, Faculty of Design and Architecture, UniversitiPuteraMalaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Abstract The previous study of the Golden Ratio illustrates a less effective designer solution in terms of the use of geometry and aesthetic perception. Additionally, most designers who are unaware of the importance of the Golden Ratio have raised questions about their application in architectural design. As such, this paper focuses on two objectives by identifying the significant of the Golden Ratio in the superior design and daily objects and evaluating the importance and potential of the Golden Ratio to designers in architectural design. The methodology of the study included are content analysis, case studies of two mosques which are ParitMelana Village Heritage Mosque and Peringgit mosque. The expected results of the study include a harmony design is closely related to mathematical relations, the use of geometry and aesthetics, and designers can apply the Golden Ratio in architectural design. Key Word : Golden Ratio, Mathematical Relations 1. Introduction According to Akhtaruzzaman, Md. (2011), the relationship between proportion and good aesthetics has rise the discussions in science due to accidental occurrences. This is included in various object designs such as books, paintings, editions and so on. The design is estimated to be a rectangle where the ratio of length and width is equal to the Golden Ratio, 'φ = (1 + 51/2) / 2 = 1. 6180339887 (approx.). ' Φ' is also referred to as divine proportions, gold cross search, etc. which is the result of the division of segments into two segments (A + B) namely A / B = (A + B) / A = 1. 6180339887 (approximately) where A> B. Through the ages, there have been various factors influencing architecture such as mathematics, culture and religion. Most of the influence can be found in centuries-old architectural projects. The Golden Ratio is one of the mathematical rules that has a significant impact on design and end result. Among the examples that have Golden Ratio is the Parthenon with its column dimension ratio and Notre Dame Cathedral (AL Sharif, R. 2014). In addition to architecture in the historical context, the Golden Ratio can be seen in modern architecture (Kissinger, C. E. 2012). One of the important principles in modernism is to apply mathematics and ignore traditional styles, especially building elements (Salingaros, N. A. 2012). There is another calculation of the system that approaches the Golden Ratio which is the Fibonacci Series: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13 (Ching, F. D. K. 2007). Volume XIII, Issue I, 2021 Page No: 477 Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology ISSN No : 1006-7930 2. Objectives a. To know the significance of the Golden Ratio in superior design and everyday objects to study the use of geometry and aesthetics in design practice. b. To evaluate the importance and potential of the Golden Ratio to designers in the use of the Golden Ratio in the architectural design process. 3. Methodology The scope of this study is centered on: a. A more in-depth study of the Golden Ratio in everyday design and objects. b. The analysis of the content of the Golden Ratio theory presented by experts. c. Study the use of the Golden Ratio in architecture. The chronology of the study methodology as follows: Phase 1 - Theoretical Content Analysis Phase 2 - Case Study Phase 3 - Data Collection and Analysis 4. Content Analysis Analysis of existing content as a starting point for research and critical thinking in design learning. This study focuses on the shortcomings in research, the implementation of the Golden Ratio knowledge in design. Next, respond to research objectives by studying the use of geometry and aesthetics in design and identify the use of the Golden Ratio as a measure in architecture. Content analysis is divided into four parts, namely: a. Phi and Its Relationship to Geometry - Theory of Golden Section, Golden Rectangle, Golden Triangle, Golden Angle, Golden Ellipse and Dynamic Rectangle. b. Geometry in Science - Presents some existing research from various sources. c. The Relationship of Geometry to the Fibonacci Series - Focuses on the use of Fibonacci numbers used for mathematical explanations and how Fibonacci sequences are relevant in the design process. d. Golden Ratio in Architecture - Review the use of Golden Ratio in superior design and applied principles. Phi and Its Relationship to Geometry Golden Section Referring to Figure 1 and Figure 2, for line segments, the Gold Section can be considered as the point where the line is divided into two parts containing the same ratio between the larger segment and the shorter segment. The ratio is about 1.6180339887 and is shown in Greek letters, φ. The search for Gold Section is often said to be the most pleasing aesthetic point (Akhtaruzzaman, Md. 2011). Volume XIII, Issue I, 2021 Page No: 478 Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology ISSN No : 1006-7930 Figure 1: The AC line segment is divided in Golden Section point B (Akhtaruzzaman, Md. 2011) Figure 2: Golden Rectangle, ABCD and gold dot G (Akhtaruzzaman, Md. 2011) Golden Rectangle The Golden Rectangle is divided into equal rectangles and equal squares (Akhtaruzzaman, Md. 2011). Referring to Figure 3, the process of proportionally reducing the rectangle produces the Golden Spiral. Figure 3: Golden Rectangle, ABCD and Golden Spiral, AEGHIJKLO (Akhtaruzzaman, Md. 2011) Golden Triangle The concept of Golden Triangle is very important because of the nature of pentagonal symmetry in the universe which is often taken as an initial step to investigate the mystery φ (Akhtaruzzaman, Md. 2011).Figure 4 shows two types of Golden Triangle. Figure 4: Two types of Golden Triangle (a) ABC (b) XYZ (Akhtaruzzaman, Md. 2011) Volume XIII, Issue I, 2021 Page No: 479 Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology ISSN No : 1006-7930 A series of Golden Triangle will form the Pentagon, Pentagram, Decagon and Decagram as shown in Figure 5 and Figure 6. Figure 5: Pentagon (Akhtaruzzaman, Md. 2011) Figure 6: Decagon (Akhtaruzzaman, Md. 2011) Golden Angle and Golden Ellipse The Golden Angle is categorized as a circle divided into two proportions of the Golden Ratio, where it is marked 137.5 degrees. Golden Ellipse is an ellipse drawn in the Golden Rectangle(Akhtaruzzaman, Md. 2011). Figure 7 shows the Golden Spiral formed in the Golden Triangle. Volume XIII, Issue I, 2021 Page No: 480 Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology ISSN No : 1006-7930 Figure 7: Golden Spiral in the Golden Triangle (Akhtaruzzaman, Md. 2011) Dynamic Rectangle Based on the number of ratios, a rectangle can be categorized as a static rectangle or a dynamic rectangle. Static rectangles have rational fraction ratios such as 1/2, 2/3, 3/3 etc. while dynamic rectangles have irrational fractions such as √2, √3, √5, φ in Golden Section (Akhtaruzzaman, Md. 2011). Based on Figure 8, Figure 9, Figure 10, Figure 11 and Figure 12, Dynamic Rectangle produce a harmonious visual subdivision. Figure 8: The construction of the Dynamic Rectangle depends on the initial position (Akhtaruzzaman, Md. 2011) Figure 9: √2 Rectangle (Akhtaruzzaman, Md. 2011) Figure 10: √3 Rectangle (Akhtaruzzaman, Md. 2011) Volume XIII, Issue I, 2021 Page No: 481 Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology ISSN No : 1006-7930 Figure 11: √4 Rectangle (Akhtaruzzaman, Md. 2011) Figure 12: √5 Rectangle (Akhtaruzzaman, Md. 2011) Geometry in Science This section will discuss examples of research that studies the geometric relationship between the natural and man-made worlds. Geometry is one of the oldest sciences and branches of mathematics that has been widely used in art, architecture and design since Egyptian and Greek times. ‘Geometry deals with pure form, and philosophical geometry re-enacts the unfolding of each form out of a preceding one. It is a way by which the essential creative mystery is rendered visible. The passage from creation to procreation, from the unmanifest, pure, formal idea to the 'here-below', the world that spins out from that original divine stroke, can be mapped out by geometry, and experienced through the practice of geometry' (Lawlor 1982, p.10). Meaning: Based on analysis, geometry means measurement of the earth’ and ‘the study of space through the measurement and relationship of shapes’ (Lawlor 1982). Artists, architects and designers have used geometry as the basic theory for works of art. Adrian Bejan, a professor of mechanical engineering at Duke University has studied how living organisms are formed. ‘For a finite size flow system to persist in time (to live), its configuration must evolve in such a way that provides easier access to the currents that flow through it' (A. Bejan 2012, p.3). Meaning: His Theory of Construction Law is the first physical principle to explain natural design and predict future design developments. It states that every flow system is destined to remain imperfect as nature evolves. Bejan used the Golden Ratio Constructing Law to design a rectangular image and found the design part approaching the Golden Ratio. Volume XIII, Issue I, 2021 Page No: 482 Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology ISSN No : 1006-7930 The Relationship of Geometry to the Fibonacci Series This section examines the relationship between Fibonacci sequences in nature and geometry.
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