ASEAN Disaster Management Reference Handbook
March 2019 Acknowledgements CFE-DM would like to thank the following organizations for their support in reviewing and providing feedback to this document:
Dr. Sithu Pe Thein (ASEAN Secretariat) Pauline Caspellan (International Federation of the Red Cross)
Cover and section photo credits
Cover Photo: ASEAN Ten Member Flags: ASEAN Ten Member Flags. Photo by iStock Getty Images.
ASEAN Governing Bodies Section Photo: Brunei-ASEAN Member State Exterior of Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien Mosque – Brunei by bvi4092 is licensed under CC BY 2.0. January 29, 2016. https://www.flickr.com/photos/bvi4092/25393216544
ASEAN Common Frameworks Section Photo: Cambodia-ASEAN Member State Angkor Wat, Cambodia. By Juan Antonia Segal. January 4, 2015. https://www.flickr.com/photos/jafsegal/16113819560
ASEAN Tools and Mechanisms Related to HADR Section Photo: Indonesia-ASEAN Member State Mount Bromo, Java, Indonesia by Celebrityacb is licensed under CC BY-2.0. July 7, 2008. https://www.flickr.com/photos/celebrityabc/26843837116
ASEAN Member Countries Section Photo: Lao-ASEAN Member State The sun rises over Pha That Luang, Lao’s national symbol, in Vientiane. By Benh Lieu Song. May 9, 2016. https://www.flickr.com/photos/blieusong/27486495634
ASEAN Documents, Plans, Programs and Projects Section Photo: Malaysia-ASEAN Member State Skyline of Kuala Lumpur. By Maher Najm. August 1, 2016. https://www.flickr.com/photos/mahernajm/42690021522
Information Sharing Section Photo: Myanmar-ASEAN Member State The Many Thousand Temples of Bagan, Myanmar by Metamorfa Studio. Public domain mark 1.0. August 9, 2015. https://www.flickr.com/photos/metamorfastudio/20427259385
ASEAN Continued Vision Section Photo: Philippines-ASEAN Member State “Manila_08999pp” by Stefan Munder is licensed under CC BY-2.0. November 27, 2009. https://www.flickr.com/photos/insmu74/4300901013
Conclusion Section Photo: Thailand-ASEAN Member State Wat mahathat Bangkok. By telmo32 is licensed under CC BY-ND 2.0. November 24, 2007. https://www.flickr.com/photos/telmo32/2061410056
Appendices Section Photo: Singapore-ASEAN Member State Marina Bay, Singapore by dronepicr is licensed under CC BY 2.0. July 21, 2017. https://www.flickr.com/photos/132646954@N02/36365629480
ISBN 978-1-955429-00-9
2 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Table of Contents
Welcome - Note from the Director...... 7 About the Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance...... 8 Executive Summary...... 10
ASEAN Governing Bodies...... 12 AHA Centre...... 13 AHA Centre Response in ASEAN...... 13 ASEAN Secretariat...... 15 DMHA Division of the ASEAN Secretariat...... 15 ASEAN Committee on Disaster Management (ACDM)...... 17 ACDM Working Groups...... 17
ASEAN Common Frameworks...... 20 One ASEAN, One Response...... 20 ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response (AADMER)...20 ASEAN Vision 2025...... 20 AHA Centre Work Plan 2020...... 22
ASEAN Tools and Mechanisms Related to HADR...... 24 Tools...... 25 ASEAN Disaster Management and Emergency Relief (ADMER) Fund...... 25 ASEAN Development Fund (ADF)...... 25 AHA Centre Fund...... 25 ASEAN Emergency Response Assessment Team (ASEAN-ERAT)...... 25 ASEAN Regional Disaster Emergency Response Simulation Exercise (ARDEX)...... 25 ASEAN Joint Disaster Response Plan (AJDRP)...... 26
ASEAN Disaster Management Reference Handbook | March 2019 3 ASEAN Regional Forum Disaster Relief Exercise (ARF DiREx)...... 27 Disaster Emergency Response Logistic System for ASEAN (DELSA)...... 27 Joint Operations and Coordination Centre of ASEAN (JOCCA)...... 28 SASOP...... 28 ASEAN Militaries Ready Group (AMRG)...... 29 ASEAN Centre for Military Medicine (ACMM)...... 29 Logistics Support Framework...... 29 Mechanisms...... 29 Joint Task Force for HADR (JTF-HADR)...... 29 ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on Disaster Management (AMMDM)...... 30 East Asia Summit (EAS)...... 30 ASEAN Chair...... 31 ASEAN Defense Ministers’ Meeting (ADMM) and ADMM Plus...... 31 ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF)...... 32
ASEAN Member Countries...... 34 Brunei Darussalam...... 35 Cambodia...... 36 Indonesia...... 36 Lao PDR...... 36 Malaysia...... 37 Myanmar...... 38 Philippines...... 38 Singapore...... 39 Thailand...... 39 Vietnam...... 40
ASEAN Documents, Plans, Programs, and Projects...... 42
Information Sharing...... 52 ASEAN Information Sources...... 52
4 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Risk Monitoring & Early Warning...... 55 Disaster Monitoring and Response System (DMRS)...... 55 WebEOC...... 55 ASEAN Disaster Information Network (ADInet)...... 56 ASEAN Science-based Disaster Management Platform (ASDMP)...... 56 Humanitarian Information Sources...... 57 Regional Information Sources...... 58 US Government (USG) Information Sources...... 59 DoD Information Sources...... 59
ASEAN Continued Vision...... 62 Disaster and Climate Resilience...... 62 ASEAN’s International Partnerships in HADR...... 63
Conclusion...... 66
Appendices...... 68 HFA Country Progress Report...... 68 ASEAN Regional Progress Report on the Implementation of HFA (2011-2013)...... 68 Sendai Framework...... 70 Acronyms and Abbreviations...... 72 List of References for Figures and Photos...... 78 References (Endnotes)...... 80
List of Figures Figure 1: The Impact of Natural Disasters in the ASEAN Region in 2018...... 12 Figure 2: ASEAN Secretariat Organizational Structure...... 16 Figure 3: ASEAN Related Tools and Mechanisms Related to HADR...... 24 Figure 4: ASEAN-ERAT Mobilization Procedure...... 26 Figure 5: Impact of Natural Disasters on the ASEAN Region...... 34 Figure 6: Locations of ASEAN Member States...... 35
ASEAN Disaster Management Reference Handbook | March 2019 5 Figure 7: ASEAN-UN Eight Priority Programmes for JSPADM III...... 44 Figure 8: Programme Strategy 2017-2020: ASEAN Safe Schools Initiative...... 45 Figure 9: CSS Framework Education Sector Policies and Plans...... 46 Figure 10: Strategic Framework for IAI Workplan III...... 48 Figure 11: AHA Centre Flash Updates...... 53 Figure 12: AHA Centre Situation Updates...... 54 Figure 13: AHA Centre Disaster Monitoring & Response System...... 56 Figure 14: The ASEAN Disaster Information Network...... 57 Figure 15: Disaster Management Reference Handbooks for Ten ASEAN Member States...... 60 Figure 16: Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction...... 71
List of Tables Table 1: ACDM Working Groups and 8 Priority Programmes...... 18 Table 2: Results of ASEAN Regional HFA, 2011-2013...... 69
List of Photos Photo 1: ASEAN-ERAT Response to Sulawesi Earthquake, September 2018...... 13 Photo 2: ASEAN-ERAT Handover of ASEAN Relief Supplies for Earthquake-Affected People in Lombok, Indonesia ...... 14 Photo 3: ASEAN ERAT Team Response to Yangon, Myanmar April-May 2018 ...... 15 Photo 4: ASEAN-ERAT Team...... 27 Photo 5: Responders Reacting to Regional Flooding in the Bac Lieu Province of Vietnam...... 40
6 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Welcome - Note from the Director
The Southeast Asia region and the ten countries that make up ASEAN are in many respects a dynamic and important center. These ten ASEAN countries have many differences; however, they are bound by the conviction that they can achieve more together than they can apart. Strengthening regional institutions like ASEAN is a long-term strategy, and the U.S. as well as other countries are investing in enhanced relationships with ASEAN as they are aware of the economic and strategic significance of the region. ASEAN matters to the U.S. A stable region is in America’s national interest, and one of the most efficient ways to help strengthen the ASEAN region is to invest in ASEAN. ASEAN is also an important export and trading partner.1 In building a peaceful, secure and stable region, ASEAN adopts a comprehensive approach to security which enhances the capacity to deal with existing and emerging challenges, resolving differences, and enhance maritime security and cooperation. These challenges include responding to disasters in the region. ASEAN is focused on integrating policies, capacity and institution-building, stakeholder partnerships in disaster risk reduction, humanitarian assistance, and community empowerment, among others. Integrated and inclusive approaches are an essential aspect of human security and creating ASEAN resilient communities. ASEAN Member States are located in a region most vulnerable to natural disasters. In the last decade disaster events and hazards have increased in intensity, frequency, and have become more unpredictable. Therefore, with regard to disaster response and climate change adaptation, ASEAN has had to proactively lead the way in the region by establishing structures, strategies, and mechanisms in an effort to make disaster resilient nations, and jointly respond to disaster emergencies.2 This guide serves as an initial source of information for those individuals preparing for disaster risk reduction activities or immediate deployment to one of the ten ASEAN member states. It also provides decision makers, planners, researchers, and responders, greater insight into ASEAN frameworks, players, tools, mechanisms, and documents, thereby enhancing regional civil-military response.
Sincerely,
Joseph D. Martin, SES Director
ASEAN Disaster Management Reference Handbook | March 2019 7 Information about the Center for Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance Overview
The Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance (CFE-DM) is a United States (U.S.) Department of Defense (DoD) organization that was established by U.S. Congress in 1994. The Center is a direct reporting unit to U.S. Indo-Pacific Command and is located on Ford Island, Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, Hawaii. CFE-DM was founded as part of the late Senator Daniel K. Inouye’s vision. The Senator had witnessed the effects of Hurricane Iniki that struck the Hawaiian Islands in 1992 and felt the civil- military coordination in the response could have been more effective. He set about to establish CFE-DM to help bridge understanding between civil and military responders, and to provide a DoD platform for building Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance (DMHA) awareness and expertise in U.S. forces, and with partner nations in the Asia-Pacific. While maintaining a global mandate, the Asia-Pacific region is our priority of effort and collaboration is the cornerstone of our operational practice.
Mission
CFE-DM increases the readiness of U.S. forces, civilian and military counterparts, and international partners to respond globally to foreign humanitarian assistance and disaster relief operations through Civil-Military coordination, training, information sharing, and regional planning.
Vision CFE-DM exists to save lives and alleviate human suffering by connecting people, improving coordination, and building capacity.
Contact Information Center for Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance 456 Hornet Ave JBPHH HI 96860-3503 Telephone: (808) 472-0518 https://www.cfe-dmha.org
8 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Disclaimer
This report has been prepared in good faith based primarily on information gathered from open- source material available at the date of publication. Most of the information was from United States (U.S.) or other government sources and is thus considered to be in the public domain. Such sources include the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Factbook, U.S. Department of State (DoS), and foreign government’s web pages. Where possible, a link to the original electronic source is provided in the endnote (reference) section at the end of the document. Other sources include Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) homepages, Relief Web, United Nations Development Program (UNDP) or other United Nations (UN) agency web pages, World Bank, and Asian Development Bank (ADB). While making every attempt to ensure the information is relevant and accurate, Center for Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance (CFE-DM) does not guarantee or warrant the accuracy, reliability, completeness or currency of the information in this publication. Any necessary updates will be incorporated in a future version.
ASEAN Disaster Management Reference Handbook | March 2019 9 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Executive Summary The Association of Southeast Asian Nations Many of these mechanisms to improve (ASEAN) was formed in 1967. It aimed to regional arrangements for disaster relief and reduce regional hostilities and to prevent response are set up by the ASEAN Secretariat, communism from spreading across Southeast the ASEAN Coordinating Centre for Asia to Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, the Humanitarian Assistance (AHA Centre), the Philippines, and Indonesia. Brunei Darussalam, ASEAN Committee on Disaster Management Vietnam, Lao PDR, Myanmar, and Cambodia (ACDM), and other governing bodies.7 The later joined ASEAN. However, those threats have ASEAN Secretariat functions to provide greater changed to the threat of natural disasters.3 These efficiency in the coordination of ASEAN organs ten-Member States recognize the importance and a more effective implementation of ASEAN of ensuring the safety of its citizens from projects and activities. Their mission is to initiate, challenges and threats. The ASEAN region is facilitate, and coordinate ASEAN stakeholder vulnerable to several natural disasters including collaboration in realizing the purposes and typhoons, floods, drought, earthquakes, and principles of ASEAN as reflected in the ASEAN volcanic eruption. ASEAN has experienced Charter. The ASEAN Secretariat sits on the three catastrophic disasters in the past 15 years. Governing Board of the AHA Centre, and These include the Indian Ocean Tsunami (2004), provides direct support to the Secretary-General Cyclone Nargis (2008), and Typhoon Haiyan of ASEAN. The Secretariat is also responsible (2013). The need for a coordinated ASEAN in facilitating and monitoring progress in the response to major disasters in the region gained implementation of the AADMER and its Work momentum after the Indian Ocean Tsunami. Program.8 The AHA Centre was established Because of this, regional cooperation towards to oversee the implementation of AADMER. addressing the rising frequency of natural The AHA Centre coordinates all operational disasters is of vital interest to ASEAN. ASEAN activities under the AADMER and is the key has set out to develop a regional framework facilitator of cooperation and coordination covering aspects of disaster management within ASEAN Member States during a disaster. with many tools, initiatives, platforms, and The impact of the AHA Centre is important mechanisms.4 since they coordinate with agencies such as the All ten ASEAN Member States have detailed United Nations and international organizations law and policy frameworks for national disaster when responding to disasters in the area.9 The preparedness and response; however, there are AHA Centre is also responsible for mobilizing varying types of disaster response systems in ASEAN’s standby assets and personnel, such ASEAN Member States. It has been an important as sending relief items through the Disaster goal of ASEAN to share implementation of the Emergency Logistic System (DELSA), and by ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management deploying the ASEAN Emergency Response and and Emergency Response (AADMER) though Assessment Team (ASEAN-ERAT).10 The ACDM identifying and analyzing them individually is composed of National Disaster Management and regionally in order to jointly respond to Organizations (NDMOs) from all 10 ASEAN disasters.5 The adoption and implementation Member States and the members are also the of AADMER has facilitated the enhancement AADMER National Focal Points.11 of regional mechanisms on preparedness and Natural disasters cost the ASEAN region response. “One ASEAN, One Response” was in large numbers of fatalities and economic developed to build upon AADMER in order to losses. It is important to create mechanisms have a collective strength of all stakeholders in for dealing with natural disasters in the Indo- ASEAN collaborating together during a natural Pacific Region. Regional organizations such as disaster. The ASEAN Joint Disaster Response ASEAN are playing an evolving role in disaster Plan (AJDRP) was created to support the above- response efforts. There are many resources and mentioned initiatives, strengthen ASEAN efforts in the region to further enhance ASEAN’s mechanisms, and enhance cooperation and humanitarian assistance and disaster response coordination with the humanitarian community capabilities. and national and international mechanisms.6
10 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance ASEAN ASEAN Governing Bodies
Disaster Management Reference Handbook | March 2019 ASEAN GOVERNING BODIES
for the reduction of disaster losses and enhance ASEAN Governing ASEAN’s collective response to disasters, ASEAN Member States developed the ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Bodies Emergency Response (AADMER). As a result of the AADMER, the ASEAN Coordinating Centre The Asia Pacific region, where the Association for Humanitarian Assistance (AHA Centre) on of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Member disaster management was established to facilitate States are located is the world’s most vulnerable the coordination of disaster management and region to natural disasters. Disaster events in the regional response among ASEAN Member States region in the last decade have shown hazards with relevant international organizations and the to be more intense, more frequent, and more United Nations. In addition to the AHA Centre, unpredictable.12 Figure 1 depicts 2018 statistics the ASEAN Secretariat, as well as the ASEAN for natural disasters in the ASEAN region. Over Committee on Disaster Management (ACDM) 1500 disasters were recorded in the region in are also ASEAN governing bodies which provide 2018. Flood is the most common natural disaster. leadership and guidance towards fulfilling the In order to prioritize and provide a framework goals and objectives of AADMER and ASEAN.
Figure 1: The Impact of Natural Disasters in the ASEAN Region in 2018
12 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance SASOP and/or other mechanisms. In concert ASEAN Coordinating Centre for with the AHA Centre, the ICLT will collect Humanitarian Assistance on Disaster information from the affected Government, Management (AHA Centre) as well as other humanitarian agencies in the country and they will then provide recommendations for the Emergency Operation The ASEAN Coordinating Centre for Centre (EOC) to revise the initial ASEAN-ERAT Humanitarian Assistance on Disaster 14 Management (AHA Centre) was established if need be. in 2011 as a leading entity for facilitating cooperation and coordination within ASEAN AHA Centre Response in ASEAN Member States. It also liaises with important The AHA Centre has responded to 21 agencies such as the United Nations and emergency relief operations since its start other international organizations to promote in 2007. Additionally, in that time they have regional collaboration. The governing body deployed 85 of 222 ERAT members in seven of the AHA Centre is composed of National ASEAN countries.15 Disaster Management Organizations (NDMO) representatives from all Member States. During Sulawesi Earthquake, Indonesia (September a disaster, the AHA Centre is the first point of 2018) contact for all ASEAN Member States.13 On September 28, 2018, a series of disasters The AHA Centre’s primary focus is to facilitate starting when a 7.7 earthquake struck Central regional cooperation for disaster management, Sulawesi, Indonesia. The earthquake was joint emergency preparedness and response, followed by a tsunami and a liquefaction and to operationalize regional coordination phenomenon resulting in 2000 deaths, over 1,300 mechanisms for emergency preparedness and missing and 200,000 displaced residents of the response. After a disaster affects Southeast Central Sulawesi province. The AHA Centre Asia, the AHA Centre will then relay the responded by providing full support including information by following precise communication three groups of ASEAN-ERAT teams for a total and coordination protocols as defined by the of 29 personnel from 5 ASEAN Member States. Standard Operating Procedure for Regional They were tasked to set up and manage on- Standby Arrangements and Coordination of site Joint Operations and Coordination Centre Joint Disaster Relief and Emergency Response for International Assistance (JOCCIA) and Operations (SASOP). In addition, the AHA host members of the United Nations Disaster Centre can help mobilize ASEAN’s standby assets Assessment and Coordination (UNDAC) Team and personnel, since they have the capacity to (Photo 1). send relief items and deploy the ASEAN Emergency Response and Assessment Team (ASEAN- ERAT). During a disaster, the AHA Centre will also deploy personnel, which will become the In-Country Liaison Team (ICLT). The ICLT will coordinate with the government at the national level if needed, and if the affected Member State approves. The AHA Centre will coordinate the deployment of the ASEAN-ERAT to support the local agencies responding to the event. This process aims to increase preparedness and response capacity, while delivering humanitarian Photo 1: ASEAN-ERAT Response to Sulawesi Earthquake, September 2018 assistance through the ASEAN
ASEAN Disaster Management Reference Handbook | March 2019 13 ASEAN GOVERNING BODIES
The international community partnered to assistance from the AHA Center to activate the provide support including air cargo capacity ASEAN ERAT Team on April 27, 2018. The team to transport relief items, water filtration units, arrived to assess and provide recommendations family tents, generator sets, medical equipment, on fire control strategies and address potential and environmental support for the prevention of environmental and public health issues (Photo mosquito-borne disease outbreak. Additionally, 3). Additionally, the ERAT Team was able to the Government of Indonesia accepted cash request and provide additional resources and donations from governmental and humanitarian capacities available from other ASEAN Member partners channeled through the National States through the AHA Center to assist with the Disaster Management Authority (BNPB) and effort. By early May, 2018, the fires were brought the Indonesian Red Cross. In less than one under control and long term mitigation efforts week, electricity, telecommunication access and were in place for improved waste-management access to gasoline supplies were available due systems.18 to the partnership of the national taskforce. Additionally, clean-up of debris and provision Typhoon Damrey, Vietnam (November 2017) of health services were reinforced through On November 4, 2017, the southern provinces deployment of field hospitals and military of Vietnam were ravaged by Typhoon Damrey. vessels from neighboring provinces and national Final reports identified 110 casualties, 16 people resources.16 missing, 3,455 homes completely destroyed, 136,669 homes partially destroyed, and 400,000 Lombok Earthquake, Indonesia (August 2018) residents in need of assistance. There was major Lombok, Indonesia was struck by a 6.4 damage to infrastructure, farming regions, earthquake on July 29, 2018 followed by over coastal based industries, devastated farms, rice 1000 aftershocks in the following month of August. The earthquakes resulted in increasing numbers of casualties and damage to buildings and livelihoods in the region. The Indonesian National Disaster Management Authority (BNPN) contacted the AHA Centre and an ASEAN-ERAT team was deployed to the affected region. AHA Center also obtained green- light mobilization of relief items from the ASEAN emergency stockpile in Subang, Malaysia worth approximately USD $154,438 where were delivered by chartered flight in three batches. Photo 2 shows delivery of supplies to items to Lombok.17
Myanmar Fires (April 2018) Fires caused by excessive heat on piles of non-degradable waste at the Htein Pin dump site in Western Yangon, Myanmar turned into an emergent public health situation when smoke and haze began causing acute respiratory health problems and disturbing citizens in the region in April 2018. Myanmar’s Department of Photo 2: ASEAN-ERAT Handover of ASEAN Relief Supplies for Earthquake- Disaster Management requested Affected People in Lombok, Indonesia
14 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Typhoon Nock Ten, Philippines (December, 2016) On Christmas Day 2016, a typhoon passed through low lying areas of eastern Philippines stranding more than 11,000 cargo ships and vessels and displacing 383,097 people who were forced to evacuate their homes in Calabarzon, Mimaropa, Bocil and Easter Viayas.20
ASEAN Secretariat In 1976, the Foreign Ministers of ASEAN established the ASEAN Secretariat in Jakarta, Indonesia. The functions of the ASEAN Secretariat are to provide greater efficiency in the coordination of ASEAN organs and a more effective implementation of ASEAN projects and activities. The Secretariat is also responsible for the critical functions that will keep the continuity and progress on ASEAN actions.21 Their mission is to initiate, facilitate, and coordinate ASEAN stakeholder Photo 3: ASEAN ERAT Team Response to Yangon, Myanmar April-May 2018 collaboration in realizing the purposes and principles of paddies, canals, and boats. ASEAN as reflected in the ASEAN Charter.22 The AHA Centre responded by coordinating The ASEAN Summit appoints the Secretary- the delivery of relief items to affected General of ASEAN for a non-renewable term of communities. Items consisted of hygiene and five years. The Secretary-General of ASEAN is shelter repair kits. In addition, boat and motor appointed based on alphabetical rotation of the rescue was provided to stranded citizens. The ASEAN Member States. The Secretary-General AHA Centre provided daily Situation Updates of ASEAN 2018-2022 is H. E. Dato Lim Jock Hoi with regard to the event, as well as providing up- 23 19 from Brunei Darussalam. to-date and relevant information. Figure 2 outlines the ASEAN Secretariat Organizational Structure, effective 1 January Vietnam Floods (August 2017) 2016. Heavy rains fell across the provinces of northern Vietnam in August 2017 triggering flash floods and landslides. Final reports DMHA Division of the ASEAN Secretariat identified 27 casualties, 14 people missing, 231 Policy and program support in ASEAN homes completely destroyed, 425 homes partially engagements in disaster management is provided destroyed and an economic loss of USD $23.5 by the ASEAN Secretariat’s Disaster Management million. Vietnam sent its first ever request to and Humanitarian Assistance (DMHA) Division. the AHA Centre on August 3, 2017 requesting In addition, it represents the Secretariat for the support. The AHA Centre responded with relief ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management items, deployment of the In-Country Liaison and Emergency Response (AADMER). They Team (ICLT) and activated DELSA to support are responsible for facilitating and monitoring the impacted communities. the implementation of AADMER and its Work Plan. The ASEAN Secretariat is responsible
ASEAN Disaster Management Reference Handbook | March 2019 15 ASEAN GOVERNING BODIES Figure 2: ASEAN Secretariat Organizational Structure
16 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance for providing policy coordination support, • Plan and coordinate all activities required conducting monitoring and evaluation of for convening of meetings, in coordination AADMER, and serving as Secretariat to with the host Member State and ASEAN Conference of the Parties (COP) and the ASEAN Secretariat; and Committee on Disaster Management (ACDM). • Present reports and provide The ASEAN Secretariat is a member of the recommendations related to AADMER and Governing Board of the AHA Centre. It also other policy and strategic issues on disaster provides support to the Secretary-General of management to the COP to AADMER and ASEAN by performing the responsibilities as the AMMDM for their consideration. ASEAN Humanitarian Assistance Coordinator.24 ACDM Working Groups ASEAN Committee on Disaster The current AADMER 2016-2020 Work Programme comprises of 8 Priority Programmes Management (ACDM) that are implemented under the supervision of 5 ACDM Working Groups. Currently the The ASEAN Committee on Disaster AADMER 2021-2025 is being drafted. Table 1 Management (ACDM) is made up of NDMOs depicts the ACDM Working Groups and their from all 10 ASEAN Member States. In respective priority programme. The ACDM addition, the ACDM members are also the Working Group on Risk Assessment and AADMER National Focal Points.25 It is the main Awareness is responsible for the implementation subsidiary body that oversees the operational of Priority Programme AWARE. The ACDM implementation of AADMER under the Working Group on Prevention and Mitigation Conference of Parties, composed of ministers is responsible for the implementation of Priority in charge of disaster management. ASEAN Programmes BUILD SAFELY, ADVANCE and country representatives also spearhead lines of PROTECT. The ACDM Working Group on effort decided by the ACDM during the annual Preparedness and Response is responsible for meeting.26 the implementation of Priority Programmes RESPOND AS ONE and EQUIP. The ACDM The ACDM has the following functions:27 Working Group on Recover is responsible for • Provide leadership and guidance towards the implementation of Priority Programme fulfilling the goals and objectives of RECOVER. The ACDM Working Group on AADMER in pursuant of the vision Knowledge and Innovations Management is of disaster resilient nations and safer responsible for the implementation of Priority communities within ASEAN; Programme LEAD.28 • Initiate, direct and oversee the development, More information on the eight priority monitoring and implementation of the programmes is discussed in the ASEAN-United AADMER Work Programme and other Nations Strategic Plan of Action on Disaster related decisions and initiatives implemented Management (JSPADM) located under the by the respective Working Groups; ASEAN Documents, Plans, Programs, and • Strengthen coordination with relevant Projects section of this Handbook on page 43. ASEAN bodies to complement the The 8 Priority Programmes were developed implementation of disaster management based on: 29 activities and promote effective integration • An assessment of the implementation of the of relevant and related programmes and AADMER Work Programme 2010-2015; activities; • The visioning exercise of each ACDM • Collaborate with ASEAN Dialogue Partners, Working Group together with the partners; international and multilateral agencies, civil and society, academe, the Red Cross and Red • Existing and ongoing projects under Crescent Movement, the private sector, and Strategy and Priorities for AADMER Work other relevant partners and stakeholders, to Programme Phase 2 (2013-2015) (the 21 advance the objectives of AADMER; Concept Notes) that would be carried over in • Enhance sharing of resources and the next work programme. information on disaster management and promote collaborative disaster research activities;
ASEAN Disaster Management Reference Handbook | March 2019 17 ASEAN GOVERNING BODIES
ACDM Working Group Priority Activities Output Indicators Programme Risk Assessment and Awareness
Co‐Chairs: Cambodia and Philippines 1 Aware 43 7 3
Members: Indonesia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Vietnam
Prevention and Mitigation 1 Aware 24 4 5
Co‐Chairs: Lao PDR and Thailand 3 Advance 20 4 3
Members: Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, 4 Protect 31 5 3 Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam
Preparedness and Response 6 Respond as 49 6 5 One Co‐Chairs: Malaysia and Singapore
Members: Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Lao 28 3 4 PDR, Philippines, Thailand 6 Equip
Recovery
Co‐Chairs: Indonesia and Myanmar 7 Recover 31 4 3
Members: Brunei Darussalam, Lao PDR, Philippines, Thailand
Knowledge and Innovations Management
Co‐Chairs: Indonesia, Singapore, Viet Nam 8 Lead 35 3 2
Members: Cambodia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Thailand
Total 8 261 36 28 Table 1: ACDM Working Groups and 8 Priority Programmes
18 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance ASEAN ASEAN Common Frameworks
Disaster Management Reference Handbook | March 2019 ASEAN COMMON FRAMEWORKS
series of meetings following the 2004 Indonesian earthquake and tsunami. The ACDM was ASEAN Common concerned by the increasing frequency and scale of disasters in the ASEAN region and the short- term and long-term damage. The AADMER was Frameworks created to give effect to the ASEAN Regional Programme on Disaster Management 2004- One ASEAN, One Response 2010, which called for the implementation of various project proposals including the ASEAN Response Action Plan. The AADMER includes The “One ASEAN, One Response” vision was 33 developed to build upon the collective ASEAN the following sections: community during the ASEAN Ministerial • General Provisions; Meeting on Disaster Management (AMMDM) • Disaster Risk Identification, Assessment and in December 2015. ASEAN Member States Monitoring; endorsed the draft “Declaration on One ASEAN, • Disaster Prevent and Mitigation; One Response: ASEAN Responding to Disasters • Disaster Preparedness; as One in the Region and Outside the Region”. • Emergency Response; This declaration was fully adopted in September • Rehabilitation; 2016. The vision of “One ASEAN, One Response” • Technical Cooperation and Scientific is for ASEAN Member States to coordinate Research; a collective effort in mobilizing resources for • ASEAN Coordination Centre for an ASEAN response, as part of international Humanitarian Assistance; assistance from assisting Member States, the • Institutional Arrangements; private sector, Civil Society Organisations • Procedures; and (CSOs), and the Red Cross and Red Crescent • Final Clauses. Movement.30 The Declaration aims for faster response, mobilizing greater resources, and ASEAN Vision 2025 establishing a robust coordination mechanist for ASEAN to have a collective response. The ASEAN 2025: Forging Ahead Together Declaration focuses on binding the individual The Declaration on ASEAN 2025: Forging and collective strengths of different sectors, as Ahead Together is the succeeding document to well as with different stakeholders in ASEAN the Roadmap for an ASEAN Community (2009- to effectively respond to disasters. In addition, 2015). This Declaration is made up of the ASEAN the Declaration also encourages Member States Community Vision 2025 which includes the to provide civilian and military capabilities Political-Security Community Blueprint 2025, to the ASEAN Standby Arrangements. Such the ASEAN Economic Community Blueprint capabilities would be sent to disaster-affected 2025 and the ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community areas through the coordination of the AHA Blueprint 2025 and was established and signed Centre. Subsequently, the ASEAN SASOP is used by all 10 Member State heads in Kuala Lumpur, as a protocol under AADMER, which is the main Malaysia on November 22, 2015. It uses the standard operating procedure to be used for UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development mobilization of civilian and military response.31 as a complementary document aligning goals, priorities and agendas to drive the plan.34 ASEAN Agreement on Disaster There is a complementariness between the ASEAN Community Vision 2025 (ASEAN Management and Emergency Vision 2025) and the United Nations 2030 Response (AADMER) Agenda for Sustainable Development (2030 Agenda). ASEAN Member States underlined AADMER was signed by all 10 Member States the complementarity of these two agendas in 2005, and entered into force in 2009. The in their efforts to improve the standards of agreement envisions disaster resilient nations living in the region. An Analysis report was and safer communities in the ASEAN region. created to review the two interrelated agendas. One of the two objectives in AADMER is “to The Report “Complementarities between the jointly respond to disaster emergencies”. 32 The ASEAN Community Vision 2025 and the ACDM developed the AADMER through a United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
20 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Development: A Framework for Action” was laws and peaceful settlement of disputes. completed in 2017. The report describes that The APSC envisions the following three ASEAN Member States have made notable characteristics: progress in promoting economic, social and • A rules based community of shared values environmental advancement. However, in order and norms; to maintain this progress and to meet the Vision • A cohesive, peaceful, stable and resilient 2025 and the 2030 Agenda, ASEAN countries region with shared responsibility for will need to accelerate efforts. The report comprehensive security; and identifies five priority areas of complementarity • A dynamic and outward looking region in an to help focus interventions and proposes seven increasingly integrated and interdependent flagship initiatives that could support sustainable world.36 development priorities. The five priority areas include poverty eradication, infrastructure and connectivity, sustainable management of ASEAN Economic Community Blueprint (2025) natural resources, sustainable production and The previous iteration of the ASEAN 35 Economic Community (AEC) Blueprint consumption, and resilience. 2025 was the AEC 2015 which successfully The specifics of the individual components implemented its key initiatives including the of ASEAN 2025: Forging Ahead Together are facilitation of trade and elimination of tariffs; detailed in the sections below. advancing the services trade liberalization agenda; liberalizing and facilitating investments; ASEAN Political-Security Community Blueprint streamlining and harmonizing capital market The ASEAN Political-Security Community th regulatory frameworks and platforms; (APSC) Blueprint was adopted at the 14 ASEAN facilitating skilled labor mobility; promoting Summit. It builds on the ASEAN Security the development of regional frameworks in Community Plan of Action, the Vientiane competition policy; consumer protection Action Programme, and other relevant decisions and intellectual property rights; promoting by ASEAN Sectoral Bodies. It provided a plan connectivity; narrowing the development gap; and schedule to establish the APSC by 2015 and strengthening ASEAN’s relationship with its and beyond. It is an action oriented document external parties. to produce results and recognize the capacity Subsequently, the AEC Blueprint 2025 was and capability of ASEAN Member States initiated to address the evolving domestic to accommodate the specific actions in the and external environments of the ASEAN Blueprint and integrate those activities into the community.37 The AEC 2025 envisions the respective national development plans. following initiatives: The ASEAN Political-Security Community • Create a deeply integrated and highly Council is responsible for the implementation cohesive ASEAN economy that would and coordination of efforts of the Blueprint support sustained high economic growth and across other Community Councils. Progress resilience even in the face of global economic of the implementation of the Blueprint is shocks and volatilities; reported annually by the Secretary-General • A more equitable/inclusive economic growth of ASEAN to the annual ASEAN Summit in ASEAN that narrows the development and through the APSC Council. The primary gap, eliminates/reduces poverty significantly, aim of the Blueprint is for the APCS to bring sustains high growth rates of per capita ASEAN’s political and security cooperation income, and maintains a rising middle class; • Foster robust productivity growth through together. With the implementation of the innovation, technology and human resource Blueprint, ASEAN also strives to promote and development, and intensified regional support gender-mainstreaming, tolerance, research and development that is designed for respect for diversity, equality, and mutual commercial application to increase ASEAN’s understanding. Additionally, the APSC adheres competitive edge in moving the region up the to a comprehensive approach to security global value chains into higher technology acknowledging combined relationships of and knowledge-intensive manufacturing and political, economic, social-cultural, and services industries; environmental dimensions of development. It • Promote the principles of good governance, promotes renunciation of aggression and threat transparency, and responsive regulatory of force or action inconsistent to international regimes through active engagement with
ASEAN Disaster Management Reference Handbook | March 2019 21 ASEAN COMMON FRAMEWORKS
the private sector, community based accountable and inclusive mechanism for the organizations, and other stakeholders. benefit of all ASEAN peoples, upheld by the • Widen ASEAN people-to-people, principles of good governance; institutional, and infrastructure connectivity • An inclusive community that promotes through ASEAN and sub-regional high quality of life, equitable access to cooperation projects that facilitate movement opportunities for all and promotes and of capital as well as skilled labor and talents. protects human rights of women, children, • Create a more dynamic and resilient ASEAN, youth, the elderly/older persons, persons with capable of responding and adjusting to disabilities, migrant workers, and vulnerable emerging challenges through robust national and marginalized groups. and regional mechanisms that address food • A sustainable community that promotes and energy security issues, natural disasters, social development and environmental economic shocks and other emerging trade- protection through effective mechanisms related issues as well as global mega trends; to meet the current and future needs of the • Incorporate a sustainable growth agenda that peoples; promotes a science-based use of, and support • A resilient community with enhanced for, green technology and energy; capacity and capability to adapt and respond • Promote the use of the ASEAN Protocol on to social and economic vulnerabilities; Enhanced Dispute Settlement Mechanism disasters, climate change as well as emerging (EDSM) and develop other approaches to threats, and challenges; and speed up economic dispute resolution; • A dynamic and harmonious community that • Reinforce ASEAN centrality in the is aware and proud of its identity, culture, emerging regional economic architecture by and heritage with the strengthened ability to maintaining ASEAN’s role as the center and innovate and proactively contribute to the facilitator of economic integration in the East global community.40 Asian region; and • Work towards a common position and enhance ASEAN’s role and voice in global AHA Centre Work Plan 2020 economic foray.38 The AHA Centre’s initiative to develop the ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community Blueprint AHA Centre Work Plan 2020 came from the The initial ASEAN Socio-Cultural need to prioritize and establish long-term Community (ASCC) Blueprint was implemented sustainability, and to shift into an organization from 2009-2015 to formally commit to the that is built upon systems, processes, capacities quality of life and promote the sustainable and resources strong enough to deliver its development of the people of ASEAN. vision and mission. The AHA Centre Work The Blueprint was effective in developing Plan 2020 refers to and makes direct linkage to and strengthening policy frameworks and key documents including the ASEAN Vision institutions to advance Human Development, 2025 on Disaster Management, the AADMER Social Justice and Rights, Social Protection and Work Programme 2016-2020, and the ASEAN Welfare, Environmental Sustainability, ASEAN Declaration on One ASEAN One Response. Awareness, and Narrowing the Development Gap Results from various studies, audits, reports, of the region. Additionally, the ASCC assisted in lessons learned, mapping exercises, and the solidifying the commitment to legal frameworks AHA Centre’s after-action reviews aided in for progress such as the Declaration on Non- the development of the AHA Centre Work Communicable Diseases in ASEAN and the Plan 2020. It will be regularly reviewed and Declaration on Elimination of Violence Against updated under the guidance of the AHA Centre’s Women and Elimination of Violence Against Governing Board and the AHA Centre is Children in ASEAN. responsible for the overall implementation of all The subsequent Blueprint, the ASCC 2025, key activities under the Work Plan. The AHA continues these strides as well as aims to deliver Centre Work Plan 2020 seeks to carry out the and fully realize human development, resiliency vision and mission through the implementation and sustainable development into the future.39 of the following four (4) priorities and The ASCC 2025 vision for the ASEAN subsequent key activities in the Work Plan:41 Community has the following objectives: • Preparedness and Response • A committed, participative and socially • Capacity Building & Knowledge Management responsible community through an • Resource Mobilisation & Communications • Management & Administration
22 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance ASEAN ASEAN Tools and Mechanisms Related to HADR
Disaster Management Reference Handbook | March 2019 ASEAN Tools and Mechanisms Related to HADR
Such tools include the ASEAN Secretariat, the ADMER Fund, and the ASEAN Development ASEAN Tools and Fund as depicted in red to the right in Figure 3. The ASEAN Secretariat is discussed earlier in this handbook on page 15. In addition to the Mechanisms Related to above mentioned ASEAN related tools (ASEAN Secretariat, ADMER Fund, and the ADF), there are also additional tools as shown in blue HADR to the left in Figure . These tools include the Multiple ASEAN bodies, tools, and AHA Centre Fund, the ASEAN ERAT, ARDEX, mechanisms work together to increase AJDRP, DELSA, DMRS, EOC, JOCCA, SASOP, coordination and response within the Member AMRG, ACMM, and the Logistic Support States. These are key elements of ASEAN Framework. DMRS and EOC are discussed in the response.42 Information Sharing section of this handbook in
The text describes the tools and mechanisms in the order of the figure and not in the order of importance.
Figure 3: ASEAN Related Tools and Mechanisms Related to HADR
24 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance which we identify ASEAN information systems Nargis event in Myanmar in May 2008 which left and platforms. The rest are described in the 140,000 dead or missing and adversely affected following section. approximately 2.4 million people. The resulting mission report was delivered in a Special ASEAN Foreign Minister’s meeting providing Tools key findings involving humanitarian access, logistics, shelter, water, health, food security and ASEAN Disaster Management and Emergency education following the disaster and solidifying the need for this functionality. In March 2010, Relief (ADMER) Fund the AADMER Work Programme was formally The ASEAN Disaster Management adopted finalizing guidelines for the Deployment and Emergency Relief Fund (ADMER) is of ASEAN-ERAT and specific training for administered by the ASEAN Secretariat and volunteers. In November 2011, the AHA Centre was established for the implementation of took management of the ASEAN-ERAT. The the AADMER. The ADMER Fund supports "One ASEAN One Response" Declaration is the implementation of the AADMER Work affirmed by the role ASEAN –ERAT plays to Programme, for response in emergencies in manage and coordinate disaster response to the ASEAN Member States. The fund also supports region as the official ASEAN resource under operational activities of AHA Centre.43 AADMER. ASEAN-ERAT was designed to provide ASEAN Development Fund (ADF) rapid response to disaster events affecting any of Established in July 2005, the ASEAN the ASEAN Member States. Their role includes Development Fund (ADF) serves as ASEAN’s support to emergency logistics, communications, common pool of financial resources to provide and coordination on behalf of the affected states. leverage for regional cooperation projects and The Team consists of individuals that have programs from partners and donors. The ADF experience and have been trained in responding supports small and short-term projects that have to disaster incidents in the region. The function a strategic nature for ASEAN.44 of the ASEAN-ERAT is to support the Disaster Management Office (NDMO) of the disaster affected Member States in the initial phases of AHA Centre Fund the disaster. There are currently more than 200 The AHA Centre is funded by mandatory ASEAN-ERAT members ready to respond to annual contributions from all ASEAN Member major disasters in the ASEAN region. States. This mandate is a stipulation of the In order to be activated, ASEAN-ERAT must Agreement on the Establishment of the AHA confirm there is a need for deployment, then Centre and covers its operations. Supplemental selected team members will be mobilized within support can be mobilized from additional eight hours of notification. All team members resources as necessary. The AHA Centre can are prepared to be deployed in position for a also utilize ADMER Funds to which Member minimum of two weeks.46 Figure 4 depicts the States and other Parties can voluntarily ASEAN-ERAT Mobilization Procedure. Photo 4 contribute. The AHA Centre is physically depicts the ASEAN ERAT Team on the ground located in Jakarta, Indonesia. Therefore, the in response to Typhoon Damrey in Vietnam in Government of Indonesia provides support for November 2017. the administrative office space. Additionally, the AHA Centre receives both financial and in-kind ASEAN Regional Disaster Emergency Response assistance from its dialogue partners including Australia, Japan, New Zealand, U.S., and the Simulation Exercise (ARDEX) E.U.45 The ASEAN Regional Disaster Emergency Response Simulation Exercise (ARDEX), is a full-scale simulation exercise that tests, practices, ASEAN Emergency Response Assessment Team and evaluates ASEAN’s emergency response (ASEAN-ERAT) and disaster management mechanisms. The The ASEAN Emergency Response Assessment latest iteration of ARDEX was in 2018. It is Team was first formed as a response for requests conducted every two years, to test regional for daily situation updates following the Cyclone processes and capabilities. The scenario changes
ASEAN Disaster Management Reference Handbook | March 2019 25 ASEAN Tools and Mechanisms Related to HADR
Figure 4: ASEAN-ERAT Mobilization Procedure depending on the regional priorities and the In addition to testing the SASOP, ARDEX-16 need to test specific emergency procedures. also tested regional response mechanisms, the ARDEX is co-organized by the AHA Centre, ASEAN-ERAT, the AJDRP, the JOCCA, the and the Host Country is the co-chair alongside ASEAN-UN interoperability in field operation, the AHA Centre.47 It is a multi-day field and the ARDEX Handbook. It was also an simulation event where they generate practical opportunity to test these mechanisms in relation inputs for the effective implementation of to Brunei Darussalam’s National SOP.51 More AADMER, with a focus on using the ASEAN information on the SASOP and additional Standby Arrangements and Standard Operating information about ASEAN-UN interoperability Procedures (SASOP).48 ARDEX 18' was is located on page 28. attended by over 100 delegates from the ASEAN Member States as well as partner nations such as Australia, Canada, the E.U., Great Britain, Japna, ASEAN Joint Disaster Response Plan (AJDRP) New Zealand, Norway, Russian Federation, The ASEAN Joint Disaster Response Plan Switzerland, and the U.S.49 (AJDRP) is one component of the “One ASEAN, ARDEX-16 provided an opportunity to One Response” strategy, that was adopted by the ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on Disaster practice, evaluate and review the ASEAN SASOP, 52 including the newly-endorsed Chapter VI of Management (AMMDM) in October 2014. The the SASOP. Chapter VI on the Facilitation and purpose of the AJDRP is to provide a common Utilisation of Military Assets and Capacities framework to deliver a timely, at-scale, and has been included as an integral part of SASOP joint response through mobilization of required since 2016. Chapter VI provides information assets and capacities. It applies primarily during preparedness and response phases. This will be and instruction to the role of the affected state, 53 the role of the state’s military, the use of military achieved through the following objectives: assets, guidelines for medical assistance, military- • Increasing the SPEED of the ASEAN to-military coordination, and military-to-civilian response by supporting ASEAN Member coordination, among others.50 States in making timely and informed decisions;
26 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Photo 4: ASEAN-ERAT Team • Expanding the SCALE of the ASEAN synchronize efforts towards supporting the response by strengthening the ASEAN effective implementation of the AADMER as the Standby Arrangements; and common platform for disaster management of • Enhancing the SOLIDARITY of the ASEAN the region.55 response by strengthening coordination and cooperation among ASEAN Member States, Disaster Emergency Response Logistic System ASEAN partners, and other humanitarian actors. for ASEAN (DELSA) The Disaster Emergency Logistics System for The AJDRP utilizes the working arrangements ASEAN (DELSA) was launched on December of all ASEAN’s mechanisms in anticipating a 7, 2012 to develop a regional relief stockpile disaster situation and to strengthen engagement of items needed for emergency and disaster with other sectors and stakeholders. It also seeks support as well as to support capacity logistic to identify standby resources in the form of operations for the AHA Centre and ASEAN assets, experts, and other response capacities, Member States. DELSA focuses on three including from the private sector, civil society main elements including: regional emergency organizations, and military resources, as part of stockpiles, institutional capacity building, and the ASEAN Standby Arrangements.54 communication and awareness. The Government of Japan (Japan- ASEAN (JAIF) funds and supports DELSA’s ASEAN Regional Forum Disaster Relief Exercise establishment and operations. The AHA Centre (ARF DiREx) works with the World Food Program (WFP) on The ASEAN Regional Forum Disaster Relief logistics and technical aspects of the program Exercise (ARF DiREx) is held every two years as well as with NDMOs of the ASEAN Member opposite to ARDEX. ARF DiREx 2015 was the States to distribute relief supplies to countries third multilateral tabletop and field exercise affected by disaster as needed to support disaster conducted to test the implementation of regional management and response.56 arrangements, international agreements, and The WFP and the United Nations local disaster management and relief operations. Humanitarian Response Depot (UNHRD) It was co-chaired by Malaysia and China and stockpiles supplies in a warehouse in Subang, continued the progress made by previously Malaysia. ASEAN Member States can access the held ARF DiRExs held in 2009, 2011, and 2013. DELSA relief goods immediately in response The main focus of ARF DiREx 2015 was to to a disaster. In the event of an emergency, the test the civil-military coordination efforts, and AHA Centre coordinates with NDMOs of the
ASEAN Disaster Management Reference Handbook | March 2019 27 ASEAN Tools and Mechanisms Related to HADR
affected Member States to distribute relief goods regional and international cooperation. To to countries affected by disaster and support the ensure preparedness for the most efficient and emergency response efforts as needed. effective response, the AADMER required DELSA also contributes to building the the establishment of a Standard Operating capacity of the AHA Centre and Member States Procedure for Regional Standby Arrangements through the AHA Centre Executive (ACE) and Coordination of Joint Disaster Relief and Program. The ACE Program is a 6 month Emergency Response Operations (SASOP).59 training of disaster management officers across The SASOP provides guidance for a Member the region to improve the knowledge base and State to request disaster assistance. It states disaster management skills as well as familiarize that there should be a report prepared and them with DELSA protocol and procedures of submitted to the AHA Centre in regards to the relief distribution and overall preparedness and provision of assistance. Prior to a disaster, the response training. Affected State should have developed a national A DELSA Catalogue was launched in March disaster plan through its National Focal Point 2016 to catalogue the available stockpiles (NFP). The Affected State will exercise authority of relief goods housed in the warehouse. for the overall direction and coordination of The commodities and equipment housed disaster response. The NFP through its Local in the facility were compiled based on Emergency Management Authority (LEMA) will recommendations from previous AHA Centre activate or establish an Emergency Operation emergency responses and prioritized by items Centre (EOC). The EOC should be the focal suited to the first phase of emergency responses point for coordinating all national relief efforts addressing the needs of the communities as including international assistance. A Multi- well as provide support to the affected NDMOs. National Coordination Centre (MNCC) could Additionally, the AHA Centre identified different be established by the Affected State’s military as relief items for various types of emergencies and a coordinating platform. The structure enables hazard events; identifying the most common military-to-military operational coordination needs for particular types of disasters. with multinational forces.60 DELSA resources can also be resourced and SASOP provides the principal operating mobilized prior to a response phase. However, procedures for increasing readiness to respond DELSA response and allocations must follow the and for coordination during emergencies. The AADMER and SASOP procedures to coordinate SASOP provides the following: 61 deployment to disaster affected Member States • The guides and templates to initiate the and must go through the proper channels of establishment of the ASEAN Standby delivery.57 Arrangements for Disaster Relief and Emergency Response; • The procedures for joint disaster relief and Joint Operations and Coordination Centre of emergency response operations; ASEAN (JOCCA) • The procedures for the facilitation and Depending on the scale of the disaster, the utilization of military and civilian assets and ASEAN-ERAT when deployed will establish capacities; and the Joint Operations And Coordination Centre • The methodology for the periodic conduct of ASEAN (JOCCA). On the ground, this is a of the ASEAN regional disaster emergency place where ASEAN response entities converge response simulation exercises (ARDEX) and coordinate. The JOCCA is linked to United which shall test the effectiveness of the Nation’s Onsite Operations and Coordination SASOP. Centre (OSOCC). The JOCCA and OSOCC are both coordinating platforms that report directly The SASOP is tested at ARDEX. For example, to the NDMO of the affected country.58 the objective of ARDEX-16 was to provide an opportunity to practice, evaluate and review the ASEAN SASOP, including the newly-endorsed SASOP Chapter VI of the SASOP. Beginning in 2016, ASEAN Member States signed the previously Chapter VI on the Facilitation and Utilisation of mentioned AADMER in 2005, which sought Military Assets and Capacities has been included to provide effective mechanisms to achieve as an integral part of SASOP. Chapter VI substantial reduction of disaster losses, and discusses in detail the role of the affected state, jointly respond to disaster efforts through the role of the state’s military, the use of military
28 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance assets, guidelines for medical assistance, military- ASEAN Centre for Military Medicine (ACMM) to-military coordination, and military-to-civilian 62 The ASEAN Centre for Military Medicine coordination, among others. (ACMM) has a mission to establish practical, In addition to testing the SASOP, ARDEX-16 effective, and sustainable cooperation among also tested regional response mechanisms, military medical services of ASEAN Member the ASEAN-ERAT, the AJDRP, the JOCCA, States and Plus Countries. This mission is the ASEAN-UN interoperability in field during normal and crisis situations. The operation, and the ARDEX Handbook. The ACMM coordinates and cooperates with the SASOP details the need for designation of focal military medical services during humanitarian points, earmarking of military and civilian operations. The ACCMM also works in assets and capacities, identification of network partnership with international organizations of pre-designated areas, and mobilization and to support all areas of military medical demobilization of assistance. The most recent collaboration.66 ARDEX was held in Indonesia in 2018 and is discussed in the previous section on page 26, detailing ASEAN exercises.63 Logistics Support Framework There are also other specific procedures that The defense sector of ASEAN, through the should be utilized together with SASOP, such ASEAN Defence Ministers Meeting (ADMM) as the ASEAN-ERAT Guidelines, JOCCA SOP, and ADMM-Plus mechanism developed the ARDEX Handbook, and TOR and Operational ASEAN Militaries’ Logistic Support Framework. Procedure of SG-AHAC.64The Operational The Logistics Support Framework enhances Procedure of SG-AHAC is important. ASEAN’s capacity and develops capabilities to Collaboration and interoperability between enhance operational effectiveness in addressing the Secretary-General of ASEAN in his/her non-traditional security challenges.67 capacity as the ASEAN Humanitarian Assistance Coordinator (AHAC) and the United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Mechanisms Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator (ERC) is essential to ensure strategic and operational In addition to ASEAN related tools, there are coherence. The ASEAN-UN Joint Strategic Plan also mechanisms related to HADR response. of Action on Disaster Management (JSPADM) They include ACDM, JTF-HADR, AMMDM & is also an important plan for ASEAN and AADMER COP, ADMM, CPR, TWG-CMIC, UN partners working together. Additional SOMHD, EAS, ASEAN Summit, ASEAN Chair, information on the ASEAN-United JSPADM ACC, ADMM-Plus, SOM, ADSOM, SOMSWD, can be found in the ASEAN Documents, Plans, and ARF as seen in yellow in the previous Figure Programs, and Projects section of this Handbook (Figure 3). The ACDM was discussed previously on page 43. in the ASEAN Governing Bodies section earlier in this Handbook on page 17. While all the mechanisms are important, the following section ASEAN Militaries Ready Group (AMRG) will specifically discuss JTF-HADR, AMMDM, The ASEAN Militaries Ready Group (AMRG) EAS, ASEAN Chair, ADMM-Plus, and ARF. works to strengthen the coordination of joint services of the various Member States working under ASEAN at a multilateral level. They take Joint Task Force for HADR (JTF-HADR) into account the existing regional response The Joint Task Force for Humanitarian mechanism as coordinated by the AHA Centre. Assistance and Disaster Response (JTF-HADR) The AMRG, if needed, will assign liaison officers was created in 2014 to promote synergy between to the AHA Centre’s EOC. This allows them ASEAN bodies on HADR also known as ASEAN to support in the coordination with ASEAN HADR mechanisms. The JTF-HADR involves Member States militaries, and another military the Senior Officials Meeting (SOM); ASEAN liaison officer that would be assigned to the Defence Senior Officials Meeting (ADSOM); capital of the affected Member State. They Senior Officials Meeting on Health Development would also participate in the Multinational (SOMHD); and Senior Officials Meeting on Coordination Centre (MNCC) and assist with Social Welfare Development (SOMSWD), coordinating military resources from assisting representing ministries from Foreign Affairs, ASEAN Member States.65 Military/ Defence, Health, and Social Welfare.
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Each of these sectors are important when Mandate and Functions of the AMMDM: providing humanitarian assistance to the disaster • Ensure effective implementation of relevant affected Member State(s).68 directives, agreements and decisions deriving from the ASEAN Summits, the relevant strategic objectives of the ASEAN Socio- ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on Disaster Cultural Community (ASCC) Blueprint Management (AMMDM) and other relevant action lines pertinent The ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on Disaster to advancement of disaster management Management (AMMDM) was first held on cooperation in ASEAN; December 7, 2004 in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. • Recommend and adopt policies, measures The first AMMDM produced the mandate and strategies for regional cooperation in given to the ASEAN Committee on Disaster disaster management; Management (ACDM) to start the negotiation of • Provide guidance to the ACDM to formulate the ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management work programs, strategies and priorities to and Emergency Response (AADMER). During strengthen regional cooperation in disaster that initial meeting, an agreement was also management, and monitor and review its reached in which the ASEAN Day for Disaster implementation; Management (ADDM) would convene annually, • Work with other ASEAN sectoral ministerial jointly with the International Day for Disaster bodies and ASEAN-related mechanisms to Reduction (IDDR).69 ensure coordination and synergy of efforts in Being a ministerial level group, the AMMDM areas related to disaster management; oversees the ACDM within the ASEAN Socio- • Promote collaboration with external parties, Cultural Community. The ministerial body is including ASEAN Dialogue Partners, necessary when facilitating dialogue between international organizations and other ministries that oversee disaster management relevant partners and stakeholders, to programming, as well as with other ministerial advance regional cooperation in disaster level bodies.70 management; and • Adopt ASEAN’s common positions on disaster management issues in preparation Objectives of the AMMDM: for international meetings and conferences, • Promote synergy of efforts with other and promote ASEAN’s leadership and shared ASEAN ministerial bodies to accelerate vision in in relevant multilateral fora.71 well-coordinated, more robust and faster collective response to ASEAN’s disasters, and to realize the building of disaster resilient and East Asia Summit (EAS) safer communities to reduce disaster losses in The East Asia Summit (EAS) is a meeting held the region, using AADMER as the regional annually, where regional strategic cooperation is policy backbone and common platform to addressed. Discussion at EAS includes ongoing maintain ASEAN’s Centrality; challenges and opportunities for the region. It • Promote engagement with ASEAN-related consists of the 10 ASEAN Member States, as well mechanisms, in particular the East Asia as Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand, Summit (EAS) Foreign Ministers Meeting, Russia, South Korea, and the United States. the ASEAN Defense Ministerial Meeting The EAS has had steady engagement in disaster (ADMM) Plus, the ASEAN Regional Forum management since its inception, and in 2009 the (ARF) and the APEC Senior Disaster members signed the Cha-am Hua Hin Statement Management Officials Forum, while on EAS Disaster Management. The Statement maintaining ASEAN’s Centrality; confirmed AADMERS support for disaster • Promote cooperation in disaster management response groups and mechanisms, such as the with ASEAN Dialogue Partners, international AHA Centre, SASOP, and ARDEX. In addition, organizations and other partners and they created the EAS Rapid Response Toolkit to stakeholders, and promote ASEAN’s assist with disaster managing response.72 leadership and shared vision in the area of disaster management in relevant multilateral East Asia Summit Rapid Disaster Response fora. Toolkit The Rapid Disaster Response Toolkit was adopted by the East Asia Summit in 2015. The
30 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance toolkit provides key contact information for • To promote regional peace and stability officials in each EAS participating country, through dialogue and cooperation in defense a reference guide for disaster management and security; decision makers, and a rapid disaster response • To give guidance to existing senior arrangements for each EAS country. It also defense and military officials dialogue and provides the necessary procedures and cooperation in the field of defense and mechanisms to support a collective response security within ASEAN and between ASEAN supporting the affected Member State in the EAS and dialogue partners; region, including ASEAN.73 • To promote mutual trust and confidence through greater understanding of defense and security challenges as well as enhancement of ASEAN Chair transparency and openness; and The ACDM has a Chair and a Vice Chair • To contribute to the establishment of an which are rotated annually between the 10 ASEAN Security Community (ASC) as Member States, in alphabetical order, per article 74 stipulated in the Bali Concord II and to 31 of the ASEAN Charter. During their time as promote the implementation of the Vientiane Chair, each country identifies the annual theme 79 and sets priorities for the year. However, due to Action Programme (VAP) on ASC. the short time as Chair, issues arise due to lack of continuity.75 ADMM Plus The 2019 Chair is Thailand, and they The Inaugural ADMM-Plus was convened are focusing on advancing partnership for in 2010. It is a platform for ASEAN Member sustainability. This theme has three main States and the eight Dialogue Partners (Australia, components; advancing technology, partnership, China, India, Japan, New Zealand, ROK, Russian and sustainability.76 Each year, the Chair is Federation, and the United States) to strengthen responsible for identifying the theme and setting security, defense cooperation for peace, stability, the priorities for the chairmanship.77 and development in the ASEAN region. The 2018 ASEAN Chair was Singapore, with There are five areas of practical cooperation the vision of ‘Resilient and Innovative’. The idea to pursue under this mechanism, to include behind the 2018 Chairmanship was to unite maritime security, counter-terrorism, in order to face the uncertainties in the global humanitarian assistance and disaster relief, strategic landscape. The 2018 Chair aimed to peacekeeping operations and military medicine. be make ASEAN adaptive, in order to manage In order to facilitate cooperation on these challenges in disruptive technologies, equip areas, Experts’ Working Groups (EWGs) were citizens with skills to help ASEAN thrive, and to established. Additional priorities have been boost capabilities to make cities smarter.78 added, such as EWG on Humanitarian Mine Action (HMA), and the EWG on Cyber Security. Chairmanship of the ADMM-Plus shall follow ASEAN Defense Ministers’ Meeting (ADMM) and the Chairmanship of the ADMM. ADMM Plus The ASEAN Defense Ministers Meeting Objectives (ADMM) was first established in 2006. Per the The objectives of the ADMM-Plus are: ASEAN Security Community (ASC) Plan of • To benefit ASEAN member countries in Action, adopted at the 10th ASEAN Summit, building capacity to address shared security the meeting is required to convene annually. challenges, while cognizant of the differing ADMM is the highest defense consultative and capacities of various ASEAN countries; cooperative mechanism in ASEAN and it aims • To promote mutual trust and confidence to promote mutual trust and confidence through between defense establishments through greater understanding of defense and security greater dialogue and transparency; challenges. It also works on the enhancement of • To enhance regional peace and stability transparency and openness. through cooperation in defense and security, The Concept Paper for the Establishment of an in view of the transnational security ADMM establishes the objectives of the ADMM. challenges the region faces; These were outlined in the Inaugural ADMM in • To contribute to the realization of an ASEAN 2006, and include: Security Community which, as stipulated
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in the Bali Concord II, embodies ASEAN’s ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) aspiration to achieve peace, stability, The ASEAN Regional Forum is a broad-based democracy and prosperity in the region political and security cooperation platform. where ASEAN member countries live at It aims to create constructive dialogue on peace with one another and with the world at issues of interest on ASEAN Member States; large; however, the ARF membership goes beyond • To facilitate the implementation of the the ASEAN Member States. ARF is composed Vientiane Action Programme, which calls by 27 members, including the European for ASEAN to build a peaceful, secure and Union, Australia, Bangladesh, Canada, China, prosperous ASEAN, and to adopt greater the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, outward-looking external relation strategies India, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Mongolia, with our friends and Dialogue Partners. New Zealand, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Russia, Sri Lanka, Timor-Leste, and the United The ADMM-Plus has become an effective States. The ARF opens up dialoged between platform for cooperation between the its members during their annual meeting. It participating countries’ defense establishments. also has a regional bi-annual disaster response exercise, which incorporates the 10 ASEAN The Principles for Membership to ADMM- Member States with its 17 partners. The ARF Plus process are: focuses on security issues, as well as civil-military • The Plus country shall be a full-fledged coordination issues.83 Dialogue Partner of ASEAN; • The Plus country shall have significant ARF Work Plan for Disaster Relief interactions and relations with ASEAN The 2018-2020 Disaster Relief Work Plan defense establishment; and identifies the Priority Areas for ARF disaster • The Plus country shall be able to work with management. It also separates ARF’s role from the ADMM to build capacity so as to enhance other efforts in the area. The priority areas regional security in a substantive way in of the work plan are related to those in the order to promote capacity-building in the ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management region in the fields of defense and security. and Emergency Response (AADMER) Work • Countries under ADMM-Plus are the ten Programme 2016-2020. The priority areas ASEAN Member States, and eight Plus are: i) promote networking and information countries; Australia, China, India, Japan, New sharing to enhance the capability of ARF Zealand, ROK, Russian Federation, and the participants for disaster management; ii) United States.80 promote rapid deployment and acceptance of assistance in HADR operations;’ and iii) promote ASEAN Defense Ministers Meeting Plus Experts’ interoperability and civil-military coordination 84 Working Group on HADR in HADR operations. The ASEAN Defense Ministers Meeting- Plus Experts’ Working Group on Humanitarian ARF Inter-Sessional Meeting on Disaster Relief Assistance and Disaster Response (ADMM-Plus The 17th ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) EWG on HADR) is a critical platform for the Inter-Sessional Meeting on Disaster Relief was implementation of "One ASEAN One Response". held in 2018. It was attended by 80 participants, It helps achieve faster response, mobilize greater including delegates from 21 countries out of the resources, and establish stronger coordination 27 ARF Member States. In addition, relevant to ensure ASEAN’s collective response to international organizations attended the meeting. disasters.81 From 2017 to 2019, the third cycle of The Republic of Korea and Thailand served the ADMM-Plus EWG on HADR is taking place, as co-chairs of the Inter-Sessional Meeting on and it is being co-chaired by Malaysia and the Disaster Relief in 2017 and 2018. The meeting is United States (U.S.). In addition the Work Plan held annually and it is used as a forum to discuss supports the collaboration of key military and disaster relief topics. The latest meeting discussed civilian regional response stakeholders towards the efforts to build “a society safe from disasters”. the implementation of "One ASEAN, One In addition, the co-chair shared respective Response".82 policies, strategies, institutions, experiences, and specific relevant cases regarding disaster response.85
32 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance ASEAN ASEAN Member Countries
Disaster Management Reference Handbook | March 2019 ASEAN MEMBER COUNTRIES
scale from medium to large-scale. In the event of a disaster or imminent threat, the AHA Centre ASEAN Member will deploy personnel, as the In-Country Liaison Team (ICLT), to coordinate closely with the NDMO. If required and with the consent of the Countries affected Member State, the AHA Centre will also mobilize the ASEAN-ERAT to support NDMO The disaster impacts in one ASEAN country operations. This is to increase the preparedness can often have a wider impact and effect other and response, as well as ensure quick delivery ASEAN countries. Additionally, disasters in one of humanitarian assistance through the country can have the potential to disrupt trade ASEAN Standby Arrangements and/or other and economic growth in the entire region.86 mechanisms.87 The majority of the ASEAN Member State’s Figure 5 shows the impact of Natural Disasters national disaster risk management frameworks in the ASEAN region in 2018, including the meet the AADMER requirements relating to economic impact. The Figure points out that disaster preparedness and response. The AHA from 2017-2018, in just 1 year, the population Centre has assisted ASEAN Member States in affected by disasters has more than doubled. responding to seventeen disasters, ranging in Estimated costs of damages have also increased.
Figure 5: Impact of Natural Disasters on the ASEAN Region
34 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance ASEAN is made up of 10 countries (Brunei, Brunei in the position of driving human capital Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, development to enable small enterprises.90 Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam) as seen in Figure 6. Disaster Risk Brunei is made up of two small territories on Brunei Darussalam the northwest side of the island of Borneo. Due Brunei joined ASEAN in 1984. Brunei to its location, Brunei is spared from natural has benefited from the ASEAN Economic disasters such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, Community (AEC). The AEC allows for the free and typhoons.91 However, the country is still flow of goods, services, investments and skilled susceptible to floods, landslides, forest fires, air labor, while facilitating the movement of capital pollution, and haze.92 across the region.88 Economic integration is a substantial opportunity for ASEAN Member National Institutional Framework States because it will reduce barriers to trade and The National Disaster Management Centre the movement of capital and labor, which would 89 (NDMC) is the lead government agency for promote economic growth. The AEC aims at disaster response in Brunei. In August 2006, the creating a single market and production base, Government of Brunei established the NDMC and reducing tariff and non-tariff barriers. For under the Disaster Management Order (DMO). instance, tariffs on all building and construction The role of NDMC is to ensure the safety and goods and products have been eliminated well-being of the people by encompassing all for Brunei as well as other ASEAN Member aspects of disaster management. This includes States including Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response and the Philippines since 2010. Brunei, along and recovery through policies, strategies and with the Philippines and Myanmar, are good practices which are guided by the international, examples of the ASEAN Strategic Action Plan regional and national drivers. Prior to the for small and medium enterprises (SME) establishment of the NDMC, national response Development 2016-25. This action plan has a to disasters was on an ad-hoc basis where goal to promote entrepreneurship and human committees were formed to manage various capital development in the community. This puts
LAO PDR
MYANMAR
VIETNAM
PHILIPPINES THAILAND
BRUNEI DARUSSALAM CAMBODIA
MALAYSIA
SINGAPORE
INDONESIA Figure 6: Locations of ASEAN Member States
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disasters.93 Brunei does not have a specific law Indonesia on disaster management. Instead, the Disaster Indonesia is one of the five original Management Order 2006 defines disaster members that established ASEAN in 1967. A management. The NDMC has its responsibilities 94 national workshop for the Development of the and authority defined in this order. The DMO ASEAN Regional Contingency Plan was held predates the ASEAN Agreement on Disaster in Indonesia in March 2018. A scenario was Management and Emergency Response developed in which a large scale earthquake (AADMER). AADMER’s entry into force occurred, triggering a tsunami, and followed by in December 2009 does not refer directly to a secondary hazard event (an industrial accident ASEAN. The NDMC is the national focal point with HAZMAT handling).100 for the AHA Centre.95
Disaster Risk Cambodia Indonesia faces many natural threats including Cambodia joined ASEAN in 1999. ASEAN earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, membership has meant that Singapore flooding, and droughts. The country has companies investing in Cambodia can benefit experienced an average of 290 significant natural from various tariff reliefs and rely on the ASEAN disasters annually over the last 30 years.101 This Comprehensive Investment Agreement for includes the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami which protection of their investments. The Agreement killed approximately 220,000 people across four for the Avoidance of Double Taxation between countries, 167,000 in Indonesia alone, and cost Singapore and Cambodia, has reduced the cost of an estimated US $10 billion in damages.102 The investing in Cambodia.96 8.5 earthquake in Aceh in April 2012, reaffirmed the need for more serious and sustainable Disaster Risk efforts in setting up the disaster management Cambodia is at risk for experiencing system. The disaster event caused congestion on hazards such as floods, drought, heavy storms, evacuation routes, early warning systems that typhoons, fire incidents, and epidemics. Most failed to reach the public quickly and accurately, geographical regions of the country (i.e. Riverine and a lack of available paths and accessible evacuation sites when the tsunami warning was Central Plains, coastal ecosystems and Dangrek 103 mountain range in the north, and Cardamom issued. mountains in the southwest) are exposed to one or more of these hazards.97 Cambodia is one National Institutional Framework of the five countries located along the Mekong In Indonesia, the National Disaster River. During the monsoon season, Cambodia Management Agency, known as BNPB (Badan experiences flash floods usually after heavy Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana) is the rainfall.98 primary agency responsible for coordinating DM preparedness, response, prevention and National Institutional Framework mitigation, and rehabilitation and recovery. Cambodia passed the Law on Disaster BNPB is the lead coordinating agency in disaster Management (DM Law) in 2015. The DM Law response; this agency is responsible for preparing for, directing and managing all aspects of disaster formalizes the National Committee for Disaster 104 Management (NCDM) as the headquarters of management efforts. The country has the the Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) Disaster Management Law 24/2007 (DM Law) on disaster risk management. The day-to-day and a series of regulations. The DM Law predates operation of NCDM is governed by a Secretariat AADMER, and the later regulations concerning General, focal points in line government international assistance do not relate to interstate or ASEAN regional assistance. The BNPB is the ministries, and Sub-National Committees for 105 Disaster Management down to the local level. AHA Centre’s national focal point. The AADMER and the AHA Centre are not included in the DM Law or decrees because they Lao PDR were each established under their own separate Lao PDR joined ASEAN in 1997. The ASEAN agreements. The NCDM is the AHA Centre’s region is often influenced by other nations by national focal point.99 offering investment, trade, and credit. There is a
36 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance need to strive for balance with ASEAN Member Secretariat to the Department of Disaster States and major powers such as the U.S. and Management and Climate Change (DDMCC) China. This is especially important in regards to in the Ministry of Natural Resources and issues like the South China Sea conflict. Many Environment in order to integrate disaster and ASEAN Member States such as Lao PDR try climate risk. The new NDPCC and its Secretariat to keep up with the balancing act. Lao PDR DDMCC continue to share responsibilities with relies on its neighboring ASEAN Member States the pre-existing NDMO in the Department (Vietnam, and Thailand) for assistance. As a of Social Welfare, which also supports sub- result, Lao PDR is able to leverage on its relations national disaster risk management structures. with neighboring states to project a foreign These frameworks do not specifically address policy posture towards China that is welcoming AADMER or the AHA Centre. The NDMO is the and firm at the same time to protect its interests. AHA Centre’s national focal point.109 ASEAN members are often divided between their ties with China and the U.S. because overall there is a need for investment, particularly Malaysia infrastructure investment.106 Malaysia was one of the five original members that established ASEAN in 1967. Many ASEAN member countries have experienced collapses Disaster Risk of high-rise buildings due to poor construction The country is vulnerable to a wide range standards. According to the International Search of natural disasters. Flooding, flash floods, and Rescue Advisory Group (INSARAG) of the severe storms, monsoons, and landslides are United Nations, Malaysia has Urban Search and prevalent in the country. Additionally, Lao PDR Rescue (USAR) teams that are trained according is susceptible to droughts, earthquakes, and to INSARAG guidelines and have operational epidemics with varying degrees of impact and experience. For example, the Special Malaysian severity in different regions. Natural disasters Disaster Assistance and Rescue Team (SMART) in the country have caused severe damage was seen in action at the West Sumatra Padang to infrastructure, homes, irrigation systems, Earthquake of 2009. It is important for ASEAN bridges, roads, and agricultural land.107 countries to establish INSARAG-certified USAR teams in all major cities. Unfortunately, only National Institutional Framework Malaysia and Singapore have USAR teams that Policies related to disaster management have are trained according to INSARAG guidelines mainly focused on providing emergency relief to and have operational experience.110 meet basic needs, such as food, water, and shelter. As a result of the country being so focused Disaster Risk on basic needs, the country is less focused on Malaysia is geographically located outside prevention and mitigation. The creation of the the Pacific Rim of Fire and is relatively free National Disaster Management Committee from any severe destruction caused by natural (NDMC) through the Prime Minister Decree disasters. However, the country is vulnerable No. 158 (23 August 1999) was a significant event to natural hazards including floods, forest fires, in disaster management. The NDMC provides tsunami, cyclonic storms, landslides, seismic recommendations and advice to the Prime activity, epidemics, and haze (local and trans Minister and plays the lead role in ensuring boundary).111 effective coordination related to all interventions in the disaster cycle, including mitigation, prevention, preparedness, response and recovery, National Institutional Framework while applying a multi-hazard approach.108 The new National Disaster Management The NDMC was renamed the National Agency (NADMA), in the Office of the Prime Disaster Prevention and Control Committee Minister, was created in 2015 as a separate (NDPCC) by the Prime Minister’s (PM) body, having been part of the National Security decree 373/PM in 2011. The National Disaster Division of the Prime Minister’s Department Management Organization (NDMO) was for many years. The Malaysia Civil Defence established in 1991 and was secretariat to the Force (MCDF) is one of the responders besides National Committee until 2013. PM Decree the Royal Malaysian Police & Fire and Rescue 220/PM of 2013 then moved the Committee’s (RMPFRD) department. This includes the implementation of Community-Based Disaster
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Risk Reduction (CBDRR) to pursue public Management Law (2013) and the subsequent involvement in DRR effort. NADMA is the AHA Disaster Management Rules (2015), outlining Centre national focal point.112 roles and responsibilities of military and civilian actors.118 The principle national law guiding disaster Myanmar management in Myanmar is the National Myanmar joined ASEAN in 1997. A large Disaster Management Law, ratified on 31st of scale cyclone in Myanmar was the focus of a July 2013 in line with priorities established in National Workshop for the Development of the Myanmar Action Plan on Disaster Risk the ASEAN Regional Contingency Plan in Reduction. The Disaster Management Law December 2017. This scenario, along with two includes provisions for the establishment of other scenarios, were endorsed by the ASEAN disaster management bodies and their duties Committee on Disaster Management (ACDM) and responsibilities. This includes provisions on Working Group on Preparedness and Response. requesting assistance from the Armed Forces Myanmar is one of the three most disaster- for search and rescue operations, security in prone countries in the ASEAN region, apart disaster-affected areas, and for the delivery of from Indonesia and the Philippines, with a assistance to victims more generally.119 high probability of disaster occurrence and the possibility to severely impact the population.113 Philippines Disaster Risk The Philippines was one of the five original Myanmar is affected by many natural hazards members that established ASEAN in 1967. The Philippines suffered from Typhoon Haiyan in including destructive earthquakes, cyclones, 120 flooding, landslides, and periodic droughts. 2013. During Typhoon Haiyan, the ASEAN Myanmar has been impacted by two major Emergency Response and Assessment Team earthquakes, three severe cyclones, floods, and (ASEAN-ERAT) prepositioned people in the other smaller-scale hazards in the last 10 years.114 country before the disaster for more efficient The country was battered by Cyclone Nargis in coordination and response. The AHA Centre 2008.115 has the ability to activate the ASEAN-ERAT members when there is a need for deployment. Selected team members are often mobilized with National Institutional Framework eight hours of notification and are prepared to be After the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, positioned in the disaster area for two weeks.121 the National Disaster Preparedness Central In an effort to operationalize the One ASEAN Committee, the policy formulating body, was One Response vision, the ACDM endorsed the formed with the Chairmanship of the Prime ASEAN Joint Disaster Response Plan (AJDRP) Minister. After the new government took over in October 2016. Three workshops have been its responsibility in March 2011, the National conducted in support of the development and Disaster Management Agency (which was implementation of the AJDRP including one chaired by the Union Minister for Social Welfare, workshop held in the Philippines. The workshop Relief and Resettlement) was formed in April identified a likely scenario that ASEAN Member 2011.116 In Myanmar, the Ministry of Social States will respond to within ASEAN. This Welfare, Relief and Resettlement (MSWRR) is workshop focused on the effects and response of the ministry for disaster management. MSWRR a potential 7.2 M earthquake in the Metro Manila also serves as the Secretariat of the National area of the Philippines.122 Disaster Management Agency (NDMC). Under the MSWRR, there are three Departments: the Department of Social Welfare (DSW), the Disaster Risk Department of Disaster Management (DDM), The country is most frequently struck by and the Department of Rehabilitation (DOR).The typhoons; however, volcanoes, floods, landslides, earthquakes, droughts, and tsunamis also pose DDM of the MSWRR is the national focal point 123 for the ASEAN Disaster Management Committee serious risks. Typhoons are both the most and the AHA Centre.117 common and most destructive natural disasters Building on the response to Cyclone Nargis in in the Philippines. Typhoons Haiyan, Thelma, 2008, and Cyclone Giri in 2010, the Government Ike, Fengshen, Washi, Durian, Bopha, Trix, of Myanmar enacted the National Disaster Amy, and Nina were the ten deadliest typhoons on record to impact the Philippines from 1947
38 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance to 2014. Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) resulted National Institutional Framework in more than 6,300 lost lives, over four million Disaster risk management is under a Whole- displaced citizens, and US$2 billion in damages of-Government Integrated Risk Management in 2013.124 policy framework. The Civil Defence Act was updated in 2011 and it provides the legal National Institutional Framework framework for the declaration of a state of The country has the Philippine National emergency and deployment of the Singapore Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Civil Defence Force (SDCF).130 The SCDF Act 2010 which establishes a complex and maintains a dedicated 76-man standby multi-level disaster risk management system. contingent where its core function is to provide Since 2015, the law has been under review. urban search and rescue and/or humanitarian The National Disaster Risk Reduction and relief assistance to countries affected by major Management Council (NDRRMC) is the top disasters. The contingent comprises rescuers “policy-making, coordination, integration, from the SCDF’s DART and from the frontline supervision, monitoring and evaluation” body. units including Operationally Ready National The Office of Civil Defense (OCD) is tasked Service (ORNS) men.131 The AADMER is not with administering the national civil defense referenced in any disaster legislation although and disaster risk reduction and management the Minister may deploy the SCDF in support of program, including supporting sub-national other countries if assistance is requested by them. councils. ASEAN or AADMER is not mentioned The SCDF is the national focal point for the AHA in the law; however, it does mention regional and Centre.132 international treaty obligations. The NDRRMC and the Office of Civil Defense is the national focal point for the AHA Centre.125 Thailand Thailand was one of the five original members that established ASEAN in 1967. The country is Singapore known as the “free trade hub of ASEAN” due to Singapore was one of the five original their strategic positioning. ASEAN membership members that established ASEAN in 1967. to Thailand is beneficial because it facilitates Singapore’s Disaster Assistance and Rescue investor accessibility since it is the gateway Team (DART) was deployed to Aceh, Indonesia between the ASEAN countries, as well as other following the 2004 tsunami, offering support countries (Australia, New Zealand, India, and as a neighboring ASEAN Member State.126 The China). Thailand and other ASEAN Member ASEAN Charter states that the chairmanship States enjoy the benefit of the elimination of of ASEAN shall rotate annually; Singapore tariffs and free trade agreements which are was the chairman of ASEAN for 2018. The encouraging to export and importation. The Singapore Government is a strong supporter country has the capability to increase product of ASEAN. The political benefit is peace, as variety due to their low rate of production which ASEAN has helped maintain peace in South- provides a competitive advantage.133 East Asia. Singapore also benefits economically from ASEAN; the ASEAN economy is one of 127 Disaster Risk the fastest growing economies in the world. Thailand is vulnerable to the influences of Singapore has an advantage with its geographic monsoons and tropical systems which enhance location within ASEAN. Its location at the tip of their vulnerability to natural disaster impacts the Malay Peninsula is where main trading and such as, flooding, typhoons, landslides, droughts shipping routes converge. In addition, Singapore and earthquakes. While Thailand is less is only an hour or two flight away from other 128 susceptible to natural hazards than many of the ASEAN countries. countries in the Indo-Asia-Pacific region, the country remains vulnerable and the frequency of Disaster Risk natural disasters in the country is due to seasonal The area surrounding Singapore is the most weather and climate change.134 disaster prone region in the world; however, Singapore sits just outside the “Ring of Fire” and is positioned to respond to international crisis National Institutional Framework rapidly and effectively. Singapore is situated just The Disaster Management System based on south of Malaysia.129 the Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Act
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2007 (DPM Act 2007), came into force on 6 Disaster Risk November 2007 and implements Thailand’s Historically, the country has suffered from national DM Institutional arrangement. All catastrophic natural disasters such as floods, disaster management activities are directed and tsunamis, typhoons, and landslides which have controlled by the Commander/Directors at three caused significant losses to human life, property, levels; National, Provincial, and Local. Based economics, and infrastructure.138 Vietnam was on the DPM Act 2007, the National Disaster impacted by Typhoon Xangsane in 2006 and Prevention and Mitigation Committee (NDPMC) Ketsana in 2009.139 Photo 5 depicts regional is a policy maker, chaired by the Prime Minister flooding in the Bac Lieu Province of Vietnam. or designated Deputy Prime Minister, and the Director General of the Department of Disaster National Institutional Framework Prevention and Mitigation (DDPM) is the 135 In Vietnam, inter-sectoral cooperation is Secretary. The NDPMC designated the DDPM the commanding system for natural disaster as the primary State agency for disaster risk prevention and control. Depending on the management. The DDPM is the national focal 136 crisis there are checks and balances, and point for the AHA Centre. collaborations among many of the government agencies.140 The Ministry of Agriculture and Vietnam Rural Development (MARD) is the lead Disaster Vietnam joined ASEAN in 1995. Vietnam’s Management Agency in Vietnam and presides Membership in ASEAN has improved its over the consortium of the Vietnam Disaster economy and helped integrate the country into Management Authority. They all work together the world economy. Vietnam’s participation in to reflect the full representation of all ministries areas of ASEAN economic cooperation such and sectors under the leadership and direction as intellectual property, services, industrial of MARD. Additionally, MARD is the Chairman cooperation and investment helps send a strong of the Central Committee for Natural Disaster signal to foreign investors of the direction of her Prevention and Control (CCNDPC) and economic policies. Vietnam signed the Protocol the Vietnam National Disaster Management for the Accession of the Socialist Republic of Authority (VNDMA) acts as the Office of the Vietnam to the Agreement on the Common Central Steering Committee.141 The Law on Effective Preferential Tariff Scheme (CEPT) for Natural Disaster Prevention and Control 2013 the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) during the assigns responsibility across a range of ministries Fifth ASEAN Summit in Thailand in 1995.137 and at all levels of government. The VNDMA is the national focal point for the AHA Centre.142
Photo 5: Responders Reacting to Regional Flooding in the Bac Lieu Province of Vietnam
40 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance ASEAN ASEAN Documents, Plans, Programs, and Projects
Disaster Management Reference Handbook | March 2019 ASEAN DOCUMENTS, PLANS, PROGRAMS, AND PROJECTS
will gather, collate and exchange data pertaining to natural disasters, and that these ASEAN Documents, agencies will be principally responsible for implementing the cooperation envisioned above; Plans, Programs, and • In cases of calamities of major magnitude, upon the request from an affected Member Projects Country, within its capability extend such assistance as may be needed; on prior ASEAN Charter notification, undertake immediate internal The ASEAN Charter was established on 15 arrangements to facilitate the transit, through December, 2008. It is the foundation of the their respective territories, of vessels, ASEAN Community since it provides legal status aircraft, authorized personnel, supplies and institutional framework for ASEAN. In and equipment bound for the territory addition, it codifies ASEAN norms, rules, and of a distressed Member Country, subject values. It requires accountability and compliance to compliance of such requirements or as well as sets clear targets for ASEAN. It is formalities as may be prescribed by its laws; a legally binding agreement within the 10 and ASEAN Member States and it is registered at the • A Member Country requesting assistance Secretariat of the United Nations.143 shall undertake internal administrative arrangements necessary to facilitate the entry The ASEAN Charter sets accountability for the of necessary vessels, aircraft, authorized following:144 personnel, supplies and equipment fee from • New political commitment at the top level; government taxes and any other duties or • New and enhanced commitments; charges for the purpose of rescue and relief • New legal framework, legal personality; and for speedy action for the rescue and • New ASEAN bodies; relief of victims of natural disasters; and • Two new openly-recruited (Deputy invoking the ASEAN spirit of mutual help Secretary-Genera) DSGs; and cooperation. • More ASEAN meetings’ • More roles of ASEAN Foreign Ministers; The ASEAN Declaration is previously known • New and enhanced role of the Secretary- as the Bangkok Declaration. The Declarations General of ASEAN; states the aims and purposes of ASEAN which • Other new initiatives and changes. continue today: • To accelerate the economic growth, social ASEAN Declaration progress and cultural development in the The original five ASEAN Member States region through joint endeavors in the spirit (Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, of equality and partnership in order to and Thailand) established the Declaration for strengthen the foundation for a prosperous Mutual Assistance on Natural Disasters in and peaceful community of Southeast Asian 1967. These countries understood that there Nations; was an urgent need for mutual assistance in the • To promote regional peace and stability mitigation of the effects of natural disasters. The through abiding respect for justice and declaration says that the Member Countries the rule of law in the relationship among shall:145 countries of the region and adherence to the • Cooperate in the improvement of principles of the United Nations Charter; communication channels among themselves • To promote active collaboration and mutual as regards disaster warnings; exchange of assistance on matters of common interest experts and trainees; exchange of information in the economic, social, cultural, technical, and documents; and dissemination of scientific and administrative fields; medical supplies, services and relief • To provide assistance to each other in the assistance; form of training and research facilities in • Designate national government agency to the educational, professional, technical and be its internal coordinating body which administrative spheres; • To collaborate more effectively for the greater
42 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance utilization of their agriculture and industries, of the Sendai Framework for Action (2015- the expansion of their trade, including 2030). This Framework focuses on preventing the study of the problems of international new and reducing existing disaster risk through commodity trade, the improvement of their the implementation of integrated and inclusive transportation and communications facilities systems such as economic, structural, legal, and the raising of the living standards of their social, health, cultural education, environmental, peoples; technological, political, and institutional. These • To promote Southeast Asian studies; and measures will help prevent and reduce hazard • To maintain close and beneficial cooperation exposure and vulnerability to disasters, and with existing international and regional increase preparedness for response and recovery, organizations with similar aims and and strengthen resilience. purposes, and explore all avenues for even The ASEAN-UN Joint Strategic Plan of closer cooperation among themselves. Action on Disaster Management (JSPADM) is an important plan for ASEAN and UN In addition, the ASEAN Member States also partners working together. It is currently in adopted six fundamental principles: its third revision. The JSAPDM III outlines 1. Mutual respect for the independence, ASEAN and the UN’s mutual intentions and sovereignty, equality, territorial integrity, and commitments to continue to work together, national identity of all nations; guided by the strategies and priorities 2. The right of every State to lead its national incorporated by ASEAN into the AADMER existence free from external interference, Work Programme 2016-2020, as well as other subversion or coercion; global priorities in humanitarian action. During 3. Non-interference in the internal affairs of one the development of the JSPADM III, ASEAN another; and the UN agreed that the AADMER Work 4. Settlement of differences or disputes by Programme 2016-2020 provides a solid basis peaceful manner; for ASEAN’s partners to identify engagement 5. Renunciation of the threat or use of force; opportunities and agreed that the JSPADM III and would be guided by the ASEAN Vision 2025 6. Effective cooperation among themselves.146 on Disaster Management and aligned with the AADMER Work Programme 2016-2020, which ASEAN-United Nations Joint Strategic Plan of identifies eight priority programs and a number Action on Disaster Management (JSPADM) of underlying components, each with expected ASEAN and the UN have partnered on outputs and activities.148 ASEAN Vision 2025 on disaster management issues since 2004. They Disaster Management outlines three strategic further developed the partnership in 2013 elements including institutionalization and during the response to Typhoon Haiyan in the communication; partnerships and innovation; Philippines where both parties worked together and finance and resource mobilization. The key to identify lessons learned and incorporate them objective of the AADMER is to position ASEAN into the Strategic Plan of Action. A mutual goal as a global leader in disaster management by of ASEAN and the UN is for their programs to 2025. 149 be complementary in preparation for and during While developing the JSPADM III, ASEAN deployment to disasters to maximize response and the UN identified eight priority programs and effectiveness and close collaboration in the to provide the rational, objective, and program overall disaster management cycle.147 components that may be developed for In 2015, global developments shaped the the implementation of ongoing work and humanitarian landscape for the next decade development of new areas of collaboration. with the Sendai Framework on Disaster Risk The JSPADM III has eight priorities which are Reduction, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable detailed in Figure 7. Development, and the Paris Agreement on Collaboration and interoperability between Climate Change all framing connectivity with the Secretary-General of ASEAN in his/her regard to disaster and disaster preparedness. capacity as the ASEAN Humanitarian Assistance In areas of prevention and mitigation and early Coordinator (AHAC) and the United Nations warning risk assessment, ASEAN and UN work Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian on disaster risk reduction supports the ASEAN Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator (ERC) Member States commitments toward the goals is essential to ensure strategic and operational
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The Eight Priority Programmes
I. AWARE A risk aware ASEAN Community
II. BUILD Safely Building safe ASEAN infrastructure and essential services
III. ADVANCE A disaster resilient and climate adaptive ASEAN Community
IV. PROTECT Protecting economic and social gains of ASEAN Community integration through risk transfer and social protection
V. RESPOND Transforming mechanisms for ASEAN’s leadership in response as One
VI. EQUIP Enhance capacities for One ASEAN One Response
VII. RECOVER ASEAN resilient recovery
VIII. LEAD ASEAN leadership for excellence and innovation in disaster management Figure 7: ASEAN-UN Eight Priority Programmes for JSPADM III coherence. The Operational Procedure of SG- joint humanitarian advocacy priorities, and AHAC is important. strengthen policy coherence.151 During their October 2016 meeting on the margins of the UN General Assembly and the ASEAN Safe Schools Initiative (ASSI) annual ASEAN-UN Secretariat-to-Secretariat Due to the high exposure to natural hazards Dialogue and Senior Officials Meeting in New in the region, ASEAN initiatives have been York, the ASEAN Secretary General and the implemented to mitigate the devastating effect UN Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian these disasters have not only on the communities Affairs agreed that the existing cooperation as a whole, but specifically to schools and arrangements between these two officials and the education sector. Disasters can effect and their offices during times of disaster response disrupt education cycles and damage to school should be recorded. An ASEAN-OCHA infrastructure can put children at risk. Thus, the Interoperability Brief was created with the education sector was identified as an avenue to following recommendations that speak to the reduce risks and losses as well as build awareness roles and responsibilities of the two offices. The and capacity to protect children and the entire ASEAN SG/AHAC and the ERC will seek to community. maximize complementarity in the fulfilment The ASEAN Safe Schools Initiative (ASSI) of their responsibilities, particularly where the was implemented in 2013 as a response to the former is designated as the AHAC by:150 AADMER which identified school safety as a • Request / acceptance of assistance by the strategic component of the ASEAN Member affected state States. ASSI is driven and implemented by the • Information management and reporting ASEAN governments (Ministry of Education • Joint needs assessments and National Management Agencies) in • Prioritization of response collaboration with ASSI consortium partners • Coordinated response plans including Plan International, World Vision, Save • Resource mobilization the Children, Mercy Malaysia, and the AADMER • Advocacy on behalf of those in need of Partnership Group (APG). ASSI is a priority assistance initiative under the AADMER Work Programme • Missions to the disaster-affected area 2016-2020. In particular, ASSI falls under the • Monitoring and evaluation, and lessons Priority Programme 2: Build Safely which learned identifies schools in its mandate to building safe Between disaster responses, the ASEAN SG/ infrastructures and essential services.152 Figure AHAC and ERC will also meet at least once a 8 shows the ASSI Program Strategy 2017-2020 year to review cooperation, take stock, identify Initiatives.
44 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Figure 8: Programme Strategy 2017-2020: ASEAN Safe Schools Initiative Additionally, the ASEAN Common the desire to align the original Concord with Framework for Comprehensive School Safely the goals of ASEAN Vision 2020. This version details specific action on school safety and aims of the Bali Concord enhanced the end goal to to achieve specific targets aligned with the global improve ASEAN’s investment environment and Comprehensive School Safety (CSS) Framework. narrow the development gap among ASEAN Monitoring indicators have been developed to members. The aim of the AEC is toward the track progress comprised of 6 outputs to track economic integration achieved by building the impact on school safety at the national deeper economic integration in the region and level and 14 input indicators to track safety characterized by a single market and production interventions and impacts at the school level.153 base with free flow of goods, services, investment Figure 9 shows a Venn diagram detailing the and labor, and freer flow of capital.154 Education Sector Policies and Plans with regard The ASC relies on the peaceful processes to the CSS Framework. in the settlement of intra-regional differences focusing on comprehensive security, comprising Bali Concord I (BC I) national and regional resilience and ASEANS’s In 1976, at the first ASEAN Summit in Bali, commitment to resolve differences, disputes and the Bali Concord was produced consisting of conflicts peacefully and honoring the sovereignty three pillars, the ASEAN Security Community of each nation. The ASCC exists to carry out (ASC), an ASEAN Economic Community (AEC), joint measures to improve human resources and the ASEAN Socio-cultural Community development, reduce unemployment, cope with (ASCC). The Bali Concord identified 8 objectives environment destruction and tackle dangerous and principles toward achieving regional diseases like HIV/AID and SARS.155 political stability. In 2003, at the ninth ASEAN Summit, members endorsed a new Declaration Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast of ASEAN Concord II, also known as the Bali Asia (Also known as the Bali Treaty) Concord II to reaffirm ASEAN as a coordinated The Treaty of Amity and Cooperation team of Southeast Asian nations, working (TAC) in Southeast Asia was signed at the first together toward the dynamic development of a ASEAN summit on February 24, 1976 by the community of caring societies. High Contracting Parties including, Indonesia, This new declaration came about in response Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. to challenges posed by globalization, the The aim of the treaty was to agree to be guided by economic and security situations following the following principles: the 1997 financial crisis, and terrorist attacks • Mutual respect for the independence, impacting both the region and the world. sovereignty, equality, territorial integrity, and Additionally, motivating the declaration was national identity of all nations;
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Figure 9: CSS Framework Education Sector Policies and Plans • The right of every State to lead its national are urged to settle disagreements applying the existence free from external interference, procedures set forth in the TAC via friendly subversion, or coercion; negotiations. However, Member States are not • Non-interference in the internal affairs of one obligated to use the Treaty stipulations for the another; peaceful settlement of disputes and in the case of • Settlement of differences or disputes by use of force, there is no collective security system peaceful manner; for the States.156 • Renunciation of the threat or use of force; and Hanoi Plan of Action (2018-2022) • Effective cooperation among themselves. The first Hanoi Plan of Action (HPA) was a six year action plan covering the period The TAC further aims to promote regional from 1999-2004 to aid in the realization of the peace and stability by enhancing regional goals set to achieve the ASEAN Vision 2020 in resilience in ASEAN via political and security which Southeast Asian Nations live in peace, dialogue and cooperation. Further, the TAC aims stability, prosperity and are bonded together for regional resilience through cooperation in all in partnership for dynamic development in a fields based on the principles of self-confidence, community of caring societies. The progress of self-reliance, mutual respect, cooperation, and the plan’s implementation would be reviewed solidarity to constitute the foundation for a every three years in concert with the ASEAN strong and resilient community of Southeast Summit meetings.157 Asian nations. Thus, ASEAN Member States
46 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance The second Hanoi Plan of Action covers a 3. Formulation of work programme of the subsequent 5 year time frame (2018-2022) and network’ is specific to the Greater Mekong Sub-region 4. Promote education and public awareness on (GMS) Program’s agenda for the remaining goals human rights; of the GMS Economic Cooperation Strategic 5. Establishment of a network of cooperation Framework (2012-2022) and guides the Regional among existing human rights mechanisms; Investment Framework identifying the pipeline 6. Elaboration of an ASEAN instrument on the of GMS projects. protection and promotion of the rights of Ministers from the GMS countries also migrant workers; endorsed the GMS Regional Investment 7. Establishment of an ASEAN commission on Framework 2022 to support the HAP through the promotion and protection of the rights of a compilation of 222 investment and technical women and children.159 assistance projects valued at US $64 billion. The aim of the HAP 2018-2022 is to expand the Initiative for ASEAN Integration (IAI) economic corridors and increase connectivity Strategic Framework and IAI Work Plan III between countries as well as rural and urban (2016-2020) centers to ensure a more equitable distribution The Initiative for ASEAN Integration (IAI) of the benefit of the region’s economic was launched at the ASEAN Summit in 2000 to development.158 provide a framework for regional cooperation through which more developed ASEAN Vientiane Action Programme (2004-2010) members could assist member countries in need ASEAN launched the Vientiane Action of support. Subsequently, the Bali Concord II Programme (VAP) on November 29, 2004 was established to accompany the technical committing ASEAN members for the first time and developmental cooperation necessary to to an explicit commitment to human rights develop and accelerate the economic integration inside the process of reform. In particular, the of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Vietnam and VAP promotes the awareness, education, and assist those countries in their development plan protection of human rights and determines to realize their goals for the ASEAN Vision 2020. human rights a pre-requisite for the continued The first IAI Work Plan spanned 2002-2008 success of ASEAN security goals. The goals set and accomplished implementation of 134 forth in the VAP went on to provide guidance projects and programs which attracted a total for the ASEAN Charter commitment to creating investment of USD $191 million from ASEAN-6, a human rights mechanism and subsequently and approximately USD $20 million by dialogue the inception of the ASEAN Intergovernmental partners, development agencies, and other Commission on Human Rights (AICHR). partners toward narrowing the development gap The VAP was initiated as a response to the of the countries in need. The subsequent Work Declaration of ASEAN Concord II (Bali II) of Plan (2009-2015) continued that work with October 2003 to provide a path to the ASEAN the IAI Task Force assisting the formulation, Community in the realm of human rights. It implementation and design of the IAI Work Plan, focused on the organization of human rights seeking funding, working with dialogue partners, knowledge, the creation of greater awareness and and driving the implementation of the tasks to understanding of human rights and a sectoral fruition. commitment to the rights of women, children The criteria for the IAI Work Plan projects and migrant workers. The VAP called for 7 include identifying specific needs of national initiatives to be taken. development plans and building capacity for long term continuity and sustainability while They are as follows: promoting the development of infrastructure to promote ASEAN integration throughout the 1. Completion of a stock-taking of existing 160 human rights mechanisms and equivalent region. bodies, including sectoral bodies promoting A third Work Plan was launched in 2016 to the rights of women and children; span through 2020 outlining the next five year 2. Formulation and adoption of Memorandums plan. This new plan contains a new vision of of Understanding (MOU) to establish a IAI, prioritizing strategic areas, objectives, and network among existing human rights action plans within each strategic area. The plan mechanisms; is closely aligned with the ASEAN 2025: Forging
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Ahead Together and associated Blueprints for The ACCSM Work Plan 2016 aims to continuity of priorities and objectives. implement projects and activities to bolster The IAI Work Plan III supports 5 Community leadership, talent management and public Pillars and Sectoral Work Plans including Food service motivation and address challenges and Agriculture, Trade Facilitation, Micro, and opportunities on digitalisation, cross- Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), agency coordination, civil service capacities Education, and Health and Well-being. The plan and capabilities, resource constraints and includes not only detailed ideals for growth transformative leadership.162 and development in each of the areas but also Additionally, in 1995 at the 8th ACCSM, a provides an implementation plan and schedule plan for the ASEAN Resource Centers (ARCs) for execution, managing, and tracking.161 Figure were formulated. The ARCs were established to 10 depicts the Strategic Framework for IAI be formed in each of the ASEAN Member States Workplan III. in order to play the vital role of strengthening cooperation in civil service matters and ASEAN Cooperation on Civil Service Matters providing avenues for capacity building within Work Plan (2016-2020) and ASEAN Resource each ASEAN Member Country. The ARCs are Center (ARC) currently present in seven ASEAM Member The ASEAN Cooperation on Civil Service countries including Brunei Darussalam, Matters (ACCSM) Work Plan was established by Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, the the ASEAN Heads of Civil Service to respond Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. to challenges regarding the demographic shift ARCs are currently being established in in the workforce, an elevated expectation of Cambodia and Laos.163 quality customer services, to deliver greater value and efficiency, and to engage citizens in nation- ASEAN-EU Plan of Action (2018-2022) building toward a future equipped for civil The ASEAN-EU (European Union) Plan service. of Action is the successor to the Bandar Seri Begawan Plan of Action to strengthen the
The role of IAI Work Plan III is to support implementation of ASEAN-wide commitments in five strategic areas
The Vision for Work Plan Vision III continues from IAI Work “To assist the CLMV countries Plan II because it remains to meet ASEAN-wide targets and commitments relevant and easy to towards realising the goals of the ASEAN Community” understand Strategic areas & Objectives
1 2 3 4 5 The Strategic areas & Foodd and TradeTd MSMEsMSME Educationdt Healthlth and Objectives were developed Agriculture Facilitation Well-Being in consultation with Member States
Actions The Actions were Each strategic area contains 3-7 actions that outline measures developed through national to be taken to achieve the objectives with the strategic area consultations in each of the CLMV countries Enabling actions The enabling actions help develop the overall capacity of CLMV countries
Figure 10: Strategic Framework for IAI Workplan III
48 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance ASEAN-EU Enhanced Partnership (2013- • Shared commitment to address climate 2017) and was adopted at the PMC+1 with the change and develop climate resilient, an EU to pursue cooperation in conformity with environmentally sustainable ASEAN as the obligations under international law and in well as implementing other countries accordance with their respective domestic laws, contributions under the Paris Climate regulations and policies.164 agreement; The Plan of Action aims to continue • Shared commitment to promote security and narrowing the development gaps between stability in cyberspace; ASEAN Member States through the • Shared commitment to strengthen implementation of the Work Plan of the Initiative connectivity through programs that engage for ASEAN Integration (IAI) and exchange American and ASEAN citizens to promote expertise and best practices with the EU on opportunities for all people, particularly the sustainable development in the Lower Mekong most vulnerable; and sub-region with regard to the EU’s relevant • Shared commitment to continue political programs and experiences and the data provided dialogue at the Head of Stave/Government by the Mekong River Commission. level through Leaders’ attendance at the The plans efforts are toward: Political and annual U.S.-ASEAN Summit and the East Security Cooperation, Economic Cooperation.165 Asia Summit.166
Joint Statement of the ASEAN-US Special Disaster Response in Asia and the Pacific: A Leaders’ Summit 2016 Guide to International Tools and Services 2013 The Heads of State/Government of the The Disaster Response in Asia and the Pacific: Member States of ASEAN and the U.S. met in A Guide to International Tools and Services was Sunnyland, California from February 15-16, 2016 designed to assist disaster managers, national for a Special Leaders Summit. This was the first disaster management organizations (NDMOs), ever Summit marking the increasingly close U.S.- and disaster-affected people with basic tools ASEAN partnership. During the summit, the for using international tools and systems Member States of ASEAN and the U.S. reaffirmed that support disaster response preparedness the key principles guiding their cooperation in a capabilities at a national level across Asia and the joint statement which detailed the following: Pacific. • Mutual respect for sovereignty and territory The guide focuses on preparedness phases of of all nations; the disaster program cycle to: • The importance of nurturing the youth • Create a common understanding of the tools to sustain continued peace, development and services available in the region; and stability, pursuing policies that foster • Support emergency decision making in small, economic growth, job creation, innovation, medium, and large scale disasters; entrepreneurship and connectivity; • Help locate international technical expertise • Firm adherence to regional and international before and at the onset of a disaster; order upholding and protecting rights and • Facilitate partnerships between humanitarian privileges of all states; actors; and • Shared commitment to peaceful resolution of • Inform academic curricula at national and disputes; regional learning institutions. • Shared commitment to peace, security and stability in the region, maritime security and The guide was produced in response to a call safety; by UN Member States and other humanitarian • Shared commitment to promote cooperation stakeholders at the Regional Humanitarian to address common challenges in maritime Partnership Workshop in 2011. It was domain; developed in consultation with 75 Government • Strong resolve to lead on global issues such as officials across the Asia Pacific and with terrorism and violent extremism, trafficking over 50 representatives of intergovernmental in persons, drug trafficking, and illegal, organizations, the Red Cross and Red Crescent unreported, and unregulated fishing, as well Movement, national and international NGOs, as illicit trafficking of wildlife and timber; donors, and other key worldwide agencies.167
ASEAN Disaster Management Reference Handbook | March 2019 49 ASEAN DOCUMENTS, PLANS, PROGRAMS, AND PROJECTS
ASEAN Disaster Management Training ASEAN Disaster Risk Insurance Program Institutes Network The ASEAN Roadmap for Disaster Risk In February 2013, a Training and Knowledge Financing and Insurance (DRFI) is a program Management System (TKMS) was established implemented to build the capacity of the to map existing Disaster Management Training region and ASEAN Member States in disaster Institutes (DMTIs) in the ASEAN region. risk information management, public policy Participants included DMTIs from Indonesia, development and knowledge management. Philippines, Thailand, Singapore, the AHA Additionally, it aims to enhance the capacities of Centre, with support from the ASEAN ASEAN Member States to: Secretariat who formed a network which would • Mitigate disaster and climate risks; become the ASEAN Disaster Management • Manage disaster impacts through risk Training Institutes Network (ADTRAIN) in assessment and modeling, as well as through October 2013. development of enabling institutional and The ADTRAIN was created to be a hug of policy frameworks that support risk financing training and knowledge management for disaster and insurance solutions at the national and risk reduction, emergency preparedness and regional levels; and response in the ASEAN region. Additionally, • Establish cost-effective risk transfer schemes it would facilitate capacity building programs for ASEAN, such as a regional catastrophe and multi-level sharing among the DMTIs and risk insurance pool.170 stakeholders in and outside of the region. Developed in 2013, at the 17th ASEAN The ADTRAIN was established with three Finance Ministers’ Meeting (AFMM) to address objectives: the impacts of disaster and climate change 1. Find ways in which existing disaster and ensure that regional economic gains were management training institutes in the sustained in spite of vulnerabilities and disaster region can support ASEAN’s capacity risk. Additionally, the program ensures the goals building efforts in emergency response and of the AADMER are achieved. disaster risk reduction within the context of The roadmap emphasizes the importance of AADMER; DRFI strategies and aims to: 2. Create an environment through exchanges of • Strengthen capacities of Member States and materials, technology and resources; and the region as a whole to effectively manage 3. Foster cooperation among disaster the impacts of disasters; management training institutes, ASEAN • Enhance the financial resilience of the Member States, civil society, donors, and ASEAN Community; and other stakeholders towards building disaster- • Promote regional cooperation on DRFI for a resilient communities. disaster and climate resilient ASEAN.171 The project was set with a two year 168 AADMER Partnership Group implementation plan ending in 2015. The work The AADMER Partnership Group in ASEAN continues as work of the AHA Centre beyond was formed in 2009. It is a group of seven Non- 2015 as plans to strengthen ASEAN’s mechanism Governmental Organizations (NGOs) that on coordinating and mobilizing humanitarian collaborate with AADMER. It is comprised assistance through the exchange of knowledge of the following organizations: Child Fund and subject matter expertise increases the International, Help Age International, Mercy development of an ASEAN-wide disaster risk Malaysia, Oxfam, Plan International, Save assessment system of hazard and vulnerability the Children International, and World Vision mapping and utilizing the ADTRAIN and other 169 International. APG works with ASEAN towards priority training courses under the AADMER. a “people centered implementation of AADMER” and focuses on the promotion, visibility, and participation of vulnerable groups.172
50 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance ASEAN Information Sharing
Disaster Management Reference Handbook | March 2019 INFORMATION SHARING
Figure 11 is an example of a Flash Update. Flash updates can be found here: https:// Information Sharing ahacentre.org/flash-updates/ The AHA Centre also posts Situation Updates. Understanding how to overcome the These include information of events, forecast and information challenges that civilian and military anticipated risk, as well as assessment of damage, agencies experience during a typical disaster impact, and humanitarian needs. Figure 12 is response mission is important. Knowing what an example of a situational update. Situation the available HADR resources are will assist updates can be found here: https://ahacentre.org/ Joint Task Force leaders and staff during mission situation-updates/ planning.173 Sharing information is critical since The AHA Centre posts Weekly Disaster no single responding entity, NGO, International Updates. These often include a regional summary Governmental Organization (IGO), assisting and tally of the affected population. Often links country government, and host governments can to country and disasters logs are listed. Weekly be the source of all the required information.174 Disaster Updates can be found here: https:// Collaboration, Information Sharing (IS), and ahacentre.org/asean-weekly-disaster-update/ networking has been the backbone of successful The AHA Centre has an official Twitter disaster response and preparation. Disseminating account @AHACentre since July 2011. They information not only to those in country currently have 2,606 followers and have shared and threatened by disaster, but also to those over 4500 tweets. https://twitter.com/AHACentre responding to assist in the emergency has been AHA also has a Facebook page with over crucial to timely, efficient and effective disaster 14,000 followers. https://www.facebook.com/ response. Recent technology has advanced to aid ahacentre. They use these forums to provide predicting and alerting of disasters around the disaster management information and provide world which has resulted in early warning and updates and tools to an international audience. evacuation measures and well as opportunities The Weekly Disaster Update is also shared on to react and prepare for incoming threats to these sites along with photos and videos of countries. The following are some of the ways disaster management trainings and exercises. in which information regarding disaster risk The AHA Centre has a scientific publication management and response are shared. in disaster management, titled the ASEAN Managing information is central to the overall Risk Monitor and Disaster Management mechanisms within disaster preparedness Review (ARMOR). ARMOR aims to promote and response. There are many resources, collaboration and information sharing among stakeholders, and components to consider with the disaster management community by IS before, during, and after a natural disaster. consolidating disaster risk monitoring knowledge Disseminating accurate and timely information and contribute to the ASEAN Agreement on to and from Member States will increase the Disaster Management and Emergency Response likelihood that resources will meet the need of (AADMER) Priority Programmes 1, 5, 6 and 7 the affected country.175 This section will discuss with the following objectives:176 ASEAN specific, humanitarian, and regional • Sharing latest Disaster and Climate sources. Risk Monitoring research initiatives, and collaborations; ASEAN Information Sources • Sharing of lessons learnt from past deployments, latest operational initiatives, The AHA Centre disseminates information on training activities and best practices; a regular basis to the public to raise awareness on • Bridging the gap between research and disaster risk reduction and preparedness. During operations through translational and emergency times, the AHA Centre releases application research initiatives for the benefit immediate Flash Updates and Situation Updates. of ASEAN communities; and Whereas in non-emergency times, the AHA • Building awareness and increasing potential Centre publishes a weekly disaster update called collaborative efforts between ASEAN Diasfore, and a monthly newsletter; The Column. Member States and interested stakeholders. All of these publications are available on www. ahacentre.org as well as the AHA Centre’s social media accounts.
52 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance SATURDAY FLOODING AND LANDSLIDE 26 JAN 2019 IN INDONESIA 1200HRS UTC +7 FLASH UPDATE #1
EFFECTS Sidenreng Rappang Wajo Soppeng 6,956 3,481 79 Barru AFFECTED DISPLACED DAMAGED Pangkajene Dan Kepulauan PERSONS PERSONS HOUSES Maros Sinjai CASUALTIES Gowa Makassar Takalar 59 25 47 DEAD MISSING INJURED Bantaeng Jeneponto Kepulauan Selayar
FLOOD LANDSLIDE TORNADO
Indonesia
• The National Disaster Management Organisation of Indonesia, Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB), is currently responding to the situation. • Since 24 January 2019, AHA Centre has been closely monitoring the event on the DMRS. • Based on official figures provided by BNPB, a total of 106 villages, spread across 61 sub- districts in 13 districts (Map above), in South Sulawesi were affected. • In addition to the summary of effects and casualties provided above, there are 4,857 submerged houses, 11,876 hectares of submerged rice fields, 10 damaged bridges, 16.2 kilometre of damaged roads, 2 damaged markets, 12 damaged worship facilities, 6 damaged government facilities, and 22 damaged schools, to date. • Floods have receded in several areas. The joint Search and Rescue team continues to evacuate, search, and rescue victims. Help continues to arrive from various parties. • BPBD with BNPB, TNI, Polri, Basarnas, Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Public Works, Regional Work Units, NGOs, volunteers and various other elements continue to assist in handling emergencies. • The Head of BNPB, Doni Monardo, provided ready-to-use funds worth USD 72,309 and logistics worth USD 59,051 for emergency handling. These were immediately received by the Governor of South Sulawesi, HM Nurdin Abdullah, at the Office of the Governor on 24 January 2019. • AHA Centre had also noted the probability of similar events happening in several parts of Indonesia until the end of the month, due to the forecasted continuous rain. • AHA Centre is continuously monitoring the event for significant developments.
DATA SOURCES DISCLAIMER management and humanitarian assistance. © 2018 AHA Centre. Our mailing address is: AHA Centre Disaster Monitoring & Response System (DMRS); The AHA Centre was established in November 2011 The use of boundaries, geographic names, related All rights reserved. AHA Centre, FigureASEAN Disaster 11: Information AHA Network; Centre Flash Updatesby the Association of South East Asian National information and potential considerations for response You are receiving this email GRAHA BNPB 13th Floor, Pacific Disaster Center (PDC Global), (ASEAN) and ASEAN member states to facilitate are for reference, not warranted to be error free or because you are registered in Jl. Raya Pramuka Kav. 38, Indonesia: cooperation and coordination among the Parties, implying official endorsement from ASEAN Member our distribution list. Jakarta 13120 Indonesia Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (BNPB) relevant agencies of the United Nations and States. international organisations in disaster ASEAN Disaster Management Reference Handbook | March 2019 53 INFORMATION SHARING
SITUATION UPDATE NO . 15 - FINAL M 7.4 EARTHQUAKE & TSUNAMI No. 1 5 Sulawesi, Indonesia http://adinet.ahacentre.org/reports/view/1319 | Glide: EQ-2018-000156-IDN
Friday, 26 October 2018, 12:00 hrs (UTC+7)
This Situation Update is provided by the AHA Centre for use by the ASEAN Member States and relevant stakeholders. The information presented is collected from various sources, including but not limited to, ASEAN Member States’ government agencies, UN, IFRC, NGOs and news agencies.
Figure 12: AHA Centre Situation Updates
54 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance SITUATION UPDATE 1
making support tool. The tool utilizes maps Risk Monitoring & Early Warning and modeling applications to improve response times and lead to more efficient use of relief In addition to information reports and resources.178 publications, the AHA Centre has Risk The Pacific Disaster Center (PDC) designed Monitoring and Early Warning Systems. The and installed the system and led the training to ASEAN communities are geographically located ensure disaster operators were fully conversant in a location susceptible to natural disasters with the system and could maximize the AHA and thus have had to mitigate best practices Centre’s ability to fully assist ASEAN Member for DRM and DRR. Primarily, the plans for States in preparing for, and responding to risk management and reduction are warning disasters.179 The PDC feeds information to the systems to alleviate the reach of the damage DMRS which receives constant inputs on hazards to the communities at risk. The challenge of in the region as they happen as well as hydro implementation has been varied depending meteorological data such as wind speed and on the country’s access to technology. In direction, clouds, sea temperature, etc. The maps general however, efforts have been successful in can provide additional information with overlays implementing services for warning and response based on population density data, location of across all of ASEAN. airports and seaports, and major roads and One of the core strengths of the ASEAN infrastructure to provide context to threats spirit is translated into concrete action via its and enable specific analysis for response and leadership in providing Risk Identification, mitigation planning.180 Early Warning and Monitoring. Through these The system was formally launched on activities, AHA Centre aims to reduce loss of life January 10, 2013 with funding from USAID and and damage to property from natural disasters enhances advanced disaster monitoring, warning, through the identification of hazards and risks modeling, evidence-based decision making, prior to impacts and increase the warning time and trans-border cooperation capabilities in of natural disasters.177 The following are details the region. The DMRS was developed based on of some of these practices and systems including PDC’s DisasterAWARE product and customized the ASEAN Disaster Monitoring and Response to meet specific ASEAN requirements.181 System (DMRS), the Web-based Emergency It shows real time information hazards in Operation Centre (WebEOC), ASEAN Disaster the region as they occur as well as presents Information Network (ADInet), and the ASEAN hydrometeorological data such as wind direction Science-based Disaster Management Platform and speed, clouds, and sea temperature. The (ASDMP). maps can be overlaid with additional information including population density data, locations Disaster Monitoring and Response System of airports, seaports, and other major roads and infrastructure.182 Other custom versions of (DMRS) DisasterAWARE are in use by individual Member In 2010, President Barack Obama initiated States of ASEAN such as Thailand, Vietnam, and an offer of support to ASEAN to develop a Indonesia.183 multi-hazard early warning system. Following Figure 13 shows a screenshot of the DMRS which, the ASEAN Coordinating Centre for the Philippines. The DMRS website is located for Humanitarian Assistance on Disaster here: https://ahacentre.org/Subscribe at https:// Management (AHA Centre) in conjunction ahacentre.org/subscribe-to-flash-update/, or with a team of international specialists began email [email protected] work on installing the ASEAN DMRS to provide streams of data on events such as earthquakes, floods, tsunamis, forest fires, and other natural WebEOC disasters from all over ASEAN and providing all WebEOC is an informational platform of this information on one interface to enhance which enables communication and information disaster monitoring and decision making. The sharing between the AHA Centre and NDMOs, system compiles and transforms the information during emergency and non-emergency periods. from national and international hazard The movement of resources, correspondence monitoring disaster warning agencies into a big between the affected country and assisting entity, picture regional event-tracking and decision situational changes, and decisions are able to be accessed and recorded in this platform. The
ASEAN Disaster Management Reference Handbook | March 2019 55 INFORMATION SHARING
Figure 13: AHA Centre Disaster Monitoring & Response System
WebEOC also contains information regarding ASEAN Science-based Disaster Management standby assets and capabilities of ASEAN Member States and other international partners. Platform (ASDMP) Having this information enables the AHA Centre Another platform that can be utilized is the to mobilize resources quickly.184 ASDMP. The ASDMP is a one-stop interactive research portal that houses more than a thousand disaster-related research products for Southeast ASEAN Disaster Information Network (ADInet) Asia, and connects disaster management In addition to the DMRS monitoring system practitioners and policy makers with scientists and WebEOC, ADInet is an open platform for and researchers. It houses thousands of the public to access a repository of information resources on disasters including documents and concerning hazards and disasters as well as publications, reports and research, legislation on submit information about disasters in the region disaster risk reduction and disaster management to the AHA Centre. The AHA Centre collects and as well as a discussion forum where individuals verifies submitted information for accuracy and can pose questions, participate in surveys and posts relevant and necessary updates and data create conversation about issues surrounding inputs to the platform for centralized and easily disaster management and mitigation.186 Disaster accessed information on natural disasters such as information, documents, publications, DM flood, landslide, wind, storm, drought, volcano Community information, and discussion forums and earthquakes in the region. It has been 185 can be accessed through this platform. The operational since 2012. ASDMP can be accessed here: http://asdmp. Figure 14 depicts ADInet’s home webpage. The ahacentre.org/ASDMP/index.do website is located here: http://adinet.ahacentre. org.
56 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance ADInet http://adinet.ahacentre.org/
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200 km 200 mi © 2019 Microsoft Corporation Earthstar Geographics SIO Terms of Use How to Report Scale = 1 : 14M 3.73442, 110.49359 By using an app: iPhone More Information Android FigureInterval: 14: TheFrom: ASEAN Disasterto: Information Network By sending an email: Jan Nov Sep [email protected] In addition20122012 to ASEAN2013 20132014 specific2015 sources,20152016 there2017 2018 2019 humanitarian law andBy filling its this formimplementation on our website. in are many humanitarian, and regional sources national law. that can be used for information sharing in the region. These sources include websites, situation Website: http://www.ifrc.org/ reports, as well as platforms. Reports (from the map, listed in chronological order) Website:Official https://www.redcross.org& mainstream news
HumanitarianTITLE Information SourcesLOCATION DATE HumanitarianTITLE ResponseSOURCE is a platformDATE providing Mar 17 six dead dozens injured blast rocks Mar 22 Indonesia, Earthquake in East Lombok East Lombok www.nst.com.my 2019 thechina... humanitarian community a means 2019to aid Mar 16 death toll in china landslide rises to Mar 22 Indonesia, Flooding in Sentani Sentani District in coordination of operationalwww.thejakartapost.com information and UNOCHA mail list (available by request to 2019be 20.html 2019
added) Mar 11 related activities. Mar 22 Philippines, Drought in North Cotabato North Cotabato indonesia flood toll tops 100 dozens still... www.phnompenhpost.com 2019 2019 Bandung dried out prolonged drought wipes Mar 22 Indonesia, Flooding in West Java Mar 8 2019 www.phnompenhpost.com ReliefWeb is a service of UNOCHARegency that Website:popular... https://www.humanitarianresponse.2019
Indonesia, Flooding in East Java East Java Mar 7 2019 info/ Mar 22 consolidates information and analysis from police involved rock drugs ring says sar... www.phnompenhpost.com 2019 West organizations,Indonesia, Flooding countries and Landslide and in West... disasters for theMar 7 2019 Manggarai harden capela lead rockets to easy win Mar 22 borneobulletin.com.bn humanitarian community. Globalover... Disaster Alert and Coordination2019 System Betong, Malaysia, Flooding in Sarawak Mar 5 2019 Sarawak (GDACS)/Virtual OSOCC is a cooperationMar 22 drought wipes popular chilean lake from... borneobulletin.com.bn Website: https://reliefweb.int/ framework between the United Nations,2019 the mozambique zimbabwe cyclone deaths Mar 22 borneobulletin.com.bn Europeanexceed... Commission and disaster managers2019 PreventionWeb is provided by UNISDR to worldwide to improve alerts, information consolidate disaster risk reduction information exchange and coordination in the first phase after 1 ofinto 2 an online, easy to understand platform. major sudden-onset disasters. 3/21/2019, 10:36 AM Website: http://www.preventionweb.net/english/ Website: https://vosocc.unocha.org/ International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) is an The latest alerts can be found here: http://www. independent, neutral organization ensuring gdacs.org/Alerts/default.aspx humanitarian protection and assistance for victims of war and armed violence. It takes To subscribe: http://www.gdacs.org/About/ action in response to emergencies and at the contactus.aspx same time promotes respect for international
ASEAN Disaster Management Reference Handbook | March 2019 57 INFORMATION SHARING
Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System Most HCT SitReps can be found through On December 26, 2004 a strong earthquake ReliefWeb: https://reliefweb.int/. struck the west coast of Northern Sumatra, Humanitarian Data Exchange (HDX) is an Indonesia generating a large tsunami that open platform for sharing data across crises and reached widely across the Indian Ocean and organizations launched in 2014 with the goal of to the east coast of Africa. The tsunami caused centralizing humanitarian data for easy access severe damage in Sri Lanka which had no prior and analysis. HDX is managed by the Center for notice of the earthquake, nor the incoming Humanitarian Data in The Hague and is part of tsunami until it hit. The tsunami resulted in a OCHA the United Nations Secretariat. death toll of more than 22,000.187 As a result of the devastation, and in order to Website: https://data.humdata.org/faq initiate disaster prevention specifically for the region, the United Nation’s Intergovernmental Regional Information Sources Oceanographic Commission began efforts to create an Indian Ocean tsunami early warning Singapore's Armed Forces Changi Regional system. The system tracks earthquake activity HADR Coordination Centre (RHCC) was in the Indian Ocean and transmits to the launched in September 2014 to support Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC) the military of a disaster affected state in based in Hawaii and the Japan Meteorological coordinating assistance with foreign military. Agency (JMA) in Tokyo. The PTWC and the It aims to provide open, inclusive and flexible JMA provide the tsunami watch by receiving platforms that allow both regional and extra- earthquake information and data from tidal regional militaries to work together effectively in gauges and deep ocean assessment and reporting a multinational disaster response effort. RHCC of tsunamis (DART) sensors or buoys. They manages the OPERA CIS web portal to broadcast operate to determine the size of the earthquake updated situation status of multinational military and predict any potential tsunami activity and responses to disasters to minimize duplication the arrival times wherever possible. Today, 26 out and gaps in the provision of foreign military of 28 Indian Ocean countries have focal points to assistance. receive tsunami bulletins. Warnings to the populations are delivered Website: https://www.changirhcc.org/ via airwaves- radio, television, SMS, email, and also manually, using bells, megaphones or loud To subscribe to RHCC Weekly and Spot Reports, speakers attached to mosques to deliver warning email: [email protected] messages. Some countries practice evacuation drills with local agencies and many coordinate United Nations Office for the Coordination efforts with NGOs and other community of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA) Regional groups to educate and coordinate with the Office for Asia and the Pacific (UNOCHA local populations on disaster planning and 188 ROAP) seeks to optimize the speed, volume preparedness. and quality of humanitarian assistance and coordinates emergency preparedness and Consider other sites such as: response in the world’s most disaster-prone region in support of national governments. Humanitarian Country Teams (HCT) ROAP covers 41 countries partnering with The HCT is a strategic and operational them for coordinated and effective international decision-making and oversight forum established responses to emergency situations. and led by the Humanitarian Coordinator in each country. It is generally comprised of Website: https://www.unocha.org/roap representatives from the UN, IOM, international NGOs, and the Red Cross/Red Crescent For UNOCHA situation reports, click on Movement. During a disaster response, HCT’s “Subscribe” button on bottom of page. often produce a Situation Report, often in conjunction with UNOCHA.
58 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Pacific Disaster Center US Government (USG) Information The Pacific Disaster Center (PDC) has Sources trademarked an early warning and decision support system called DisasterAWARE®. U.S. Agency for International Development DisasterAWARE® is primarily for disaster (USAID) management practitioners and senior decision USAID is committed to responding to crises makers and supports disaster risk reduction and around the world to help people and places most best practices throughout all phases of disaster in need. They aim to: management from early warning, multi-hazard • Promote Global Health; monitoring, and boasts the largest collection • Support Global Stability; of scientifically verified, geospatial data and • Provide Humanitarian Assistance; modeling tools to assess hazard risks and • Catalyze Innovation and Partnership; and impacts. • Empower Women and Girls. The PDC also hosts a public application, Disaster Alert which is a free, early warning app USAID produces a monthly newsletter called to receive customizable map based visual alerts USAID Newsletter which is available digitally of active hazards. The app offers the fastest, at, https://www.usaid.gov/news-information/ most comprehensive global notification system newsletter covering every type of natural and man-made More information and updates from USAID is hazard to the public. It is available on both available via their blog, IMPACT at, https://blog. iPhone and Android. There is also a link to Disaster Alert without the app to view the world usaid.gov/ and on Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, 190 and YouTube. map documenting 18 hazard types.
Website: https://www.usaid.gov/ Website: https://www.pdc.org/ https://disasteralert.pdc.org/disasteralert/ Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA) The U.S. Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance DisasterAWARE® / Emergency Operations is responsible for leading and coordinating the (EMOPS) system: U.S. Government response to disasters overseas. (Request account): https://emops.pdc.org/emops/ OFDA responds to an average of 65 disasters To subscribe to PDC reports email: response@ in more than 50 countries every year. OFDA pdc.org fulfils its mandate of saving lives, alleviating human suffering and the reduction of the social DoD Information Sources and economic impact to disasters worldwide in partnership with USAID functional and regional All Partners Access Network (APAN) bureaus and other U.S. government agencies. APAN is the Unclassified Information Sharing OFDA works with the international population Service (UISS) for the U.S. Department of to assist countries prepare for, respond to and Defense. APAN provides the DoD and mission recover from humanitarian crises.189 partners community space and collaboration USAID/OFDA products are sitreps, and maps tools to leverage information to effectively which are available via email mailing lists. plan, train and respond to meet their business requirements and mission objectives. For OFDA updates on a disaster response, Importantly, APAN’s technology team has ask the OFDA representative for the respective been supporting humanitarian assistance and COCOM to add you to the email list: disaster response (HADR) operations for over • [email protected] 15 years. APAN has played an integral role in • [email protected] the success of disaster responses in the 2015 • [email protected] California Wildfire Response, the 2013 Typhoon • [email protected] Haiyan Response among others in which • [email protected] they provided organizations and militaries • [email protected] a centralized location to share information, • [email protected] increase situational awareness and decrease
ASEAN Disaster Management Reference Handbook | March 2019 59 INFORMATION SHARING
response time and duplicated efforts for best Humanitarian Information Reports (CHIP), Best practices in HADR services.191 Practices Pamphlets, Case Studies, Fact Sheets, Website: https://www.apan.org/ a report on the ASEAN Joint Disaster Response Plan Workshops, among others. CFE-DM Note: The Multinational Communications also works to improve cross-coordination and Interoperability Program (MCIP) has an APAN reduce duplication of efforts and promote U.S. site used in planning exercises and real world involvement in civ-mil consultations and dialogs HADR information sharing.192 with relevant HADR parties such as the AHA Centre, UNOCHA, and the RHCC. CFE provides Joint Typhoon Warning Center provides DMHA resources and updates on its website, as advanced warning for U.S. government agencies well as via their Facebook and Twitter accounts. and organizations in relevant areas. A link to the CFE-DM website is located here: Website: https://www.cfe-dmha.org/ Website: http://www.usno.navy.mil/JTWC/ CFE-DM has completed Disaster Management Reference Handbooks for all ten ASEAN APCSS is a U.S. Department of Defense institute Member States. Figure 15 depicts the covers of that addresses regional and global security issues, each handbook. CFE-DM's Disaster Management inviting military and civilian representatives (DM) Reference Handbooks provide a baseline of the U.S. and Asia-Pacific nations to its of information regarding countries most prone comprehensive program of executive education to disasters. The handbooks offer readers an and workshops. operational understanding of a nation's disaster Website: http://www.apcss.org/ management capability and vulnerability, with detailed information on demographics, hazards, The Center for Excellence in Disaster infrastructure, DM laws and plans, regional and Management and Humanitarian Assistance international assistance, and other areas vital to a (CFE-DM) comprehensive disaster management knowledge There are several informational products base. They can be downloaded here: available for download from CFE-DM. They https://www.cfe-dmha.org/DMHA-Resources/ produce Disaster Information Reports (CDIRs), Disaster-Management-Reference-Handbooks
Figure 15: Disaster Management Reference Handbooks for Ten ASEAN Member States
60 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance ASEAN ASEAN Continued Vision
Disaster Management Reference Handbook | March 2019 ASEAN CONTINUED VISION
on the ASEAN region and its Member States; • Provision of statistical services to the ASEAN ASEAN Continued Secretariat, ASEAN bodies and ASEAN stakeholders; • Harmonization of ASEAN statistics – Vision standardization of concepts, definitions, classifications, and approaches; Established in 1967, ASEAN set out to • Implementation, coordination and facilitation accomplish several ambitious goals toward of regional statistical programs and activities unifying the region toward prosperity and advancement. Over the past 50 years, ASEAN has including those of the working groups, task continued to develop its strategic coordination forces within the ASEAN Framework of and shepherding of its three pillars; Political- Cooperation in Statistics, with guidance from Security Community, Economic Community, the ASEAN Community Statistical System and Socio-Cultural Community.193 ASEAN (ACSS) Committee; and continues to be forward thinking with goals • Implementation of policies and facilitation of and specific guidelines for the economic, social, partnership between the ACSS Committee, human, prosperity and safety of its people. The ASEAN bodies, and international/regional ASEAN Vision 2050 drives those goals and meets statistical communities. regularly with summits and coordinating events to track and manage the guiding platforms. The ASEAN Community Progress Monitoring Toward the future, the ASEAN Leaders System (ACPMS) tracks pertinent socio- have adopted the Master Plan on ASEAN economic progress and trends in ASEAN through Connectivity (MPAC) 2025 as a successor to the the use of outcomes-level Key Performance MPAC 2010. The MPAC 2025 is a comprehensive Indicators (KPIs) for the ASEAN Economic framework to link the region through physical, Community (AEC) as well as the ASEAN Socio- institutional, and person to person interaction. Cultural Community (ASCC). They provide the The Master Plan focuses on five strategic areas: date via annual statistical publications, online sustainable infrastructure, digital innovation, databases, and by specific request. Progress is seamless logistics, regulatory excellence, and tracked with regard to Population, Education people mobility. Additionally, the Plan seeks and Health, Employment, Macroeconomics, to improve the way people live, work, and Trade in Goods, Trade in Services, Foreign Direct travel in the region for a more competitive, Investment (FDI), Transportation, Tourism, innovative, resilient environment. The forward Agriculture, Manufacturing, Other Social, and momentum of these strategies for the social Other Sectors.195 and environmental sustainability of the region continue to support the core of ASEAN’s work to promote peace, security and prosperity in the Disaster and Climate Resilience region.194 Equally important to the ambitious plans and strategies ASEAN has set into place has ASEAN Member States (AMS) by virtue of been the accountability ASEAN Member States geographic location experience many of the have to report and track progress toward the world’s worst natural disaster. Additionally, the goals and time lines for progress. The following growing threat of climate change can magnify section details the ways in which ASEAN tracks these events for the AMS. Therefore, AMS has its progress. been very proactive with efforts to address both disaster risk management as well as climate change adaptation. The Hyogo Framework set ASEANstats and Achievements up a plan of action for reducing disaster risk, The ASEAN Statistics Division (ASEANstats) the Millennium Development Goals were also is a division under the ASEAN Economic implemented with the goal of improving the Community Department whose main functions life of the region’s most vulnerable and at risk are: communities. • Development of regional indicators, data Climate change efforts were focused on frameworks and systems for monitoring weather variability, rise in average temperatures, ASEAN Community goals and initiatives; and sea levels. Additionally, disaster risks of • Compilation, consolidation, dissemination the country, human impact, environmental and communication of statistical information degradation, and ecosystem destruction are
62 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance also noted contributors overall DRM and CCA. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Therefore, policy should reflect the sustainable Crescent Societies development for adequate efforts to reduce risk The International Federation of Red Cross and and scale of climate change for the region. Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) is an independent However, coordination between DRR and humanitarian organization which comprises CCA efforts is often institutionally segregated the 190 National Red Cross and Red Crescent due to parallel efforts and agencies managing Societies worldwide. It facilitates and promotes the plans and results. ASEAN countries all forms of humanitarian activities by its have separate platforms for DRM and CCA. National Societies, with a view to preventing and Institutional integration between the two efforts alleviating human suffering thereby contributing would reduce administrative burdens, increase to the maintenance and promotion of world the overall efficiency of financial, human and peace. It was founded in 1919, and includes 190 natural resources and increase the overall benefit Red Cross and Red Crescent National Societies. 196 The IFRC carries out relief operations to assist of risk reduction. victims of disasters, and combines this with There are many other ASEAN documents and development work to strengthen the capacities of plans addressing climate change and disaster its member National Societies.200 There are IFRC risk, and sustainable development including, the Country offices in Myanmar and the Philippines Roadmap for an ASEAN Community (2009- and all 10 ASEAN Member States have a national 2015), ASEAN Community’s Post-2015 Vision, Red Cross.201 ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and The National Red Cross and Red Crescent Emergency Response, ASEAN Climate Change Societies located in the ASEAN Region are Initiative, ASEAN Action Plan on Joint Response committed to alleviation of human suffering in to Climate Change, and the ASEAN Declaration the aftermath of natural and man-made disasters, on Environmental Sustainability.197 and other related challenges in the ASEAN In 2015 ASEAN adopted a “Declaration on region. In addition, the National Societies Institutionalising the Resilience of ASEAN and with support from IFRC provide support in Its Communities and Peoples to Disasters and preparing for, responding to and mitigating the Climate Change”. The Declaration focused on impact of the various humanitarian issues in the the exposure of AMS to various natural hazards region. The IFRC is committed to the ASEAN and vulnerability to extreme weather due to community and respects the fundamental climate change as well as the economic, social, humanitarian principles of the region by cultural, physical and environmental effects of demonstrating a strong foundation of volunteers. those incidences to the sustainable development They also adhere to the Fundamental Principles of the region. As a result, 12 commitments were of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent made in the declaration to promote development Movement which are humanity, independence, in building a more resilient ASEAN Community neutrality, impartiality, voluntary service, 198 unity and universality. In addition, enhancing with regard to disasters and climate change. partnerships, joint engagements, and initiatives such as "One ASEAN, One Response" are ASEAN’s International Partnerships in HADR important tenets of the organization. Building ASEAN has partnered far beyond its on these regional synergies towards the ASEAN original 10 Member States creating lasting and vision of building a safer and disaster resilient strengthening ties and collaborations across the region, the IFRC and its member National globe. ASEAN has formed formal partnerships Societies have committed to help support the and agreements with Australia, Canada, China, vision of ASEAN.202 the European Union, Germany, India, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Pakistan, Tokyo, Russia, The Checklist on the Facilitation and Regulation the Republic of Korea, Switzerland, and the of International Disaster Relief and Initial United States.199 The ASEAN community also Recovery Assistance (IDRL) In 2007 the International Red Cross Red recognizes the vital role that relationships play Crescent Movement and the State Parties to the with the humanitarian community including Geneva Conventions adopted the Guidelines IFRC, RedR Australia, ACMC, and UNOCHA for the Domestic Facilitation and Regulation just to name a few. of International Disaster Relief and Initial Recovery Assistance (IDRL Guidelines). The
ASEAN Disaster Management Reference Handbook | March 2019 63 ASEAN CONTINUED VISION
IDRL Guidelines provide best practices on legal is a bilateral effort to expand and formalize the preparedness for international humanitarian partnership between the two parties. assistance, through strengthening governments’ The collaboration between AHA Centre legal and policy frameworks for addressing and RedR aims to strengthen disaster response common legal and operational problems for in ASEAN and to develop better disaster incoming and outgoing international aid, as management capabilities in the region. This well as assist governments to avoid unnecessary will enable more robust deployable experts in delays in dissemination of humanitarian relief ASEAN, as well as efficient roster management while ensuring good coordination and quality of practices, effective monitoring, evaluation, aid.203 The core principles of the IDRL Guidelines 204 accountability and learning processes, for are as follows: appropriate and effective risk management. RedR • Domestic actors have the primary role to Australia has also cooperated with the AHA respond to disasters within their territory; Centre’s training programs, such as the AHA • International relief providers have Centre Executive (ACE) Programme.206 responsibilities; • International actors need legal facilities; and • Some legal facilities should be conditional. Australian Civil-Military Centre (ACMC) The ACMC is an initiative of the Australian Over 30 countries have adopted new laws and/ Government administered by the Australian or procedures based on the IDRL Guidelines Ministry of Defence with the mission to support since its adoption in 2007. In addition, National the development of national civil, military, Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, have and police capabilities to prevent, prepare for, provided support to over 100 countries with and respond more effectively to conflicts and regard to best practices for international disasters overseas. humanitarian assistance. A subsequent version The ACMC works within the national security was created in 2017 called the Checklist on the environment to promote Australia’s coordination Facilitation and Regulation of International efforts within government and with Australia’s Disaster Relief and Initial Recovery Assistance international partners.207 (the IDRL Checklist) to supplement the Guidelines with additional tools. United Nations Office for the Coordination of The IDRL Checklist’s intended audience is Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA) national authorities, law and policy makers, UNOCHA was established in 1998 as part national disaster management organizations, of the Secretary-General’s reform program social ministries and department heads, the to expand the coordination of humanitarian National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, response, policy development, and humanitarian international and regional organizations, disaster advocacy. OCHA is responsible for bringing risk management practitioners and local and civil together humanitarian actors to coordinate society actors implementing or assisting with a cohesive response to emergencies. OCHA disaster related law and policy making actions. rapidly deploys expert teams to crisis areas and The IDRL Guidelines and Checklist can be maintains an Emergency Response Roster of used for preparedness planning, simulation teams standing by to deploy in three month exercises, law drafting and law reform, and to rotations. OCHA provides funding for life saving inform operations of common legal barriers to activities and has 30 field offices, 6 regional international humanitarian assistance. It can also offices and 18 Humanitarian Adviser Teams be used as a stand-alone guide for discussions and consultations by all international disaster around the world. OCHA delivers its mandate response actors.205 through: • Coordination of people, tools and experience; RedR Australia • Advocacy on behalf of people affected by RedR and the AHA Centre have signed conflict and disaster; a Memorandum of Intent in order to for a • Information Management - collecting, partnership between the two entities. This analyzing and sharing critical information; partnership is channeled under the Australia • Humanitarian Financing - organizing and Assists – Technical Assistance in Disaster Risk monitoring humanitarian funding; and • Policy - providing guidance and clarity on Management Programme, which a managed 208 by RedR Australian and the Australian humanitarian policy. Government’s Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT). The Memorandum of Intent
64 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance ASEAN Conclusion
Disaster Management Reference Handbook | March 2019 CONCLUSION
Conclusion Since its inception in 1967, ASEAN has Geographically, the Asia Pacific Region, where championed an idealized society in which ASEAN Member States are located, is the world’s the whole of the ASEAN community as a most vulnerable region to natural disasters. geographical region and as a people work Disaster events in the region in the last decade together to accomplish economic, political, have shown hazards to be more intense, more social, and physical prosperity. Driven by frequent, and more unpredictable.213 Therefore, the original five nation’s goal to represent the with regard to disaster response and climate collective will of the people of Southeast Asia, change adaptation, ASEAN has proactively led they have committed to: bind themselves the way in the region. Establishing structures together in friendship, cooperation, and through such as the ASEAN Agreement on Disaster a joint effort to secure peace, freedom and Management and Emergency Response prosperity for the people and their posterity. (AADMER) in 2009 which aids in efforts to Guided by these original goals and with the envision disaster resilient nations and make safer additions of the remaining Member States, they communities in the ASEAN region. Specifically, planned specific declarations and initiatives AADMER exists to provide a structure by to bring them to fruition. As a result, ASEAN which ASEAN can “jointly respond to disaster has continued, for over 50 years, to build on its emergencies”.214 successes with a focus on a peaceful community, Additionally, the 2014 ASEAN Joint Disaster a sustainable, highly integrated economy; Response Plan (AJDRP) is one component fundamental human rights for all, a higher of the "One ASEAN, One Response" strategy quality of life and a resilient and self-sufficient adopted by the ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on disaster management plan to protect the bright Disaster Management (AMMDM).215 It provides future of the region.209 a common framework to deliver timely, at- Efforts such as the ASEAN Community Vision scale, and joint responses to disasters through 2025 highlight the specific goals of ASEAN. mobilization of required assets and capacities The ASEAN Political-Security Community applying primarily during preparedness and focuses on ASEAN’s commitment to peaceful response phases.216 relations, human rights and freedoms, a stand Coordinating these efforts toward disaster against nuclear weapons and other weapons management is the AHA Centre, established in of mass destruction, and continues to develop 2011 to facilitate regional cooperation for disaster partnerships and alliances for its efforts. The response, joint emergency preparedness, and ASEAN Economic Community continues to operational regional coordination mechanisms grow highly competitive trade, investment and for emergency preparedness and response. job creation in the region as it is projected to rise The AHA Centre works as the key facilitation to the fourth largest economy in the world by unit with the cooperation and coordination 2050.210 The ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community within ASEAN Member States and other focuses its aim toward inclusivity and resilience important agencies such as the United Nations to capacity and capability in adapting and and international partners. During a disaster, responding to human and natural disasters as the AHA Centre is the first point of contact well as emerging climate change threats and for all ASEAN Member States and coordinates challenges.211 all responding activities.217 These teams and These efforts maintain ASEAN’s commitment initiatives ensure ASEAN nations are prepared to the goals of the founding Member States to for, can react to, and recover from disasters in the improve the lives of Southeast Asian people region. through economic and cultural development, It is evident that ASEAN has been successful social progress, regional peace and security, in its strides toward its goals for the region and collaboration, mutual assistance in training and continues to reach forward toward the future of a research, improvement in standard of living, prosperous ASEAN. and the promotion of Southeast Asian studies and cooperation with regional and international organizations.212
66 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance ASEAN Appendices
Disaster Management Reference Handbook | March 2019 APPENDICES
countries and establishes baselines for the levels of progress achieved with regard to the Appendices implementation of the HFA’s five priorities for action.219 HFA Country Progress Report The ASEAN HFA progress report summaries the key findings of the multi-stakeholder review of transboundary risks and progress in The primary aim of the Regional Hyogo risk reduction efforts at the sub-regional level; Framework for Action (HFA) monitor is to highlighting relevant gaps and challenges, with capture information on the status and progress regard to existing sub-regional risk reduction of disaster risk reduction efforts from a regional commitments, strategies, frameworks and action or sub-regional perspective. The HFA encourages plans. sub/regional intergovernmental and international In July 2010, the ASEAN Member States organizations to review the progress and status of signed the ASEAN Agreement on Disaster the implementation of the framework at regional Management and Emergency Response and global levels. Specifically, the HFA calls upon (AADMER) Agreement to initiate a regional regional organizations to: framework for cooperation, coordination, • Promote regional programs, including pro- technical assistance and resource mobilization grams for technical cooperation, capacity in all aspects of disaster management in order to development, the development of method- affirm ASEAN’s commitment to the HFA and is ologies and standards for hazard and vulnera- the first legally binding HFA related instrument bility monitoring and assessment, the sharing in the world.220 of information and effective mobilization of resources, in view of supporting national and regional efforts to achieve the objectives of ASEAN Regional Progress Report on the HFA; the Implementation of HFA (2011- • Undertake and publish regional and sub- regional baseline assessments of status in 2013) disaster risk reduction; • Coordinate and publish periodic reviews on The ASEAN regional progress report on the progress in the region and on impediments implementation of the Hyogo Framework for and support needs, and assist countries, as Action (HFA) (2011 – 2013) assesses the trans- requested in the preparation of periodic boundary issues and status and progress of the national summaries of their programs and implementation of disaster risk reduction actions progress; in ASEAN countries and establishes baselines • Establish or strengthen existing specialized on levels of progress achieved with respect to the regional collaborative centers as appropriate; implementation of the HFA’s five priorities for • Support the development of regional mecha- action.221 nisms and capacity for early warning to Table 2 shows the results of the Regional disasters.218 HFA for ASEAN. The full report is available at detailing the specifics of ASEANs progress report The most recent inputs to the regional can be found at: https://www.preventionweb. HFA monitor for ASEAN were collected from net/files/39137_39137aseansubregionalrepo designated focal points in the regional or sub- rt20112013.pdf regional inter-governmental organizations and generated comprehensive ‘Regional HFA Progress Reviews’ for the period 2013-2015. The preparation of the ASEAN specific Regional Progress Report was undertaken during the 2011 – 2013 period and facilitated by the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR). The progress report primarily assesses the trans-boundary issues and the status and progress in the implementation of disaster risk reduction actions in ASEAN
68 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Priority for Action #1: Ensure disaster risk reduction is a national and local priority with a strong institutional basis for implementation (Sub-) Region- (Sub-)Regional Indicator Description Level of Progress al Indicator Achieved 1 A (sub-) regional framework, strategy or action plan for disaster risk 4 reduction exists. 2 A multi-sectoral (sub-) regional institutional mechanism exists. 4 3 Institutional mechanism in place to monitor risk reduction status and 4 progress at (sub-) regional level. 4 (Sub-) regional training/capacity building programs/institutions exist to 4 support capacity building for DRR at national/regional levels. Priority for Action #2: Risk assessment and early warning systems (Sub-) Region- (Sub-)Regional Indicator Description Level of Progress al Indicator Achieved 5 Institutional mechanism and procedures are in place to carry out trans- 4 boundary risk assessments. 6 (Sub-) regional early warning systems exist. 3 Priority for Action #3: Use knowledge, innovation and education to build culture of safety and resilience at all levels (Sub-) (Sub-)Regional Indicator Description Level of Progress Regional Achieved Indicator 7 (Sub-) regional information and knowledge sharing mechanism available. 4 8 (Sub-) regional research institutions for disaster risk reduction exist. 4 Priority for Action #4: Reducing underlying risk factors (Sub-) (Sub-)Regional Indicator Description Level of Progress Regional Achieved Indicator 9 DRR is an integral objective of (sub-) regional policies and plans. 4 10 (Sub-) regional infrastructure projects have processes to assess disaster risk 3 impacts. Priority for Action #5: Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response at all levels (Sub-) (Sub-)Regional Indicator Description Level of Progress Regional Achieved Indicator 11 (Sub-) regional response mechanism in place to address disaster 4 preparedness, emergency relief and rehabilitation issues across borders. 12 (Sub-) regional contingency mechanism exists to support countries in post 2 disaster recovery. 13 (Sub-) regional catastrophe risk pooling facility available. 3 14 (Sub-) regional information exchange mechanism in place for effective 4 communication during trans-boundary disasters.
Table Notes: *Level of Progress: 1 – Minor progress with few signs of forward action in plans or policy 2 – Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment 3 – Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial 4 – Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities 5 – Comprehensive achievement with sustained commitment and capacities at all levels Table 2: Results of ASEAN Regional HFA, 2011-2013
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Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030)
The Sendai Framework is the global blueprint and fifteen-year plan to build the world’s resilience to natural disasters.222 The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 outlines seven clear targets and four priorities for action to prevent new and reduce existing disaster risks:
The Seven Global Targets include: • Substantially reduce global disaster mortality by 2030, aiming to lower average per 100,000 global mortality rates in the decade 2020-2030 compared to the period 2005-2015. • Substantially reduce the number of affected people globally by 2030, aiming to lower average global figure per 100,000 in the decade 2020 -2030 compared to the period 2005-2015. • Reduce direct disaster economic loss in relation to global gross domestic product (GDP) by 2030. • Substantially reduce disaster damage to critical infrastructure and disruption of basic services, among them health and educational facilities, including through developing their resilience by 2030. • Substantially increase the number of countries with national and local disaster risk reduction strategies by 2020. • Substantially enhance international cooperation to developing countries through adequate and sustainable support to complement their national actions for implementation of this Framework by 2030. • Substantially increase the availability of and access to multi-hazard early warning systems and disaster risk information and assessments to the people by 2030.223
The Four Priorities of Action include: • Understanding disaster risk; • Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk; • Investing in disaster reduction for resilience; and • Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response and to “Build Back Better” in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction. The Sendai Framework aims to achieve the substantial reduction of disaster risk and losses in lives, livelihoods and health and in the economic, physical, social, cultural and environmental assets of persons, businesses, communities and countries over the next 15 years. It was adopted at the Third United Nations World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction in Sendai, Japan in 2015.224 The Sendai Framework is the successor instrument to the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters.225 Figure 16 depicts the Sendai DRR Framework.The scope and purpose, expected outcome, goals, targets and priorities for action for the Sendai Framework are detailed.
70 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance
Decision-making to be Decision-making and risk-informed inclusive while using a multi-hazard approach Substantially increase the increase Substantially to and access of availability warning early multi-hazard risk and disaster systems and assessments information 2030 to people by
Priority 4 Priority Support from developed developed from Support to and partners countries to be countries developing to needs according tailored by and priorities as identified them response, and to «Build Back Better» in Back to «Build and response, recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction rehabilitation recovery, Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective effective for preparedness Enhancing disaster Experience indicates that disaster preparedness preparedness disaster that indicates Experience effective more for to be strengthened needs in place capacities are and ensure response also have Disasters recovery. effective for rehabilitation the recovery, that demonstrated to be which needs phase, and reconstruction is an opportunity the disaster, ahead of prepared integrating through Better» Back to «Build and Women measures. reduction risk disaster lead with disabilities should publicly persons and universally gender-equitable and promote and the response during approaches accessible phases reconstruction Empowerment of local of Empowerment authorities and communities resources, through and decision- incentives as making responsibilities appropriate Substantially enhance enhance Substantially cooperation international countries to developing and adequate through to sustainable support national their complement of implementation for actions 2030 by framework this
The quality of global of The quality partnership and international to be effective, cooperation meaningful and strong Priority 3 Priority for resilience for Substantially increase the increase Substantially with countries of number and local disaster national by strategies reduction risk 2020 all State of engagement Full an executive institutions of at nature and legislative and local levels national Investing in disaster risk reduction reduction risk in disaster Investing Public and private investment in disaster risk risk in disaster investment and private Public structural through and reduction prevention to essential are measures and non-structural social, health and cultural the economic, enhance countries persons, communities, of resilience the environment. as well assets, as their and and growth innovation, of These can be drivers cost-effective are measures Such job creation. and prevent lives, to save and instrumental and recovery effective losses and ensure reduce rehabilitation «Build Back Better» for for Better» Back «Build the creation preventing existing, and reducing of, risk disaster Goal Targets Guiding Principles Priorities for Action for Priorities Engagement from all of all of from Engagement society Expected outcome Scope and purpose Scope Substantially reduce reduce Substantially to critical damage disaster and disruption infrastructure among basic services, of them health and educational through including facilities, by resilience their developing 2030 2015-2030 Priority 2 Priority Addressing underlying risk underlying risk Addressing cost-effectively factors versus investment through on post- primarly relying and response disaster recovery response and recovery, and thus strengthen resilience thus strengthen and and recovery, response to manage disaster risk disaster to manage development at all levels as well as within and across all sectors within and across as well as all levels at development Strengthening disaster risk governance risk disaster Strengthening Reduce direct disaster disaster direct Reduce loss in relation economic domestic to global gross 2030 by (GDP) product persons and of Protection while promoting assets their all human and protecting to the right including rights development Disaster risk governance at the national, regional regional the national, at governance risk Disaster of the management to vital is and global levels in all sectors and ensuring reduction risk disaster frameworks and local national of the coherence that, and public policies regulations laws, of responsibilities, guide, roles and defining by the public and private and incentivize encourage risk disaster action and address take to sectors Accounting of local and of Accounting specific characteristics when risks disaster of to determining measures risk reduce social, cultural and environmental assets of persons, businesses, communities and countries persons, businesses, communities assets of and environmental social, cultural and biological hazards and risks. It aims to guide the multi-hazard management of disaster risk in risk disaster of management the multi-hazard to guide aims and risks. It and biological hazards The present framework will apply to the risk of small-scale and large-scale, frequent and infrequent, sudden and sudden infrequent, and frequent large-scale, and small-scale of risk the to apply will framework present The slow-onset disasters, caused by natural or manmade hazards as well as related technological environmental, The substantial reduction of disaster risk and losses in lives, livelihoods and health and in the economic, physical, physical, economic, the in and health and livelihoods lives, in losses and risk disaster of reduction substantial The economic, inclusive and integrated of implementation the through risk disaster existing reduce and new Prevent structural, legal, social, health, cultural, educational, environmental, technological, political measures and that prevent and institutional reduce hazard exposure and vulnerability to disaster, increase preparedness for Substantially reduce the reduce Substantially people affected of number to aiming 2030, by globally global the average lower between 100,000 per figure to compared 2020-2030 2005-2015 responsibility Shared central between and national Government authorities, sectors and as appropriate stakeholders circumstances to national Chart of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction Reduction Risk Disaster for the Sendai Framework Chart of Priority 1 Priority There is a need for focused action within and across sectors by States at local, national, regional and global levels in the following four priority areas. priority four following the in and global levels regional local, national, at States sectors by within and across action focused for is a need There Understanding disaster risk disaster Understanding Coherence of disaster risk risk disaster of Coherence and sustainable reduction policies, plans, development and mechanisms, practices sectors different across Disaster risk management needs to be based needs management risk Disaster in all its risk disaster on an understanding of of exposure capacity, vulnerability, dimensions of the and characteristics persons and assets, hazard environment Figure 16: Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Disaster Reduction for 16: Sendai Framework Figure www.preventionweb.net/go/sfdrr www.unisdr.org [email protected] Substantially reduce global reduce Substantially 2030, by mortality disaster per average to lower aiming global mortality 100,000 2020-2030 between to 2005-2015 compared responsibility Primary to prevent States of disaster and reduce through risk, including cooperation
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Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronym Definition AADMER ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response ACB ASEAN Center for Biodiversity ACDM ASEAN Committee on Disaster Management ACE AHA Centre Executive ACEDAC ASEAN Center For the Development of Agricultural Cooperatives ACHCC ASEAN-China Joint Cooperation Committee ACMM ASEAN Centre for Military Medicine ACPMS ASEAN Community Progress Monitoring System ACSS ASEAN Community Statistical System ADB Asian Development Bank ADDM ASEAN Day For Disaster Management ADF ASEAN Development Fund ADInet ASEAN Disaster Information Network ADMER ASEAN Disaster Management and Emergency Relief Fund ADMM ASEAN Defense Ministers Meeting ADPC Asia Disaster Preparedness Center ADRIP ASEAN Disaster Risk Insurance Program ADSOM ASEAN Defense Senior Officials’ Meeting ADTRAIN ASEAN Disaster Management Training Institutes Network AEC ASEAN Economic Community AEIB ASEAN Economic Integration Brief AEIC ASEAN Earthquake Information Center AEMC ASEAN-EC Management Center AFDRU Austrian Forces Disaster Relief AFMM ASEAN Finance Ministers’ Meeting AFTA ASEAN Free Trade Area AHA ASEAN Humanitarian Assistance AHA Centre ASEAN Coordinating Centre for Humanitarian Assistance AHRD ASEAN Human Rights Declaration AICHR ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights AIIB Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank AITRI ASEAN Insurance Training and Research Institute AJDRP ASEAN Joint Disaster Response Plan AMMDM ASEAN Ministerial Meeting On Disaster Management AMRG ASEAN Militaries Ready Group AMS ASEAN Member States APADM Alliance For Disaster Management APAN All Partners Access Network APC-MADRO Asia-Pacific Conference On Military Assistance To Disaster Relief Operations APCSS Asia-Pacific Center For Security Studies APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation APG AADMER Partnership Group
72 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Acronym Definition APMI ASEAN Peatland Management Initiative APMS ASEAN Peatland Management Strategy APSC ASEAN Political-Security Community ARDEX ASEAN Disaster Response Exercises ARF ASEAN Regional Forum ARF DiREx ASEAN Regional Forum Disaster Relief Exercise ARG ASEAN Militaries Ready Group ARMOR Annual ASEAN Monitor Region ARPDM ASEAN Regional Program On Disaster Management ARRND Agreement on Rapid Response for Natural Disasters ASA Association of Southeast Asia ASC ASEAN Security Community ASCC ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community ASCOPE ASEAN Council On Petroleum ASDMP ASEAN Science-based Disaster Management Platform ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASEAN-DRT ASEAN Disaster Recovery Toolbox ASEAN-ERAT ASEAN Emergency Rapid Assessment Team ASEAN-EU ASEAN European Union Cooperation ASEAN-OCHA ASEAN-United Nations Office For the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs ASEANstats ASEAN Statistics Division ASEM Asia-Europe Meeting ASMC ASEAN Specialized Meteorological Center ASPC ARF Security Policy Conference ASSI ASEAN Safe Schools Initiative AUN ASEAN University Network BCI Bali Concord I BNPB Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (Indonesia NDMA) CA Competent Authority CAFTA China Free Trade Area CBDRR Community Based Disaster Risk Reduction CCA Climate Change Adaptation CCFSC Committee of Flood and Storm Control CCNDPC Central Committee for Natural Disaster Prevention and Control CEDAW Forms of Discrimination Against Women CEPT Common Effective Preferential Tariff Scheme CF Civic Force CFE-DM Center for Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance CIQ Customs, Immigration, and Quarantine CMCS Civil-Military Coordination Section CMOC Civil-Military Operations Center CONOPS Concept of Operations COP Conference of Parties
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Acronym Definition CPR Committee of Permanent Representatives CPX Command Post Exercise CSAP Consolidated Strategic Action Plan CSIS Center For Security and International Studies CSOs Civil Society Organisations DANA Damage Assessment and Needs Analysis DART Disaster Assistance and Rescue Team DDM Department of Disaster Management DDMCC Department of Disaster Management and Climate Change DDPM Disaster Prevention and Mitigation DELSA Disaster Emergency Logistics System for ASEAN DFAT Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade DHA Defense Health Agency DM Disaster Management DMER Disaster Management and Emergency Response DMHA Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance DMO Disaster Management Order DMRS Disaster Monitoring and Response System DMTI Disaster Management Training Institutes DoD Department of Defense DOR Department of Rehabilitation DREE Disaster Response Exercise & Exchange DRFI Disaster Risk Financing and Insurance DRM Disaster Risk Management DRR Disaster Risk Reduction DSG Deputy Secretary-General DSW Department of Social Welfare EAS East Asia Summit ECHO European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations EDSM Enhanced Dispute Settlement Mechanism EOC Emergency Operation Centre EPT Exercise Planning Team ERAT Emergency Response and Assessment Team ERC Emergency Relief Coordinator EWG Experts' Working Groups FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FMA Foreign Military Assistance FTX Field Training Exercise GDACS Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System GDP Gross Domestic Product GMS Greater Mekong Sub-region GVC Global Value Chain
74 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Acronym Definition HADR Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Response HAZMAT Hazardous Materials HC Humanitarian Coordinator HCA Humanitarian Civic Action HCT Humanitarian Country Teams HDX Humanitarian Data Exchange HFA Hyogo Framework For Action HMA Humanitarian Mine Action HPA Hanoi Plan of Action HPG Humanitarian Policy Group HuMOCC Humanitarian-Military Operations Coordination Center IAI Initiative For ASEAN Integration ICDO International Civil Defence Organization ICG Intergovernmental Coordination Group ICLT In-Country Liaison Team ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross ICT Information and Communication Technology IDDR International Day for Disaster Reduction IDRL International Disaster Response Laws, Rules and Principles IFRC International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies IGO International Governmental Organization INSARAG International Search and Rescue Advisory Group IOC-UNESCO Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization IOM International Organization For Migration IOs International Organizations IOTWS Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System IS Information Sharing ISM Inter-Sessional Meeting JAIF Japan ASEAN Integration Fund JMA Japan Meteorological Agency JOCCA Joint Operations and Coordination Center of ASEAN JSPADM Joint Strategic Plan of Action on Disaster Management JTF-HADR Joint Task Force KM Knowledge Management KPI Key Performance Index LEMA Local Emergency Management Authority LMI Lower Mekong Initiative MKN Malaysia’s National Security Council MNCC Multi-National Coordination Centre MNF Multi-National Force MOU Memorandum of Understanding MPAC Master Plan on ASEAN Connectivity
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Acronym Definition MPAT Multinational Planning and Augmentation Team MRC Mekong River Commission MSME Micro, Small, Medium Enterprise MSWRR Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement MTV Mandai Training Village NADMA National Disaster Management Agency NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NCDM National Committee For Disaster Management NDG Narrowing the Development Gap NDMC National Disaster Management Centre NDMO National Disaster Management Organization NDPCC National Disaster Prevention and Control Committee NDPMC National Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Committee NDRRMC National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council and Administrator NFP National Focal Point NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations NZ New Zealand OCD The Office of Civil Defense OFDA Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance ORNS Operationally Ready National Service OSOCC Onsite Operations and Coordination Center P&R Preparedness and Response PDC Pacific Disaster Center PIF Pacific Islands Forum PLA People’s Liberation Army PRC People’s Republic of China PTWC Pacific Tsunami Warning Center QUT Queensland University of Technology RAP Response Action Plan RC Resident Coordinator RCRCM Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement RDR Rapid Disaster Response RGC Royal Government of Cambodia RHCC Changi Regional HADR Coordination Center RMPFRD Royal Malaysian Police & Fire and Rescue ROAP Regional Office For the Asia-Pacific ROE Rules of Engagement RRD Relief, and Resettlement Department RTSP Regional Tsunami Service Providers SAARC South Asian Association For Regional Cooperation SAR Search and Rescue SASOP Standby Arrangements and Standard Operating Procedures
76 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance Acronym Definition SCDF Singapore’s Civil Defense Force SDCF Singapore Civil Defence Force SEACEN South East Asian Central Banks SEADMC Southeast Asia Disaster Management Cooperation SMART Special Malaysian Disaster Assistance and Rescue Team SME Subject Matter Expert SOM Senior Officials’ Meeting SOMHD Senior Officials’ Meeting On Health Development SOMSWD Senior Officials’ Meeting On Social Welfare and Development SOP Standard Operating Procedure TAC Treaty of Amity and Cooperation TIFA Trade and Investment Framework Arrangement TKMS Training and Knowledge Management System TTX Table Top Exercise U.S. United States UDHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights UN United Nations UNCT UN Country Team UNDAC United Nations Disaster Assessment and Coordination UNDP United Nations Development Program UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNHRD United Nations Humanitarian Response Depot UNISDR United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction’s UNOCHA United Nations Office of Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs UNOCHA ROAP United Nations Office of Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Regional Office for Asia and the Region USAID United States Agency for International Development USAR Urban Search and Rescue VAP Vientiane Action Programme VNDMA Vietnam National Disaster Management Authority WebEOC Web-based Emergency Operation Centre WHO World Health Organization
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Figure 8: Programme Strategy 2017-2020: List of References for Figures and ASEAN Safe Schools Initiative Photos: ASEAN. ASEAN Safe Schools Initiative (ASSI) Programme Strategy. 2018. https:// aseansafeschoolsinitiative.org/regional- List of Figures implementation/assi-programme-strategy/
Figure 1: The Impact of Natural Disasters in Figure 9: CSS Framework Education Sector the ASEAN Region in 2018 Policies and Plans AHA Centre Facebook Page. The Impact of ASEAN Safe Schools Initiative (ASSI). ASEAN Natural Disasters in ASEAN Region in 2018. Common Framework for Comprehensive School January 17, 2018. https://www.facebook.com/ Safety. https://aseansafeschoolsinitiative.org/ ahacentre/photos/a.385460008163434/20921377 asean-common-framework-for-comprehensive- 17495646/?type=3&theater school-safety/ Figure 2: ASEAN Secretariat Organisational Figure 10: Strategic Framework for IAI Structure Workplan III ASEAN. 2018. Organisational Structure. ASEAN. Initiative for ASEAN Integration http://asean.org/asean/asean-structure/ (IAI) Work Plan III. The ASEAN organisational-structure-2/ Secretariat. 2016. https://asean.org/ storage/2016/09/09rev2Content-IAI-Work-Plan- Figure 3: ASEAN Related Tools and III.pdf Mechanisms Related to HADR AHA Centre. Operationalising One ASEAN One Figure 11: AHA Centre Flash Updates Response. March 2018. AHA Centre. Flash Updates. https://ahacentre. https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/ org/flash-updates/ resources/AHA-GDE-One-ASEAN-One- Response-FINAL-1810318-1.pdf Figure 12: AHA Centre Situation Updates AHA Centre. Situation Updates. https:// Figure 4: ASEAN-ERAT Mobilization ahacentre.org/situation-updates/ Procedure AHA Centre. ASEAN Joint Disaster Response Figure 13: AHA Centre Disaster Monitoring & Plan (AJDRP). September 2017. https:// Response System ahacentre.org/files/AJDRP.pdf AHA Centre. Disaster Monitoring & Response System. https://ahacentre.org/disaster- Figure 5: Impact of Natural Disasters on the monitoring/ ASEAN Region AHA Centre Facebook Page. The Impact of Figure 14: The ASEAN Disaster Information Natural Disasters in ASEAN Region in 2018. Network January 17, 2018. https://www.facebook.com/ AHA Centre. ADInet. http://adinet.ahacentre. ahacentre/photos/a.385460008163434/20921377 org/ 17495646/?type=3&theater Figure 15: Disaster Management Reference Figure 6: Locations of ASEAN Member States Handbooks for Ten Member States AHA Centre. AHA Centre (power point The Center for Excellence in Disaster presentation describing its role and collaboration Management & Humanitarian Assistance. with IFRC). August 25, 2015. http://www.rcrc- Disaster Management Reference Handbooks. resilience-southeastasia.org/document/aha- https://www.cfe-dmha.org/DMHA-Resources/ centre/ Disaster-Management-Reference-Handbooks
Figure 7: ASEAN-UN Eight Priority Figure 16: Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Programmes for JSPADM III Reduction ASEAN. ASEAN-UN Joint Strategic Plan of United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Action on Disaster Management 2016-2020. Reduction. https://www.unisdr.org/we 2015. https://asean.org/storage/2017/12/ASEAN- coordinate/sendai-framework UN-JSPADM-2016-2020_final.pdf
78 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance List of Tables Photo 4: ASEAN-ERAT Team AHA Centre Facebook Page. 2017. ASEAN- Table 1: ACDM Working Groups and 8 Priority ERAT Programmes https://www.facebook.com/ahacentre/photos/a.1 Email communication with Dr. Sithu Pe 483513928358031/1483515508357873/?type=3& Thein, Assistant Director and Head, Disaster theater Management & Humanitarian Assistance Division ASEAN Socio-Culture Community Photo 5: Responders Reacting to Regional Department, ASEAN Secretariat. March 5, 2019. Flooding in the Bac Lieu Province of Vietnam "coping-protection against flood" by s gendera is Table 2: Results of ASEAN Regional HFA, licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 2.0. 2011-2013 Solutions against environmental degradation in International Strategy for Disaster Reduction. Bac Lieu Province, Vietnam Regional HFA Monitor Template and Guidance – https://www.flickr.com/photos/ Regional HFA monitoring and review in support sgendera/8137857293/ of regional and national disaster risk reduction 2011-2013. https://www.preventionweb.net/files /39137_39137aseansubregionalreport20112013. pdf
List of Photos
Photo 1: ASEAN-ERAT Response to Sulawesi Earthquake, September 2018 AHA Centre. The Column. One ASEAN One Response for Central Sulawesi. https://thecolumn.ahacentre.org/posts/highlight/ vol-44-one-asean-one-response-for-central- sulawesi/ Photo 2: ASEAN-ERAT Handover of ASEAN Relief Supplies for Earthquake-Affected People in Lombok, Indonesia AHA Centre. The Column. One ASEAN One Response for Lombok. https://thecolumn. ahacentre.org/posts/highlight/vol-42-one-asean- one-response-for-lombok/ Photo 3: ASEAN ERAT Team Response to Yangon, Myanmar April-May 2018 AHA Centre. The Column. The 23rd ASEAN- ERAT Mission in Yangon, Myanmar. https:// thecolumn.ahacentre.org/posts/highlight/ vol-39-the-23rd-asean-erat-mission-in-yangon- myanmar/
ASEAN Disaster Management Reference Handbook | March 2019 79 19 AHA Centre. Annual Report 2017. https://ahacentre.org/ References (Endnotes) wp-content/uploads/2018/06/FINAL-DESIGN-ANNUAL- REPORT-2017.pdf The Column. The 23rd ASEAN-ERAT
1 Mission in Yangon, Myanmar. Shintya Kurniawan. https:// U.S. Indo-Pacific Command. ASEAN and America: thecolumn.ahacentre.org/posts/highlight/vol-39-the-23rd- Partners for the Future. Daniel R. Russel, Assistant asean-erat-mission-in-yangon-myanmar/ Secretary, Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs. 20 CNN. Typhoon Nock-ten strands thousands in July 29, 2014. https://www.pacom.mil/Media/News/ Philippines. Euan McKirdy, Susanna Cullinane, Sima Article/564416/asean-and-america-partners-for-the- Shelbayah. December 26, 2016. https://www.cnn. future/ 2 com/2016/12/26/asia/philippines-typhoon-nock-ten-nina/ The ASEAN Secretariat. ASEAN 2025: Forging Ahead index.html Together. December 2015. https://asean.org/wp-content/ 21 ASEAN. 2018. Agreement on the Establishment of uploads/2015/11/67.-December-2015-ASEAN-2025- the ASEAN Secretariat Bali, 24 Feb 1076. https://asean. Forging-Ahead-Together-2nd-Reprint.pdf 3 org/?static_post=asean-secretariat-basic-documents- Council on Foreign Relations. ASEAN: The Association agreement-on-the-establishment-of-the-asean-secretariat- of Southeast Asian Nations. Eleanor Albert. Last updated bali-24-february-1976-2 November 1, 2017. https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/ 22 ASEAN. 2019. ASEAN Secretariat. https://asean.org/ asean-association-southeast-asian-nations 4 asean/asean-secretariat/ https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/ 23 ASEAN. 2019. Secretary-General of ASEAN. https:// resources/AHA-GDE-One-ASEAN-One-Response- asean.org/asean/asean-secretariat/secretary-general-of- FINAL-1810318-1.pdf 5 asean/ IFRC. ASEAN Disaster Law Mapping. Implementing 24 AHA Centre. ASEAN Joint Disaster Response Plan AADMER: A Regional Stocktake.2017. file:///C:/Users/ (AJDRP). September 2017. https://ahacentre.org/files/ admin/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCache/ AJDRP.pdf IE/KTN8MFIB/AADMER-Implementation-Regional- 25 AHA Centre. ASEAN Joint Disaster Response Plan Report-FINAL-pdf.pdf 6 (AJDRP). September 2017. https://ahacentre.org/files/ AHA Centre. ASEAN Joint Disaster Response Plan AJDRP.pdf (AJDRP). September 2017. https://ahacentre.org/files/ 26 AHA Centre. ASEAN Joint Disaster Response Plan AJDRP.pdf 7 (AJDRP). September 2017. https://ahacentre.org/files/ AHA Centre. ASEAN Joint Disaster Response Plan AJDRP.pdf (AJDRP). September 2017. https://ahacentre.org/files/ 27 The ASEAN Secretariat. AADMER Work Programme AJDRP.pdf 8 2016-2020. https://ahacentre.org/wp-content/ AHA Centre. ASEAN Joint Disaster Response Plan uploads/2017/02/AADMER-Work-Programme-2016- (AJDRP). September 2017. . https://ahacentre.org/files/ 2020-v1.6-1.pdf AJDRP.pdf 28 9 Email communication with Dr. Sithu Pe Thein, Assistant AHA Centre. ASEAN Joint Disaster Response Plan Director and Head, Disaster Management & Humanitarian (AJDRP). September 2017.. https://ahacentre.org/files/ Assistance Division ASEAN Socio-Culture Community AJDRP.pdf 10 Department, ASEAN Secretariat. March 5, 2019. AHA Centre. 2015. ARDEX Handbook. https:// 29 The ASEAN Secretariat. AADMER Work Programme ahacentre.org/wp-content/uploads/publications/ARDEX- 2016-2020. https://ahacentre.org/wp-content/ Handbook-2015-09-16-final.pdf 11 uploads/2017/02/AADMER-Work-Programme-2016- AHA Centre. ASEAN Joint Disaster Response Plan 2020-v1.6-1.pdf (AJDRP). September 2017.. https://ahacentre.org/files/ 30 AHA Centre. ASEAN Joint Disaster Response Plan AJDRP.pdf 12 (AJDRP). September 2017. https://ahacentre.org/files/ IFRC. ASEAN Disaster Law Mapping. Implementing AJDRP.pdf AADMER: A Regional Stocktake. 2017. http://www.rcrc- 31 AHA Centre. ASEAN Joint Disaster Response Plan resilience-southeastasia.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/ (AJDRP). 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20210628v2.0.2 ASEAN Disaster Management Reference Handbook | March 2019 85 APPENDICES
Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance 456 Hornet Avenue, Joint Base Pearl Harbor - Hickam, Hawaii 96860-3503 Telephone: (808) 472-0518 https://www.cfe-dmha.org
86 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance