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Gerhard Heilmann Og Teorierne Om Fuglenes Oprindelse
Gerhard Heilmann gav DOF et logo længe før ordet var opfundet de Viber, som vi netop med dette nr har forgrebet os på og stiliseret. Ude i verden huskes han imidlertid af en helt anden grund. Gerhard Heilmann og teorierne om fuglenes oprindelse SVEND PALM Archaeopteryx og teorierne I årene 1912 - 1916 bragte DOFT fem artikler, som fik betydning for spørgsmålet om fuglenes oprindelse. Artiklerne var skrevet af Gerhard Heilmann og havde den fælles titel »Vor nuvæ• rende Viden om Fuglenes Afstamning«. Artiklerne tog deres udgangspunkt i et fossil, der i 1861 og 1877 var fundet ved Solnhofen nær Eichstatt, og som fik det videnskabelige navn Archaeopteryx. Dyret var på størrelse med en due, tobenet og havde svingfjer og fjerhale, men det havde også tænder, hvirvelhale og trefingrede forlemmer med klør. Da Archaeopteryx-fundene blev gjort, var der kun gået få årtier, siden man havde fået det første kendskab til de uddøde dinosaurer, af hvilke nog le var tobenede og meget fugleagtige. Her kom da Archaeopteryx, der mest lignede en dinosaur i mini-format, men som med sine fjervinger havde en tydelig tilknytning til fuglene, ind i billedet (Fig. 1). Kort forinden havde Darwin (1859) med sit værk »On the Origin of Species« givet et viden Fig. 1. Archaeopteryx. Fra Heilmann (1926). skabeligt grundlag for udviklingslæren, og Ar chaeopteryx kom meget belejligt som trumfkort for Darwins tilhængere, som et formodet binde led mellem krybdyr og fugle. gernes og flyveevnens opståen. I den nulevende I begyndelsen hæftede man sig især ved lighe fauna findes adskillige eksempler på dyr med en derne mellem dinosaurer, Archaeopteryx og fug vis flyveevne, f.eks. -
Dating Dinosaurs
The PRINCETON FIELD GUIDE to DINOSAURS 2ND EDITION PRINCETON FIELD GUIDES Rooted in field experience and scientific study, Princeton’s guides to animals and plants are the authority for professional scientists and amateur naturalists alike. Princeton Field Guides present this information in a compact format carefully designed for easy use in the field. The guides illustrate every species in color and provide detailed information on identification, distribution, and biology. Albatrosses, Petrels, and Shearwaters of the World, by Derek Onley Birds of Southern Africa, Fourth Edition, by Ian Sinclair, Phil and Paul Scofield Hockey, Warwick Tarboton, and Peter Ryan Birds of Aruba, Curaçao, and Bonaire by Bart de Boer, Eric Birds of Thailand, by Craig Robson Newton, and Robin Restall Birds of the West Indies, by Herbert Raffaele, James Wiley, Birds of Australia, Eighth Edition, by Ken Simpson and Nicolas Orlando Garrido, Allan Keith, and Janis Raffaele Day Birds of Western Africa, by Nik Borrow and Ron Demey Birds of Borneo: Brunei, Sabah, Sarawak, and Kalimantan, by Carnivores of the World, by Luke Hunter Susan Myers Caterpillars of Eastern North America: A Guide to Identification Birds of Botswana, by Peter Hancock and Ingrid Weiersbye and Natural History, by David L. Wagner Birds of Central Asia, by Raffael Ayé, Manuel Schweizer, and Common Mosses of the Northeast and Appalachians, by Karl B. Tobias Roth McKnight, Joseph Rohrer, Kirsten McKnight Ward, and Birds of Chile, by Alvaro Jaramillo Warren Perdrizet Birds of the Dominican Republic and Haiti, by Steven Latta, Coral Reef Fishes, by Ewald Lieske and Robert Meyers Christopher Rimmer, Allan Keith, James Wiley, Herbert Dragonflies and Damselflies of the East, by Dennis Paulson Raffaele, Kent McFarland, and Eladio Fernandez Dragonflies and Damselflies of the West, by Dennis Paulson Birds of East Africa: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, and Mammals of Europe, by David W. -
Phylogeny and Avian Evolution Phylogeny and Evolution of the Aves
Phylogeny and Avian Evolution Phylogeny and Evolution of the Aves I. Background Scientists have speculated about evolution of birds ever since Darwin. Difficult to find relatives using only modern animals After publi cati on of “O rigi i in of S peci es” (~1860) some used birds as a counter-argument since th ere were no k nown t ransiti onal f orms at the time! • turtles have modified necks and toothless beaks • bats fly and are warm blooded With fossil discovery other potential relationships! • Birds as distinct order of reptiles Many non-reptilian characteristics (e.g. endothermy, feathers) but really reptilian in structure! If birds only known from fossil record then simply be a distinct order of reptiles. II. Reptile Evolutionary History A. “Stem reptiles” - Cotylosauria Must begin in the late Paleozoic ClCotylosauri a – “il”“stem reptiles” Radiation of reptiles from Cotylosauria can be organized on the basis of temporal fenestrae (openings in back of skull for muscle attachment). Subsequent reptilian lineages developed more powerful jaws. B. Anapsid Cotylosauria and Chelonia have anapsid pattern C. Syypnapsid – single fenestra Includes order Therapsida which gave rise to mammalia D. Diapsida – both supppratemporal and infratemporal fenestrae PttPattern foun did in exti titnct arch osaurs, survi iiving archosaurs and also in primitive lepidosaur – ShSpheno don. All remaining living reptiles and the lineage leading to Aves are classified as Diapsida Handout Mammalia Extinct Groups Cynodontia Therapsida Pelycosaurs Lepidosauromorpha Ichthyosauria Protorothyrididae Synapsida Anapsida Archosauromorpha Euryapsida Mesosaurs Amphibia Sauria Diapsida Eureptilia Sauropsida Amniota Tetrapoda III. Relationshippp to Reptiles Most groups present during Mesozoic considere d ancestors to bird s. -
The Origin of Birds
The Origin of Birds Birds have many unusual synapomorphies among modern animals: [ Synapomorphies (shared derived characters), representing new specializations evolved in the most recent common ancestor of the ingroup] • Feathers • Warm-blooded (also in mammals) • Specialized lungs & air-sacs • Hollow bones • Toothless beaks • Large brain Technical name for birds is Aves, and “avian” means “of or concerning birds”. • Cervicals very different from dorsals, allowing neck to fold into “S”-shape • Backwards-pointing pubis • Synsacrum (sacrum fused to pelves; pelvic bones • Fibula reduced to proximal splint fused together) • Astragalus & calcaneum fused to tibia • Proximal caudals very mobile • Hinge-like ankle joint • Pygostyle (distal caudals all fused together) • Furcula - (the wishbone) • Tarsometatarsus (distal tarsals fused to • Forelimb very long, has become wing metatarsals; all metatarsals fused together) • Carpometacarpus (semilunate carpal block fused • Main pedal digits II-IV to metacarpals; all metacarpals fused together) • Pedal digit I reversed, placed at bottom of • Three fingers, but digits all reduced so no unguals tarsometatarsus 1 Compare modern birds to their closest relatives, crocodilians • Difficult to find relatives using only modern animals (turtles have modified necks and toothless beaks, but otherwise very • different; bats fly and are warm-blooded, but are clearly mammals; etc.) • With discovery of fossils, other potential relations: pterosaurs had big brains, “S”- shaped neck, hinge-like foot, but wings are VERY different. • In 1859, Darwin published the Origin; some used birds as a counter-example against evolution, as there were apparently known transitional forms between birds and other vertebrates. In 1860, a feather (identical to modern birds' feathers) was found in the Solnhofen Lithographic Limestone of Bavaria, Germany: a Late Jurassic formation. -
The Origins of Birds
Sample Academic Reading Sentence Completion [Note: This is an extract from a Part 2 task about the evolution of birds and their ancestry.] The origins of birds The science of evolutionary relationships has undergone a major change in recent decades. It used to be the case that all the features of organisms were important in working out their family tree. But following the work of German entomologist Willi Hennig, many evolutionary scientists now believe that the only features which carry any useful information are the evolutionary ‘novelties’ shared between organisms. Mice, lizards and fish, for example, all have backbones – so the feature ‘backbone’ tells us nothing about their evolutionary relationship. But the feature ‘four legs’ is useful because it’s an evolutionary novelty – a characteristic shared only between the lizard and the mouse. This would suggest that the lizard and mouse are more closely related to each other than either is to the fish. This revolutionary approach is called cladistics, and it has been central to the idea that birds evolved from dinosaurs. The ‘birds are dinosaurs’ theory was first developed by English palaeontologist Thomas Huxley (1825–1895). According to some accounts, one evening Huxley went to dinner still thinking about a mystery dinosaur bone in his lab. He knew he was dealing with the lower leg bone (tibia) of a meat-eating, two-legged dinosaur belonging to the classification known as theropods, but attached to the tibia was an unidentified extra bone. On the menu that evening was quail, a small bird similar to a pheasant, and Huxley noticed the same strange bone, attached to the quail tibia on his plate. -
Gerhard Heilmann and the Artist's Eye in Science, 1912-1927 I.J.J
Nieuwland, Gerhard Heilmann www.PalArch.nl, vertebrate palaeontology, 3, 2 (2004) Gerhard Heilmann and the artist’s eye in science, 1912-1927 I.J.J. Nieuwland Geuzenstraat 14-2 1056KC Amsterdam The Netherlands [email protected] ISSN 1567-2158 9 figures Abstract Gerhard Heilmann’s ‘The origin of birds’ from 1926 is a remarkable book. Written by an illustrator-cum- amateur-biologist, it gained worldwide authority almost immediately upon publication. It is demonstrated that Heilmann’s skills as an artist, and his ability to use illustration to support his argument, were crucial in gaining this status. Furthermore, turning away from the dramatic confrontational model of palaeontological illustration helped Heilmann’s cause and made his monograph the leading word on the subject for well over forty years. PalArch Foundation Nieuwland, Gerhard Heilmann www.PalArch.nl, vertebrate palaeontology, 3, 2 (2004) One of the hottest topics in the field of palaeontology since the 1960s has been the origin and development of birds. In any discussion of this topic, some reference is usually made to Gerhard Heilmann’s book ‘The origin of birds’, which was considered to be the final word on the subject from its publication and first reviews in 1926 until John Ostrom’s work in the late 1960s shelved it again. I will attempt to explain which factors contributed to the prestige of Heilmann’s work in this area, by looking both at its context in the wider frame of vertebrate palaeontology as a science, and its inherent characteristics. In the early 20th century, the field of vertebrate palaeontology, such as it was, was heavily dominated by scientists from England and most of all from the United States. -
1 Excerpted by Permission from Chapter 9 of the Mistaken
Excerpted by permission from Chapter 9 of The Mistaken Extinction, by Lowell Dingus and Timothy Rowe, New York, W. H. Freeman and Co., 1998, 332pp. Chapter 9 Living Dinosaurs? Now, let us be quick to clarify our query. We're not talking about dinosaurs still living hidden in the black waters of Loch Nesse or the darkest jungles of Africa. All but a few crackpots admit that sauropods and plesiosaurs are really extinct. But what about dinosaurs living in your own back yard? It seemed ridiculous. Or so we thought as we packed up our books and moved to Berkeley. When we arrived we were met by the prospect of living dinosaurs, and it seemed surprising to be confronted with the argument by members of our own department, instead of the street-life of Telegraph Avenue. Tyrannosaurus and Triceratops obviously did disappear at the end of the Cretaceous, our new colleagues conceded. Nonetheless, one lineage that descended from the ancestral dinosaur survived the impact and eruptions at the K-T boundary. Today, that lineage is represented by over 9,000 species of birds. Furthermore, if birds are living descendants of dinosaurs, isn't it incorrect to say that dinosaurs are extinct? What does it mean to say birds are dinosaurs? Proponents argued that newly discovered fossils demonstrated that dinosaurs were the ancestors of birds. In addition, new methods for reconstructing evolutionary history and establishing evolutionary 1 relationships were being developed. Applying these methods to the fossil record resurrected dinosaurs from extinction and in effect changed the course of the history of life. -
Dinosaur Feathers
Seven Dinosaur Feathers Sometimes I get a little selfi sh about dinosaur skeletons. As thrilled as I am that museum dinosaur exhibits are so well attended, the stampeding hordes of schoolchildren and waves of parents push- ing their stroller- bound kids through narrow exhibit pathways can be more than a little agitating. Walking through dinosaur displays at peak hours requires serious agility to avoid the swarms of little ones buzzing around the place. And that’s not to mention the fact that few people seem to read the museum labels— any sharp- toothed predator is a Tyrannosaurus , and every supersized sauro- pod is a “ Brontosaurus .” I want to butt in and point out the correct names, but when I’ve done so, I have often been met with an- noyed glares. Better to keep my mouth shut and let the families enjoy their time in the midst of the fossilized superstars. “Be nice,” I have to remind myself, “. you’re just one of those irrepressible dinosaur fanatics all grown up.” I often watch the tide of visitors go by from the bench at the Natural History Museum of Utah’s paleontology lab. Behind a set of high glass windows, the other volunteers, technicians, and I go to work in a scientifi c fi shbowl among tables stacked with fossils and covered in fl ecks of prehistoric rock. Sometimes I’ll be ab- sorbed in my work— breaking o" tiny pieces of sandstone from a Dinosaur Feathers 137 fossil in the raw— and over the whine of the air- powered scribe I use to pick away at the encasing rock, I’ll hear a bang on the win- dowpane as a gaggle of kids catapults themselves onto the glass to get a better look. -
The R,Estoration of the Dinosaur Podokesaurus Holyokensis
02 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT No.2118 August 5, 191(j The R,estoration of the Dinosaur Podokesaurus Holyokensis With Reproductions of the Authors Original Drawings Ey Dr. R. W. Shufeldt has touehed the isehium (see the inelosed reeonstruetion).3 skeleton of Potlokes(!urus pontrac]jCJt8 tImt the animal waR And that part whieh in Lull's Fig. 27 touehes the isehium a pro-avis; amI I would gl'eatlyappreciate to be able 10 should be posed as to form the lower part of the ace tabu refe!' to the opinioll oi' the exeeltellt osteologist Dr. R. W. lum. You will see nearly the same pelvis of a ehieken. Shufeldt about this. It seems to me that all the bones, "I should very mueh like to know if anything in the which undoubtedly indieate to us that it is not the r,, mains oE a bird but of a dinosaur, are wanting. "The bones on Plate XI., Fig. :-:l, are not easy to loeate, but they eould as well be rnmains 01' a bird's skul\. Olle of them (13 in Fig. 29) has somo resemblaneo witlt pala tinum. "E xeuse the errors in this letter; 1 have no voeabula.·y here (the Isle of Fyn, Denmark) , and therefore it is difficult for me to say just what I will." Before giving in substanee what I had to say in my several letters on this subjeet to Dr. Lull and Hr. Heil mann, it will be as well to note that a eorresponderwe had been opened between them, and some important statements made in a letter from Hr. -
Jurassic Archosaur Is a Non-Dinosaurian Bird
Jurassic archosaur is a non-dinosaurian bird Stephen A. Czerkas & Alan Feduccia Journal of Ornithology ISSN 2193-7192 Volume 155 Number 4 J Ornithol (2014) 155:841-851 DOI 10.1007/s10336-014-1098-9 1 23 Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Dt. Ornithologen-Gesellschaft e.V.. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self- archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com”. 1 23 Author's personal copy J Ornithol (2014) 155:841–851 DOI 10.1007/s10336-014-1098-9 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Jurassic archosaur is a non-dinosaurian bird Stephen A. Czerkas • Alan Feduccia Received: 17 April 2014 / Revised: 4 June 2014 / Accepted: 13 June 2014 / Published online: 9 July 2014 Ó Dt. Ornithologen-Gesellschaft e.V. 2014 Abstract Re-examination utilizing Keyence 3D digital Keywords Scansoriopteryx Á Epidendrosaurus Á microscopy and low angled illumination of the fossil Theropod Á Archosaur Á Daohugou Biota Á Jurassic Scansoriopteryx, a problematic sparrow-size pre-Archae- opteryx specimen from the Jurassic Daohugou Biotas, pro- Zusammenfassung vides new evidence which challenges the widely accepted hypothesis that birds are derived from dinosaurs in which Archosaurier aus dem Jura ist ein nicht-dinosaurischer avian flight originated from cursorial forms. -
Educator's Guide
® EDUCATOR’S GUIDE CLASSROOM LESSON PLANS AND FIELD TRIP ACTIVITIES Table of Contents Introduction The Field Trip .................................. 2 The Educator’s Guide ...................... 4 Field Trip Activity ................................. 5 Lesson Plans Lesson 1: Form and Function .......... 7 Insert venue Lesson 2: Dinosaur Detectives ...... 11 contact info Lesson 3: Mesozoic Math ............. 15 Lesson 4: Feathered Discoveries ... 23 here Lesson 5: Finding Fossils .............. 29 Lesson 6: Traces of Dinosaurs ....... 33 Games and Puzzles Crossword Puzzles ........................ 36 Logic Puzzles ................................ 39 Word Searches .............................. 44 Answer Keys ..................................... 46 Additional Resources © 2013 Dinosaurs Unearthed Recommended Reading ................ 51 All rights reserved. Except for educational fair use, no portion of this guide may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any Online Resources .......................... 52 means – electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or any other without Dinosaur Data ............................... 53 explicit prior permission from Dinosaurs Unearthed. Multiple copies may only be made by or for the teacher for class use. Discovering Dinosaurs ................... 59 Content co-created by TurnKey Education, Inc. (2012) Glossary ............................................. 61 and Dinosaurs Unearthed (2013) Standards www.turnkeyeducation.net www.dinosaursunearthed.com Curriculum -
The Dinosaur Heresies: New Theories Unlocking the Mystery of the Dinosaurs and Their Extinction
Copyright © 1986 by Robert T Bakker Illustrations copyright © 1986 by Robert T, Bakker All rights reserved. No part ot this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher Inquiries should be addressed to Permissions Department, William Morrow and Company, Inc., 105 Madison Ave.. New York NY 10016. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bakker. Robert T The dinosaur heresies Includes index 1. Dinosaurs. I. Title. QE862.D5B35 1986 5679'1 86-12643 ISBN 0-688-04287-2 Printed in the United States of America 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 BOOK DESIGN BY ANN GOLD To a dear friend, Professor Bernhard Kummel of Harvard Uni• versity. Bernie grabbed me by the lapels back in 1974 and said, "Kid, you can't go on being an enfant terrible forever. You gotta write a book." So Bernie, here's your book. PREFACE t all started very suddenly, in the spring of 1955. I was reading magazineI s in my grandfather's house in New Jersey, and I found that magical Life cover story—"Dinosaurs." Fold-out, full-color pictures of heroic creatures. Allosaurus, Brontosaurus, Stegosaurus, Tyrannosaurus rex. I discovered an entire world, far, far away in time, that I could visit, whenever I wanted, via the creative labors of the paleontologists. And I made up my mind then and there that I would devote my life to the dinosaurs. Since I was in the fourth grade, my parents weren't alarmed at my vow.