Cystatin C: a Potential Target for Alzheimers Treatment
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Editorial Cystatin C: a potential target for Alzheimer’s treatment Expert Rev. Neurotherapeutics 8(5), 687–689 (2008) Efrat Levy “…cystatin C binds soluble Aβ and inhibits Aβ oligomerization Departments of and amyloidogenesis, protecting the brain against Psychiatry & Pharmacology, amyloid-induced toxicity.” New York University School of Medicine, Alzheimer's disease is one of the most in familial Alzheimer’s disease in the Nathan S. Kline prevalent chronic diseases of the aging brains of mice results in amyloid plaque Institute, 140 Old population. Neuropathologically, the deposition. Some proteins associated Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, disease is characterized by neurodegener- with amyloid lesions may have a role in NY 10962, USA ation and the presence of two patho- the pathological processes leading to Tel.: +1 845 398 5540 logical features, amyloid plaques and amyloidogenesis and neuronal degenera- Fax: +1 845 398 5422 neurofibrillary tangles. Amyloid-β (Aβ) tion, and others may bind secondarily to [email protected] is the major constituent of the amyloid amyloid deposits. It was demonstrated plaques. It is a ubiquitously expressed that cystatin C binds to the Aβ region soluble peptide that can form aggregates, within full-length amyloid precursor pro- either oligomeric or fibrillar, that are tein and that this association does not neurotoxic. Extensive research focuses on affect Aβ generation either in vitro [10] or prevention of Aβ aggregation as a possi- in vivo [11]. The association of cystatin C ble therapy for the disease. Recent stud- with the amyloid precursor protein was ies have shown that the endogenous pro- recently confirmed by in vivo mapping of tein cystatin C binds soluble Aβ and protein interactions in intact mouse inhibits Aβ oligomerization and amyloido- tissue [12]. Moreover, in vitro studies have genesis, protecting the brain against shown a specific, saturable and high amyloid-induced toxicity. affinity binding between cystatin C and While Aβ is the major amyloid-form- Aβ, suggesting that colocalization of ing peptide in the brains of Alzheimer’s cystatin C with Aβ represents a residual disease patients, the cysteine protease effect of this association [10]. inhibitor, cystatin C colocalizes with Aβ Most importantly, it was demonstrated predominantly in amyloid-laden vascular that cystatin C associates with Aβ inhibits walls [1] and in senile plaque cores of Aβ oligomerization and fibril formation amyloid in brains of patients with amy- [10,13]. The same role of cystatin C was loidoses (such as Alzheimer’s disease, demonstrated in vivo using mice that Downs syndrome, cerebral amyloid angio- were genetically engineered to produce pathy, hereditary cerebral hemorrhage human cystatin C as well as abundant with amyloidosis Dutch type and cerebral amounts of Aβ plaques in their brains. infarction [2–6]) as well as in brains of Several lines of transgenic mice expressing nondemented aged individuals [6]. Cysta- human cystatin C under control sequences tin C also colocalizes with Aβ deposits in of the human cystatin C gene [11,14], or the brains of aged rhesus and squirrel specifically in cerebral neurons [15], were monkeys [7], dogs [8] and transgenic mice crossbred with mice overexpressing overexpressing the human amyloid pre- human amyloid precursor protein. Cysta- cursor protein [6,9]. Aβ is a metabolite of tin C bound to the soluble, nonpatho- the amyloid precursor protein. Over- logical form of Aβ in the brains and expression of mutated forms of the amy- plasma of these mice and inhibited the loid precursor protein gene that are found aggregation and deposition of Aβ plaques www.expert-reviews.com 10.1586/14737175.8.5.687 © 2008 Expert Reviews Ltd ISSN 1473-7175 687 Editorial Levy in the brain [14,15]. The data obtained show that even subtle against the neurotoxicity induced by oligomeric or fibrillar modifications in cystatin C expression levels in the CNS, or forms of Aβ. We hypothesize that endogenous cystatin C has possibly in the periphery, affect amyloid deposition and modify an ongoing role inhibiting Aβ oligomerization and amyloido- disease progression. genesis and protecting against the resultant neurotoxic insults Based on these data, we hypothesize that cystatin C is a car- during an individual’s lifetime. Studies are underway to identify rier of soluble Aβ in body fluids, such as cerebral spinal fluid peptide sequences within cystatin C protein that have anti-Aβ- and blood, as well as in the neuropil. Systemic or localized aggregating activities. These short peptide sequences can serve increase in cystatin C concentration, relative to that of Aβ, as templates for drug design of cystatin C peptidomimetic com- would serve to prevent Aβ aggregation and fibril formation. pounds that will have enhanced anti-Aβ aggregation and/or Endogenous levels of cystatin C do not seem to be sufficient to neuroprotective properties. prevent amyloid deposition in diseased brain. Multiple studies have shown changes in cystatin C serum concentrations associ- “We hypothesize that endogenous cystatin C ated with a variety of conditions, such as chronic kidney dis- has an ongoing role inhibiting Aβ oligomerization ease, urinary infection, cancer, hypertension, cardiovascular and amyloidogenesis and protecting against disease, rheumatoid arthritis, glucocorticoid treatment, thyroid the resultant neurotoxic insults during an dysfunction and aging [16]. Factors that affect cystatin C con- individual’s lifetime.” centrations in the brain are less well understood. Enhanced cystatin C expression has been observed in response to different Compounds that have the ability to prevent the aggregation types of insults to the CNS, such as ischemia [17]. Altered cysta- of Aβ or that enhance neuronal survival are likely efficacious in tin C trafficking and a reduction in its secretion is known to be inducing disease modification by either delaying the onset of caused by two presenilin-2 mutations (M239I and T122R), Alzheimer’s disease or by arresting and/or slowing disease pro- linked to familial Alzheimer’s disease [18]. Moreover, a decreased gression. The use of a peptide analogous to cystatin C cystatin C secretion is associated with a polymorphism found sequences that exhibit Aβ carrier characteristics, would serve in the cystatin C gene (CST3) [19–21]. Genetic studies demon- to develop a novel drug for slowing, halting or reversing dis- strated a linkage of the B/B homozygosity in CST3 with an ease progression. Furthermore, identification of cystatin C increased risk of developing late-onset sporadic Alzheimer’s dis- sequences with neuroprotective properties would provide sig- ease. (For an updated record of all published Alzheimer’s dis- nificant beneficial effects for Alzheimer’s disease and other ease-associated studies for CST3, see ‘Alzgene’ on the internet neurodegenerative disorders. site of the Alzheimer Research Forum [101].) Thus, a decreased cystatin C secretion associated with the CST3 allele reveals a mechanism for the increased risk of late-onset sporadic Alzhe- Financial & competing interests disclosure imer’s disease conferred by this polymorphism and suggests Supported by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke that a reduced cystatin C brain concentration is associated with (NS42029), National Institute on Aging (AG017617), Alzheimer’s the disease [17]. Association (IIRG-07-59699) and the American Heart Association Cystatin C is found in all mammalian body fluids and tissues (0040102N). and has a broad spectrum of biological roles [1]. In the brain, it The author has no other relevant affiliations or financial involvement has been implicated in the response to neuronal degeneration with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial and repair of the nervous system (for review, see [17]). Multiple conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript studies, mainly in vitro, propose that cystatin C directly pro- apart from those disclosed. tects neuronal cells from a variety of toxic insults, including No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript. 3 Maruyama K, Ikeda S, Ishihara T, Roos RAC. Co-localization of β/A4 and References Allsop D, Yanagisawa N. cystatin C in cortical blood vessels in Papers of special note have been highlighted as: Immunohistochemical characterization of Dutch, but not in Icelandic hereditary • of interest cerebrovascular amyloid in 46 autopsied cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis. Acta •• of considerable interest cases using antibodies to β protein and Neurol. Scand. 89, 367–371 (1994). cystatin C. Stroke 21, 397–403 (1990). 1 Bobek LA, Levine MJ. Cystatins – 6 Levy E, Sastre M, Kumar A et al. inhibitors of cysteine proteinases. Crit. Rev. 4 Itoh Y, Yamada M, Hayakawa M, Codeposition of cystatin C with amyloid-β Oral. Biol. Med. 3, 307–332 (1992). Otomo E, Miyatake T. Cerebral amyloid protein in the brain of Alzheimer’s disease angiopathy: a significant cause of cerebellar patients. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 60, 2 Vinters HV, Nishimura GS, Secor DL, as well as lobar cerebral hemorrhage in the 94–104 (2001). Pardridge WM. Immunoreactive A4 and elderly. J. Neurol. Sci. 116, 135–141 γ-trace peptide colocalization in 7 Wei L, Walker LC, Levy E. Cystatin C: (1993). amyloidotic arteriolar lesions in brains of Icelandic-like mutation in an animal model patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Am. J. 5 Haan J, Maat-Schieman MLC, van of cerebrovascular β amyloidosis. Stroke 27, Pathol. 137, 233–240 (1990). Duinen SG, Jensson O, Thorsteinsson L, 2080–2085 (1996). 688 Expert Rev. Neurotherapeutics 8(5), (2008) Cystatin C: a potential target for Alzheimer’s treatment Editorial 8 Uchida K, Kuroki K, Yoshino T, Yamaguchi 13 Selenica ML, Wang X, Ostergaard-Pedersen 17 Levy E, Jaskolski M, Grubb A. The role of R, Tateyama S. Immunohistochemical L, Westlind-Danielsson A, Grubb A. cystatin C in cerebral amyloid angiopathy study of constituents other than β-protein Cystatin C reduces the in vitro formation of and stroke: cell biology and animal models. in canine senile plaques and cerebral soluble Aβ1-42 oligomers and protofibrils.