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Universiteit Leiden MA Thesis Universiteit Leiden MA Thesis Cultural Governance under Xi Jinping An investigation on Chinese traditional culture and cultural heritage management at a local level Presented to the Faculty of Humanities, Institute for Area studies Presented by: Laura Minafo’ (s1895680) Via Lazio n 24 Trapani (TP) 91100, Italy +39 3405351719 [email protected] July 2018 1 Table of Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................ 4 Presentation of the topic................................................................................................................................................ 4 Research Questions ........................................................................................................................................................ 4 Methodology and Literature Review .............................................................................................................................. 4 Case Studies Presentation .............................................................................................................................................. 5 Chapter One: theories on nationalism in contemporary China .......................................................................................... 7 Introduction.................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Scholarly debates ........................................................................................................................................................... 7 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................................... 11 Chapter Two: The implementation of cultural governance.............................................................................................. 12 Introduction.................................................................................................................................................................. 12 A common economy .................................................................................................................................................... 12 The rhetoric of cultural governance in political speeches ............................................................................................ 14 Cultural Investments .................................................................................................................................................... 16 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................................... 18 Chapter Three: The Confucius Temple and the Kong Mansion ........................................................................................ 19 Introduction.................................................................................................................................................................. 19 The structure of the Confucius Temple and Kong’s Mansion ...................................................................................... 19 The narrative in websites and advertisements ............................................................................................................ 20 The novelty of governmental support .......................................................................................................................... 24 The international organizations ................................................................................................................................... 27 The symbols in the narrative ........................................................................................................................................ 29 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................................... 31 Chapter Four: The Shandong Province Museum .............................................................................................................. 32 Introduction.................................................................................................................................................................. 32 The Advertisement Strategies ...................................................................................................................................... 32 Interview’s Results ....................................................................................................................................................... 34 Political narratives in the context of the Museum ....................................................................................................... 36 Conclusion .................................................................................................................................................................... 38 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................................................ 39 Bibliography ...................................................................................................................................................................... 42 Appendix ........................................................................................................................................................................... 44 “The Right to Development: China’s Philosophy, Practice and Contribution.” ............................................................ 44 Fieldwork Data Part 1: Confucius Temple and Kong Manson ...................................................................................... 55 2 The UNESCO World Heritage List’s ............................................................................................................................... 56 Shandong Confucius and Mencius Cultural Heritage Conservation and Development Project Draft PAD .................. 58 Fieldwork Data, Part 2: The Shandong Province Museum ........................................................................................... 59 Interview to head manager of Shandong Province Museum ....................................................................................... 61 3 Introduction Presentation of the topic As a consequence of its vertiginous development in the last decades, China has gained a new position as an international superpower. Economic development has led to drastic social changes which had an impact on the official conception of Chinese Identity supported by the government. After the Maoist era and the reforms conducted under Deng, the old communist ideology did not suit Chinese people anymore. The government has had to find new discourses on which to base the national community. Contemporary China’s nationalism engages repeatedly with China’s glorious past and the unique value of Chinese traditional culture. Through such themes, the government aims to build a connection between contemporary Chinese society and Chinese history, in an effort to fill the lack of ideology which followed the Maoist era. Moreover, in contemporary times China’s international image has changed too; it is now one of the most powerful economies in the world, but lacks of international cultural influence. This study will investigate whether Chinese domestic cultural governance is meant to have an impact on an international level, and how such an objective would be achieved. This research will focus on the formulation and implementation of cultural governance under the president Xi Jinping, approaching the subject in a threefold analysis: theories on Chinese identity and nation-building, international network building and cultural investments under Xi Jinping, and exemplifying case studies in the Shandong province (The Confucius Temple and Kong’s Manson in Qufu, and the Shandong Province Museum in Jinan). Research Questions The questions this research seeks to answer are: how is cultural governance formulated and implemented in Contemporary China? What are the theories behind Chinese nation-building strategies that engage which traditional culture? How should the governmental support to Chinese traditional culture be interpreted? Who is the audience for such narrative and what does it aim for? How does this discourse reflect on a local level, such as the Shandong Province? Methodology and Literature Review The first chapter of this study serves as a theoretical background for the following empirical data. I have traced my first argument on Harrison1, to justify my claim that there is no such a thing as an ever existing national community in China. I then referred to Zhao2 in arguing that Chinese nationalism in the 90’s relied to a great extent on a discourse based on China’s prestigious 1 Henrietta Harrison, China – Inventing the Nation, (New York: Oxford University Press Inc., 2001). 2 Suisheng Zhao, A Nation-State by Construction – Dynamics of Modern Chinese Nationalism, (Stanford University Press: California, 2004). 4 heritage and millenary history. Moreover, I have widely relied on Callahan’s study3 to discuss how the governmental discourses on Chinese
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