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The Significance of Individual Contributions to the History of Kildonan Unitingcare

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The Significance of Individual Contributions to the History of Kildonan Unitingcare The Significance of Individual Contributions to the History of Kildonan UnitingCare. SUBMITTED IN TOTAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY JULY 2018 NATIONAL SCHOOL OF ARTS SHARRON LANE B.A AND M.A. ABSTRACT This thesis explores the history of the Victorian community service organisation which until June 2017 was known as Kildonan UnitingCare, and its historical predecessors, through the prisms of leadership and change. The Neglected and Criminal Children’s Act 1864 established a child welfare system where both the government and private establishments could take charge of children. Successive governments did not merely tolerate these private providers but actively partnered with them, and over the course of two decades this entrenched a decentralised system. The thesis argues that this created an environment where individuals within private organisations could develop new methods of care and use their organisations as a platform to change the nature of the sector more broadly. Kildonan, established in 1881, provides three examples of such significant contributions. Selina Murray MacDonald Sutherland founded the work as a lady missionary at the Scots’ Church in Melbourne, and achieved a position of such prominence that she was able to persuade government to legitimate the work of private child rescuers through legislation, a recognition that was sought but rarely achieved by child rescue advocates in other parts of the world. In the 1950s two more leaders emerged, transforming not only Kildonan but also leading changes across the sector as a whole. Alison Player brought insights from her training as a social worker to lead the planning process that moved the organisation away from a focus on institutional care in the 1950s. She was followed by Alfred Spencer Colliver who, as Superintendent from 1957, developed the scattered family group home system, and worked alongside government to persuade other child care organisations to follow a similar path. By comparing a range of sources to reconstruct what has been a poorly documented field this thesis shows how individuals, and the informal relationships they i were able to develop with others in the sector, were crucial to the ongoing development of child welfare policy across Victoria’s decentralised array of support services. ii Declaration and signed Statement of Authorship and Sources This thesis contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a thesis by which I have qualified for or been awarded another degree or diploma. No parts of this thesis have been submitted towards the award of any other degree or diploma in any other tertiary institution. No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgment in the main text of the thesis. All research procedures reported in the thesis received the approval of the relevant Ethics/Safety Committees. Signed………………………………………………………………………. iii iv Acknowledgements First, I wish to thank the people and organisations who made my research possible. I would not have been able to complete my thesis without the consistent and unwavering support and advice I have received from my Supervisors – Professor Emerita Shurlee Swain and Doctor Nell Musgrove. I am grateful for Professor Swain’s extraordinary ability to recollect so quickly the broad sweep of academic analysis this thesis has touched upon and her generosity in sharing her wealth of knowledge. Doctor Musgrove’s own work was invaluable, both formally in her written research on child welfare and in her essential commentary on my work as I progressed. I also wish to thank Stella Avramopoulos who was Kildonan UnitingCare’s CEO during much of the period this thesis was being written. She granted me unfettered access to Kildonan’s extensive archival material for which I will be forever grateful. To Kildonan’s Epping office staff I say a big thank-you as they supported my research by listening enthusiastically to the various stories I uncovered about the organisation during my archival adventures across several years. It was an encounter with Kildonan’s history and my involvement in the ‘Who am I?’ project looking into Care Leaver records which initially sparked my interest in the thesis topic. (Care Leavers is the term now commonly used for those who were managed in out-of-home child placements.) This was also where I first met my supervisors and the rest, as they say, is history. There were other sites I visited in my studies. Trove has been a fantastic source so I say a loud thank-you to the National Library of Australia for making such an incredible resource available to historians. I wish to thank Scots’ Church for allowing me to access their records on the early years of the organisation and for a copy of their history book written for their 175th anniversary. A thank-you to all those at the Public Record Office Victoria and the State Library of Victoria who were so helpful and answered my many questions. I am grateful to the Department of Health and Human Services for allowing me to access records from their archive. There have been some wonderful individual contributions to this thesis which I wish to acknowledge. My Uncle, who also loves history, came to visit us and while staying at Phillip Island picked up a local history book only to notice ‘my lady’ (Miss Sutherland) in it. While the book provided a few short sentences about the life of Sutherland it proved to be important new evidence of her political links and I am very grateful to him for remembering her name. This thesis was also enriched by the contribution of Lloyd and v Faye Owen who kindly agreed to be interviewed and recounted their time as 1960s cottage parents. This added another dimension to my analysis of the family group home method. Most importantly I wish to acknowledge that this study has examined case files of children and families who were often in distress when they engaged with the nineteenth-century society and the various children’s homes run by the organisation in later decades. I have been conscious of respecting their personal histories but hope that my research will provide a contextual framework which may assist their understanding of the broader child welfare system and how their experiences fitted within it. Finally I wish to thank all my friends and family who have patiently supported me over several years. I am grateful for the encouragement I have received from them. I wish to thank my immediate family for surviving the thesis process up close. In particular my husband, who supported me in so many wonderful ways and to my adult children who have also cheered me on while I have been completing this thesis. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... VIII CHAPTER ONE: THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHILD WELFARE SYSTEM IN VICTORIA ..................................................................................................................................... 41 CHAPTER TWO: SELINA SUTHERLAND – MELBOURNE’S FEMALE CHILD RESCUER ......................................................................................................................................................... 71 CHAPTER THREE: SUTHERLAND AND THE NEGLECTED CHILDREN’S ACT 1887 . 97 CHAPTER FOUR: SIXTY-FIVE YEARS OF ORGANISATIONAL STASIS ...................... 119 CHAPTER FIVE: MID-TWENTIETH CENTURY SOCIAL WORK DEVELOPMENTS . 151 CHAPTER SIX: THE INDIVIDUALS WHO CHANGED KILDONAN SERVICES ........... 171 CHAPTER SEVEN: THE FAMILY GROUP HOME METHOD ........................................... 189 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................. 241 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................................ 249 APPENDIX A: INFORMATION LETTER TO PARTICIPANTS ........................................ 291 APPENDIX B: CONSENT FORM ............................................................................................ 293 APPENDIX C: QUESTIONS FOR COTTAGE PARENT INTERVIEW ............................. 295 vii List of Figures Figure 1: Miss Selina Murray McDonald Sutherland 71 Figure 2: The administration building built in 1937 is still in use today. 144 Figure 3: A bedroom in Minnie Mailer cottage (late 1950s) 146 Figure 4: Mrs Alison Mathew (nee Player) 173 Figure 5: Mr Alfred Spencer Colliver 184 Figure 6: An image of the family group home located in Blackburn 189 Figure 7: The pilot family group home in 1958 211 Figure 8: Kildonan’s suburban family group home in Glen Iris 225 viii Introduction This thesis explores the history of the organisation which was known most recently as Kildonan UnitingCare prior to its amalgamation into the larger organisation known as Uniting in June 2017. The organisation, informally known as ‘Kildonan’, was initially founded as part of the missionary work of the Scots’ Church in Collins Street, Melbourne. Overseen by the Scots’ Church District Aid Society, by 1884 the work with children had been formalised into the Scots’ Church Neglected Children’s Aid Society. In 1895 the organisation amalgamated with another child rescue organisation managed by the Presbyterian Church to become the Presbyterian and Scots’ Church Neglected Children’s Aid Society. In 1887 the Society rented a receiving home which it named ‘Kildonan’. This was also to be the name of another home opened
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