Appendix The Henderson Memorial Lectures
The Henderson Memorial Lectures were initiated by Dr R. J. C. Harris in 1976, in com- memoration of David W. W. Henderson, the first Director of the establishment. Lectures have been held in most years since this date, usually on a topic of interest to the research of the Centre and always by someone eminent in the field. The lecture is marked by the award of the Henderson Memorial Medal, struck by the Gaunt Mint in Birmingham in sterling silver. During the MOD and PHLS eras, the medal bore the establishment logo on the obverse. In 1994, this was replaced with a likeness of Henderson himself, taken from a photograph of the portrait of him which hangs in CAMR. The following is a comprehensive list of Memorial lecturers and, where known, the titles of their lectures.
1975 Prof. D. G. Evans (Director, National Institute for Biological Standards) 1976 Prof. D. A. L. Davies 1977 Not held 1978 Prof. J. M. Ashworth (Chief Scientist, Central Policy Review Staff, Cabinet Office) The Cellular Slime Moulds: Microbial Differentiation 1979 Sir Hans Kornberg (Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge) The Importance of Being Microbiological (in the Study of Metabolic Regulation) 1980 Not held 1981 Prof. J. Postgate FRS (Director, Agricultural Research Council, Unit of Nitrogen Fixation, University of Sussex) A Fixation About Nitrogen 1982 Dr D. A. J. Tyrrell FRS (Clinical Research Centre, Division of Communicable Diseases, Harrow) Pros and Cons of Doing Research on Human Beings 1983 Prof. Henry Harris FRS (Regius Professor of Medicine, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford) A New Marker for Human Malignant Cells 1984 Dr Sidney Brenner FRS (The MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge) Analysing Biological Complexity 1985 Dr Cesar Milstein FRS (MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge) Dissecting the Immune Response 1986 Prof. M. A. Epstein CBE, FRS (Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford) The Prevention of Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Cancers 1987 Sir Walter Bodmer FRS (Director of Research, Imperial Cancer Research Fund) Genes, Viruses and Cancer 1988 Prof. Luc Montagnier (Head of Viral Oncology, Institut Pasteur, Paris) HIV in AIDS Pathogenesis 1989 Dr C. E. Gordon Smith (Director of MRE 1964–71; former Dean, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) Microbiological War and Peace – Porton Revisited 1990 Not held 1991 Not held 1992 Prof. B. S. Hartley (Emeritus Professor of Biochemistry, Imperial College) The Weak-point in Thermostability of Glucose Isomerases 1993 Not held
236 Appendix 237
1994 Prof J. Oliver Dolly (Prof. of Biochemistry, Imperial College) Toxins, Twitches and Transmitter Release: Discovery of Participating Proteins 1995 Prof. Robert Steffen (Institute of Preventive Medicine, University of Zurich) Travel Medicine: the Risks and the Role of Vaccines 1996 Dr Brian W. J. Mahy (Director of the Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, the National Center for Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta) Why are Viral Diseases Emerging and Re-emerging? 1997 Dr Chris Evans (Founder and Director, Merlin Ventures) Creating Business and Wealth from Science and Technology 1998 Not held 1999 Not held 2000 Not held Notes
Chapter 2: Early Beginnings
1. See: Stone J. F. S. (1958). Wessex Before the Celts. Thames & Hudson, London. 2. For further information, see Wells T. C. E., Sheail J., Ball D. F. and Ward L. K. J. (1976). ‘Ecological studies on the Porton Ranges: relationships between vegetation, soils and land-use history’. J. Ecology 64, 589–626. 3. Harris S. H. (1994). Factories of Death; Japanese Biological Warfare 1932–1945 and the American Cover-up. Routledge, London. See also: Williams P. and Wallace D. (1989). Unit 731: The Japanese Army’s Secret of Secrets. Hodder & Stoughton, London. 4. Editorial: ‘Rhodesians used Biological Weapons’. New African, September 1992, p. 42. 5. Wickham Steed H. (1934). ‘Aerial Warfare: Secret German Plans’. The Nineteenth Century and After 116, 1–15. 6. Wickham Steed H. (1934). ‘The Future of Warfare’. The Nineteenth Century and After 116, 129–40. 7. CID COS Sub-Committee: Minutes of the 118th Meeting, held on 12 February 1934. PRO CAB 53/4. 8. Composition: Col. Sir Maurice Hankey (Chairman); Surg. Rear Admiral S. F. Dudley (Deputy Med. Dir. General, Navy); Lt Gen. Sir J. A. Hartigan (Dir. General, Army Medical Services); Air Vice Marshall A. W. Iredell (Dir. RAF Medical Services); Maj. S. Blackmore (Medical Adviser, ARP Dept. of the Home Office); N. K. Johnson (Chief Superintendent, Chemical Defence Research Dept.); Dr D. E. Mellanby (Secretary, MRC); Prof. J. C. G. Ledingham (MRC); Dr B. A. Keen (Rothamsted Experimental Station); Prof. W. W. C. Topley (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine); Wing Cdr P. Warburton (Committee of Imperial Defence); F. Hemming (Economic Advisory Committee). Details are given in PRO WO188/650. 9. CBW1 CID Sub-Committee on BW; 2 November 1936. PRO WO188/650. 10. CBW2 CID Sub-Committee on BW; 4 November 1936. PRO WO188/650; CBW3 CID Sub-Committee on BW; 4 November 1936. PRO WO188/650; CBW12 CID Sub- Committee on BW; 22 February 1937. PRO WO188/650. 11. CBW Sub-Committee on BW First Report; 25 October 1937. PRO WO 188/650. 12. Ibid. 13. Ibid. 14. Williams R. E. O. (1985). Microbiology for the Public Health. PHLS, London, pp. 163–4. 15. A three-volume history on Hankey’s life has been written by Roskill S. (1970, 1972, 1974). Hankey: Man of Secrets. Collins, London. 16. Who arrived first is not known, but it is known that Gladstone, Packman and Morris drove, in Gladstone’s car, to Porton on 5 October 1940. It is believed that Fildes, Henderson and Thackeray had arrived a few days earlier; Woods and Hill arrived at a later date. 17. Pasquill F., Sheppard P. A. and Sutcliffe R. C. (1978). Oliver Graham Sutton: 4 February 1903 – 26 May 1977. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 24, 529–46. 18. See Carter G. B. (2000). Chemical and Biological Defence at Porton Down 1916–2000. The Stationery Office, London, pp. 63–4.
238 Notes 239
19. Harris R. and Paxman J. (1982). A Higher Form of Killing. Chatto & Windus, London, pp. 90–1. 20. Murphy S., Hay A. and Rose S. (1984). No Fire No Thunder: The Threat of Chemical and Biological Weapons. Pluto Press, London, p. 31. 21. Garrett, B. ‘The CW Almanac: April 1996’. ASA Newsletter 96–3, p. 9. 22. Carter, G. B. The Legend of Fildes and the Heydrich Assassination. ASA Newsletter 96–4, p. 8. 23. Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare; Geneva 17 June 1925. Ratified by the UK on 9 April 1930. 24. Medical Research in War: Report of the MRC for the Years 1939–45. Cmd. 7335. HMSO.
Chapter 3: Sea Trials
1. Trials took place over 1948–49: Brucella abortus: five trials: two on 9 December, two on 11 December and one on 16 December Bacillus subtilis: one trial: 16 December Bacillus anthracis: 26 January (4lb bomb trial); 27 January (two head spray trial); 5 February (4lb bomb trial); 6 February (spray trial) Brucella suis: 21 December (spray trial); 22 December (spray trial); 7 January (spray trial); 9 January (two spray trials); 22 February (two 4lb bomb trials) Bacterium tularense: 5 February (4lb bomb trial); 5 February (spray trial); 24 February (two 4lb bomb trials); 25 February (4lb bomb trial)
2. The pontoon was a 200 × 60 feet spud pontoon from a Second World War Mulberry harbour, that is, a small floating island. 3. Vaccinia is the agent used to produce a smallpox vaccine. It has only a low level of pathogenicity and has therefore been used as a simulant for smallpox. At the time of the sea trials and beyond, there was a high level of vaccination amongst the global population for smallpox and its status as an effective BW agent at that time must be questioned. In present times vaccination has been discontinued fol- lowing eradication of the disease. This must lead, therefore, to a higher vulnera- bility. There are now only two countries authorized by the World Health Organisation to hold smallpox stocks, the USA and Russia, so the likely threat must be considered low.
Chapter 4: Field Trials
1. Much of the work described in this chapter is reported in the MRE Field Trial Reports. Numbers 1–3 are in the PRO. Numbers 4–24 were first released by the MOD to public libraries in Dorset in May 1998. Most of these are now also in the PRO. 2. Cole L. A. (1990). Clouds of Secrecy: The Army’s Germ Warfare Tests Over Populated Areas, Rowman & Littlefield, Maryland, USA, pp. 46–8 and 60–5. 240 Notes
3. Toxicological Assessment of the Army’s zinc cadmium sulphide dispersion tests. National Academy Press, Washington DC, USA. (1997). 4. An arbitrary line sometimes used by geographers to divide the UK, drawn from the River Tees in the north-east to the River Exe in the south-west. 5. Travel of bacterial aerosol simulants over distances up to 15 miles. MRE Field Trial Report 1. 6. Concentration, viability and immunological properties of airborne bacteria released from a massive line source. MRE Field Trial Report 3. 7. The viability, concentration and immunological properties of airborne bacteria released from a massive line source. MRE Field Trial Report 4. 8. Comparison of the Viability of Escherichia coli in Airborne Particles and on Microthreads Exposed in the Field. MRE Field Trial Report 5. 9. May K. R. & Druett H. A. (1968). ‘A microthread technique for studying the viability of microbes in a simulated airborne state’. J. General Microbiology 51, 353–66. 10. The viable decay of E. coli on microthreads – exposure carried out in the open air on the coast and inland in Great Britain. MRE Field Trial Report 7. 11. Influence of a Protective Agent upon the Viability of Escherichia coli in Aerosols and on Microthreads: Tests in the Field. MRE Field Trial Report 6. 12. The Open Air Factor. March 1968. PRO WO195/16657. 13. The Leander class of frigate was produced from April 1959 to February 1973. A total of 26 ships were built, of which six were involved in BW trials. They were designed with a displacement of 2720 tons. No portholes were fitted to the hull of these vessels as an internal, airtight citadel was provided against nuclear contamination. The operations room within this citadel allowed the control and fighting of the ship from a secure position. Access was through airlocks fitted with decontamina- tion bathrooms. Ships also had a pre-wetting pumping system, with a capacity of 300 tons per hour, allowing external surfaces to be washed down after a BW cloud had passed. An earlier trial was conducted with a Type 12 Rothesay class frigate, HMS Londonderry, as the target vessel. One trial was also conducted with the assault ship HMS Fearless. For further information on the Leander class, see Osborne R. and Sowden D. (1990). Leander Class Frigates: A History of their Design and Development 1958–90. World Ship Society, Kendal. 14. The survival of airborne bacteria in naval vessels: Tests with Escherichia coli. [Phase 1 was conducted on board HMS Cleopatra and phases 2 and 3 on HMS Sirius. Phase 4 was conducted at Porton.] MRE Field Trial Report 8. 15. Aerobiological Investigations in HMS Fearless During Naval Trial Tanfield. [Trials were conducted on board the assault ship HMS Fearless.] MRE Field Trial Report 9. 16. The survival of microorganisms inside naval vessels: Tests in the machinery compartments of the Leander Class Frigate HMS Phoebe. MRE Field Trial Report 10. 17. Penetration of an airborne BW simulant into HMS Andromeda; Naval Trial Kolanut. MRE Field Trial Report 11. 18. Ship defence against biological operations; Navy Trial Varan. MRE Field Trial Report 14. 19. Decontamination and Cleansing in Biological Operations. 2. Studies in the Protection Training Unit, Phoenix NBCD School; Navy Trial Gondolier. MRE Field Trial Report 21. 20. Decontamination and Cleansing in Biological Operations. 1. Studies of the Deposition of an Airborne Biological Agent Simulant on Clothing and Hair and its Subsequent Re- Aerosolization. MRE Field Trial Report 15. 21. Decontamination and Cleansing in Biological Operations. 3: Tests in a Ship at Sea ; Navy Trial Hazelwood. MRE Field Trial Report 24. Notes 241
22. Collaborative US/UK Biological Detection Trials: Trials Procedures and Details of the Biological Challenges. MRE Field Trial Report 12. 23. Strange R. E., Powell E. O. and Pearce T. W. (1971). ‘The rapid detection and deter- mination of sparse bacterial populations with radioactively labelled homologous antibodies’. J. General Microbiology 67, 349. 24. Field Testing of Spartan and Scimitar. MRE Field Trial Report 13. 25. Measurements of the Penetration of Airborne Particles into the NBC Collective Protection System Fitted to FV 438. MRE Field Trial Report 19. 26. Simple Biological Shelters. 1. Tests of Penetration of Airborne Particles into Portakabins. MRE Field Trial Report 16. 27. Simple Biological Shelters 2. Tests of the Protection Against the Penetration of Airborne Particles Given by Various Simple Systems. MRE Field Trial Report 20. 28. Dissemination of Airborne Microorganisms by Simple Sprays. MRE Field Trial Report 23. 29. Comparison of New Biological Aerosol Samplers in the Field. MRE Field Trial Report 2. 30. Studies on Aerosol Particle Concentrators. MRE Field Trial Report 17. 31. Tests on the Chemiluminescent Detector: Calibration of the Detector in the Field by Challenging with Biological Agent Simulants. MRE Field Trial Report 18. 32. See, for example, Gilligan A. ‘Revealed: MOD’s germ warfare tests on London’, Sunday Telegraph, 2 February 1997; Stuttaford T. ‘Germ Warfare Trials Met with Stout Resistance’, The Times, 3 February 1997. Similar earlier reporting, mostly on the sea trials, can be found in Lashmar P. and McCarthy T., ‘How Britain Cast Plague on Paradise’, Observer, 15 December 1996. 33. Hansard, 10 February 1997, col. 4. 34. MOD Press Release, entitled ‘Roadshow to Explain “Germ Warfare Trials Over Dorset”’; 18 September 1997; available (at that time) over the internet at http://www.dra.hmg.gb/html/news/pressrel/pr_039.htm accessed via http://www. dra.hmg.gb/dera.htm 35. Hansard, 12 November 1997, cols 825–45. 36. Concerns arose from the secret release of various simulants which led to the gratu- itous exposure of large numbers of the population of southern England to these microorganisms. 37. See Sunday Telegraph, 17 May 1998. 38. Dorset Southern Echo, 23 May 1998. 39. The report, entitled Independent review of the possible health hazards of the large-scale release of bacteria during the Dorset defence trials, was released to the House of Commons Library on 9 February 1999. This was accompanied by an MOD press release on the internet on the same day [http://www.mod.uk/news/prs/035_99.htm] entitled ‘Biological defence trials review published’. 40. Press release by the Dorset Health Authority, entitled ‘Germ warfare investigation finds no cluster of illness or birth defects in East Lulworth’; 17 March 1999.
Chapter 5: The Defence Years: 1951–79
1. Examples include the following: Henderson D. W. W. (1955). ‘The Microbiological Research Department, Ministry of Supply, Porton, Wiltshire’. Proc. Roy. Soc. B 143, 192–202; Gordon Smith, C. E. (1967). ‘The Microbiological Research Establishment, Porton’. Chemistry & Industry 9, 338–46; Carter G. B. (1975). ‘Porton’s Story Told Scope’ [a now defunct MOD house journal]. May 1995; Gordon Smith C. E. (1990). ‘Microbiological War and Peace’. PHLS Microbiological Digest 7, 48–51; Carter G. B. 242 Notes
(1991). ‘The Microbiological Research Establishment and its Precursors at Porton Down: 1940–1979. Part I, Biology Department Porton, 1940–1945’. ASA Newsletter 91–6 (December 1991); Carter G. B. (1991). ‘The Microbiological Research Establishment and its Precursors at Porton Down: 1940–1979. Part 2, The Microbiological Research Establishment 1946–1979’. ASA Newsletter 92–1 (February 1992); Carter G. B. (1991). ‘75 Years of Chemistry at Porton Down’. Chemistry in Britain 27, 1095. 2. Carter G. B. and Balmer B. (1999) ‘Chemical and Biological Warfare and Defence’. In: R. Bud and P. Gummett (eds). Cold War, Hot Science: Applied Research in Britain’s Defence Laboratories 1945–1990. Harwood Academic Press. 3. Cabinet Defence Committee Minutes, 10 July 1956. PRO CAB 131/17 DC(56)6. 4. ‘Chemical and Biological Defence Programmes’. Statement by US President Richard Nixon; White House press release, 26 August 1969. Reported in the Department of State Bulletin, 15 December 1969, pp. 541–3. 5. See the following: Carter G. B. (1992). ‘Biological Warfare and Biological Defence in the United Kingdom 1940–79’. Royal United Services Institute Journal 137, 67–74. Dando M. (1994). Biological Warfare in the 21st Century. Brassey’s (UK); London. Pearson, G. S. (1992). ‘Talking Point; Preventing Biological Warfare’. New Scientist, 21 March 1992, p. 8. 6. MRD Annual Report 1951–52. PRO WO195/12136; MRD Annual Report 1952–53. PRO WO195/12629. 7. MRD Annual Report 1953–54. PRO WO195/13086. 8. Bud R. (1993). The Uses of Life: A History of Biotechnology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. p. 112. 9. MRD Annual Report 1951–52. PRO WO195/12136. 10. MRD Annual Report 1952–53. PRO WO195/12629. 11. MRE Annual Report 1961–62. PRO WO195/15382. 12. MRE Annual Report 1964–65. PRO WO195/16036. 13. MRE Report of the Microbial Products Section, 1 September 1962 to 30 June 1964. PRO WO195/15874. 14. Thomas A. V. W. and Thomas A. J. (1970). Legal Limits on the Use of Chemical and Biological Weapons. Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas, USA. 15. It is difficult to identify the most complete source on OAF: Hers J. F. P. h and Winkler K. C. (eds). Airborne Transmission and Airborne Infection. Oosthoek Publishing, Utrecht, The Netherlands (1973) provides several useful sources. 16. Dark F. A. and Callow D. S. (1973) in: Hers J. F. Ph. and Winkler K. C. (eds), Airborne Transmission and Airborne Infection. Oosthoek Publishing, Utrecht, The Netherlands, pp. 97–9. 17. Carter G. B. (1965). ‘The rapid detection and titration of Variola and Vaccinia viruses by a fluorescent antibody-coverslip cell monolayer system’. Virology 25, 659–62. 18. Carter G. B. and Bright W. F. (1968). ‘Immunofluorescent study of the Vervet monkey disease agent’. Lancet ii, 913–14. 19. Anon. (1968). Nature 220, 246. 20. Gordon Smith C. E. (1967). Opere citato. See also: Gordon Smith C. E. (1968). ‘Microbiological Research at Porton’. Nature 218, 1114–16. 21. This undated publication, produced by HMSO, is unusual in that it does not mention any BW defence role and even more curious in that MOD affiliation of MRE is not even hinted at; MRE is merely referred to as ‘the Government’s’. 22. No Annual Reports were produced by BDP and none by MRD until that for 1951–52, published in September 1952. Details of many of these reports are now in Notes 243
the Public Record Office. However, it should be noted that not all these Annual Reports may be available through the PRO; some (at least in 1997, the latest date for which information is available) were still ‘Retained by Department’. 23. Documentation on the Units work, like that on Marburg, Ebola and Lassa diseases is probably best followed in the open literature publications listed in the MRE Abstract Series. Reports of the Unit are somewhat more elusive; some are in the MRE Civil Programme Report series (which includes the ‘Commercial-in- Confidence’ elements of the Annual Report for most of MRE’s last decade) and others in the MRE Reports series. 24. MRD produced no Annual Report until 1951, when the new building was occupied. Details of the organization of BDP and MRD before that time are quite impover- ished. One of us (GBC) who joined MRD in 1948 is certain that he received no pro- phylactic immunizations before 1951, nor is he aware of any regime of immunizations for any staff before that time. However, it is clear that some staff received immunizations of, for example, botulinum toxoid in 1948. Who adminis- tered such prophylactics is not known. 25. Sadd J. A. Porton Gun Precursor. UK Patent Application 22222/58.
Chapter 6: The New Establishment
1. Kent L. H. (1980). Design and Construction of the MRE Building. Personal commu- nication to GBC. 2. Norris K. P. (1992). Unpublished manuscript; Origins of the Porton Lands, pp. 91. Quoted by permission of the author. 3. Mitchell V. and Smith K. (1991). Basingstoke to Salisbury, including the Bulford Branch. Middleton Press. 4. ‘Electricians Strike’, Salisbury & Winchester Journal 16 March 1951; ‘Electricians Strike Continues’, Salisbury & Winchester Journal 23 March 1951. 5. Knight J. C. (May 1955). ‘Engineering Services in a Laboratory’. J. Institution of Heating & Ventilation Engineers, pp. 33–78. 6. Watts J. H. (1991). ‘Salisbury Gasworks. The Salisbury Gas Light & Coke Company’. South Wiltshire Industrial Archaeology Society, Historical Monograph No. 12; (see pp. 12 and 19). 7. Knight J. C. (1955). ‘Engineering Services’, op. cit.
Chapter 7: Satellite Facilities
1. The fermentation complex is now known as the Fermentation Process Plant, FPP. The terms ‘No. 1 Experimental Plant’ and ‘No. 2 Experimental Plant’ were first used in spring 1947, and have persisted (in only slightly modified form) to the present day; in spite of the official title of FPP, the term EP1 remains in colloquial use amongst longer-serving staff. 2. Sutton Oak was the chemical production plant of CDES Porton. It was sited at St Helens in Lancashire and produced various ‘traditional’ chemical warfare agents. Following the advent of the V agents after the Second World War it was considered that these compounds were too toxic to risk production at Sutton Oak, which was in a populated area. Consequently, production transferred to a new site at Nancekuke, near Redruth in Cornwall. 244 Notes
3. In archival documents, the Tank Armament research facility is variously referred to as a ‘building’, a ‘garage’, a ‘workshop’ and a ‘hangar’. The TAR group was based at Chobham and, following a posting during the war years, took up residence on the Porton campus as a lodger unit. 4. It is of interest to note Henderson’s belief that the TAR building would be suited to housing a temporary plant; this facility is still in use some 50 years on, in essentially the same building, and currently forms the major part of CAMR’s (non-pathogen) production fermentation capacity. 5. Harris R. and Paxman J. (1982). A Higher Form of Killing: The Secret History of Gas and Germ Warfare. Chatto & Windus, pp. 274.
Chapter 8: Within These Walls
1. Rawlings F. I. G. (1943). ‘Some physical aspects of the storage of works of art’. J. Institution Heating & Ventilation Engineers 11, 175–85. 2. Fletcher P. (1943). ‘The engineering aspect of the wartime storage of art treasures’. J. Institution Heating & Ventilation Engineers 11, 186–206. 3. The following reference gives further information on subterranean London related to the Post Office and British Telecom: Trench R. & Hillman E. (1994). London Under London: A Subterranean Guide. John Murray, London, pp. 174–87. 4. Details may be found in two published sources: Laurie P. (1979). Beneath the City Streets. Granada Publishing, St Albans, pp. 192–213 and references therein; Campbell D. (1982). War Plan UK: The Truth about Civil Defence in Britain. Burnett Books, London, pp. 216–84.
Chapter 9: The Political Chessboard
1. Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare, 1925. Cmd. 3604 (1930). HMSO. 2. Carter G. B. and Pearson G. S. (1996) ‘North Atlantic Chemical and Biological Research Collaboration 1916–1995’. J. Strategic Studies 19, 74–103. 3. COS Sub-Committee on BW (1947). Final Report on Biological Warfare, BW(47)20, dated 1 September 1947. PRO WO195/9470. 4. PRO: WO195/10871. 5. Minutes of the 17th Meeting of the Biological Research Advisory Board. PRO: WO195/10926. 6. A continuous culture plant based around a 100-litre fermenter within suitable safety containment was later constructed for studies on pathogens within EP1. Confusingly, this was called EP2, but it is critical to appreciate that this was not the EP2 originally envisaged. No studies for the use of human pathogens in the Experimental Plant were ever planned and in later years, the equipment in EP2 was dismantled. By 1955, after some years of postponement, the decision had been taken that the second plant (the original EP2) would not be built. 7. Fildes had strong views about who was (and who was not) capable of managing scientific research properly. He formed the view during the Second World War that only the MRC was capable of running research programmes well. He accepted that the Ministry of Supply had managed scientific programmes during the time BDP, and later MRD came under its aegis because he believed that the scientific evolution Notes 245
of the Ministry of Supply was a unique example of administrative vision in accept- ing the advice of advisory scientists. 8. ‘Risk’ reflects a consideration of feasibility, ‘hazard’ of threat. In modern usage, ‘fea- sibility’ and ‘threat’ would be substituted. ‘Threat’ is an intelligence role. 9. BRAB to Ministry of Aviation, 24 March 1960; Future of the Microbiological Research Establishment. PRO: WO195/14903. 10. Chaired by Sir William Slater of the Royal Society. 11. The UK had ratified the 1925 Geneva Protocol, in respect of the UK and India on 9 April 1930 and in respect of Canada on 6 May 1930. However, this ratification was made with a reservation regarding states who had not ratified the Protocol, or acceded to the Protocol, or who did not respect its provisions. This, effectively, pro- hibited the offensive use of bacteriological methods of warfare, but was interpreted to permit retaliatory action against transgressors. It therefore became known as a ‘no first use’ protocol. Despite the fact that such retaliation would not only be against the country transgressing, but also against her allies (and so could conceiv- ably involve the UK through the action of others), UK policy by 1967 did not include the acquisition of a retaliatory capability. A number of reviews in the early 1960s led the Cabinet Defence Committee to form the view in 1963 that UK policy should be based on the following points: (a) no requirement for an offensive capability; (b) a research strength to allow assessment of any threat, the development of defensive measures (with emphasis on early warning systems) and immuniza- tion programmes; (c) recognition of scientific breakthroughs likely to increase the effectiveness of BW; (d) the need for field trials to increase understanding of behaviour of microorgan- isms in the environment. 12. The Technical Cooperation Programme was the successor to the earlier Tripartite Conferences. Therefore the Tripartite Technical Collaboration Programme (TTCP) was overtaken by The Technical Cooperation Programme which, confusingly, was also given the acronym TTCP! 13. Some idea of the extent of the concerns, which continued for some years after MRE ceased to exist, can be obtained from Elizabeth Sigmund’s (1980) Rage against the dying: campaign against chemical and biological warfare. Pluto Press, London. 14. Riot control agents are generally tear gases, or lachrymators. Though prohibited in war by the Geneva Protocol, their use in civil riot is widely accepted. For further information, the reader is referred to Hersh, S. M. (1968) Chemical and Biological Warfare: America’s Hidden Arsenal. Bobbs-Merrill, Indianapolis, pp. 60–2. It should be noted, however, that this source has a few inaccuracies in the chemical formulae presented. DM is the code for ‘adamsite’, or diphenylaminochloroarsine. CN is the code for chloroacetophenone (also known as Mace). CS is chlorobenzalmalononi- trile, the most commonly known amongst the riot control agents; CS stands for Corson and Stoughton, who first synthesized the compound in 1928.
Chapter 10: A Change of Direction
1. Dr K. P. Norris, at that time both DRCB and DRIS, has no recollection of this being done for DRCB’s purposes (personal communication, K. P. Norris to PMH, 1995) so 246 Notes
it is possible, albeit unlikely, that it may have been carried out by ADRIS for another Department. 2. Biological Weapons Bill: an Act to prohibit the development, production, acquisi- tion and possession of certain biological agents and toxins and of biological weapons (1973). HMSO. 3. Biological Weapons Act (1974). HMSO. 4. Convention on the Prohibition, and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction (1972). Cmnd 5053, HMSO. 5. UK Instrument of Ratification of the Convention on the Prohibition, and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction. Treaty Series No. 11 (1976). Cmnd 6397, HMSO. 6. The buildings known as the ‘White Huts’ are prefabricated ‘garrison’ type buildings, erected at the time of the construction of the main CAMR (then MRD) building. They originally housed some of the workforce. Over the years, some have been used as specialist laboratories, housing equipment such as lasers, freeze-drying facilities and biosafety facilities. 7. The riot control agent CR is dibenzoxazapine, first discovered by R. Higginbottom and H. Suschitzsky scientists at the Salford Technical College in 1960. 8. Report of a Working Party on the Transport of Nerve Agents from Nancekuke to Porton and the Disposal of Effluent from Nerve Agent Production (1970). HMSO. 9. Facilities for CS production were subsequently provided at CDE, but eventually this role passed to industry. The agent CR has not been produced since the demise of Nancekuke. Although no longer used in civil riot control, the Government recently reported that it continues to hold stocks of CR. See Hansard, 12 March 1998, col. 324. 10. ‘The Future of the Microbiological Research Establishment, Porton’. The Biologist 24, 242–4, 1977. 11. Hansard, 21 February 1978, col. 609. 12. Hansard, 28 February 1978, cols 203–4. 13. Hansard, 8 March 1978, col. 703. 14. Williams, R. E. O. (1985). Microbiology for the Public Health. PHLS, London, pp. 165–6.
Chapter 11: Commercial Possibilities
1. For historical details of the 1959–60 outbreak of onyongnyong in central Africa, see bulletins numbered 961206122335, 961207105140, 961207125358 and 961208185909 from PROMED, an electronic information service of the Federation of American Scientists. 2. The MIRO was organized as a result of discussions initiated by the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy. See Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy (Section B: Applied Earth Sciences) vol. 81 (Bulletin 792), dated November 1972 for further details. 3. UK Patent Applications. 40343/68; 40344/68; 32554/69; 54277/70. 4. These companies are listed in Appendix 2 of the report of the ‘Committee of Public Accounts – Centre for Applied Microbiology & Research, Minutes of Evidence. House of Commons, Session 1992–93, reference 757I’. HMSO. 5. Double-page centrefold advertisement for the Porton International group of compa- nies, Nature 310, 30 August 1984. Notes 247
6. Maddox, J. ‘Advertisement Sails Near Wind’. Nature 311, 292 (1984). 7. One of the authors (PMH) was present at the world launch, to represent CAMR on the Porton International stand in Washington, 9–13 September 1984. 8. There has been little published about CAMR’s activities during the Gulf conflict. There have been a number of questions raised in both Houses of Parliament about the supply of products protecting against BW. Some details were also given in answer to an inquiry by the Public Accounts Committee in 1993 (Committee of Public Accounts, House of Commons, Session 1993–94. Third Report – Centre for Applied Microbiology & Research. Published 29 November 1993). The only known account published in the open literature is to be found in a specialist CBW house journal produced by Applied Science & Analysis Inc: Melling, J. and Hammond, P. M. (1995). Defence Vaccines – the changing role and profile of the Centre for Applied Microbiology & Research. ASA Newsletter 48: 8–9. There was subsequently a Statement in the House of Commons by the Secretary of State for Defence, Mr Nicholas Soames MP (Hansard, 10 December 1996, cols 119–40) which refers to the alleged syndrome ‘Gulf War illness’. This, in itself, gave few details of the vaccinations used on UK troops although there was a sup- porting memorandum placed in the library of the House on the same day. However, the House library is not directly accessible to the general public. On 28 October 1997 the Government made a further Statement (Hansard, 28 October 1997, col. 731). An accompanying memorandum entitled ‘Background to the use of Medical Countermeasures to Protect British Forces during the Gulf War (Operation Granby)’ gives precise details of how CAMR contributed to preparations for Operation Granby. Once again, this was placed in the Library of the House. These details were subse- quently placed on the internet, on a Ministry of Defence website. In December 2000, this was located at:
Chapter 12: The PHLS Years: 1979–94
1. Alibek K. and Handelman S. (1999). Biohazard. Hutchinson, London, pp. 70–86. 2. See the ‘Public Health Laboratory Service Bill [HL]’, 9 November 1978. 3. Hansard (Lords), 30 November 1978, cols 1433–42. 4. Hansard (Lords), 15 February 1979, cols 1326–75. 5. ‘Public Health Laboratory Service Bill [HL]’; Standing Committee A, First Sitting – Report of a Parliamentary Debate 13 March 1979. HMSO. 6. ‘Public Health Laboratory Service Bill [HL]’; Standing Committee A, Amendments – SCA 195–8, 15 March 1979. 248 Notes
7. See PHLS Annual Review, 1979–80, p. 27. 8. Biotechnology: Report of a Joint Working Party (1980), HMSO; Advisory Council for Research & Development, Advisory Board for the Research Councils, Royal Society; chaired by Spinks. 9. Biotechnology (1981). Cmnd 8177, HMSO. 10. Reiterated in a debate on Food Safety, Research and Health. Hansard, 21 June 1989, col. 374. 11. Hansard, 12 December 1989, col. 632. 12. Hansard, 20 December 1989, col. 340. 13. Press release by Gresham Financial, on behalf of Porton International plc, entitled ‘Porton International Negotiates to Purchase the Centre for Applied Microbiology & Research (CAMR)’; of February 1990. It is not dated but a copy bearing the stamp of the Gresham Financial facsimile machine is marked 7 February 1990. It is interest- ing to note that Porton International, which had spent many years insisting that the terms of the Distributorship & Marketing Agreement be kept confidential, reveal the level of royalty payment (10 per cent) that the company made to CAMR in this Release. 14. ‘Scientists “no” to takeover’. Salisbury Journal, 29 March 1990. 15. Food Safety, Research and Health. Hansard, 21 June 1989, col. 389. 16. CAMR Annual Report and Accounts 1996–97. 17. Porton International were subsequently to make a higher offer than that made in July 1989, but the Government was eventually to decide not to privatize the Centre. See Hansard, 19 April 1990, col. 986. 18. Melling J. and Hammond P. M. (1994). ‘Defence Vaccines: The Changing Role and Profile of the Centre for Applied Microbiology & Research’. ASA Newsletter no. 48, issue 95–3, June 1995, pp. 8–9. 19. The Marquess of Granby (b.1721) was an Army Officer and popular hero of the Seven Years War (1756–63), leading a spectacular victory over the French in 1761 at Warburg. In 1776, he was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the British Army. However, he was in no way connected with the Gulf conflict and, in spite of many people seeking links, the Operation was not deliberately named after him. ‘Granby’ was merely the next code word on the MOD list waiting to be issued and accord- ingly, was assigned to the operation in the Gulf. 20. ‘UN Special’, November 1991, p. 17. 21. Steffen R., Melling J., Woodall J. P., Rollin P. E., Lang R. H., Lüthy R., Waldvogel A. (1997). ‘Preparation for Emergency Relief after Biological Warfare’. J. Infection 34, 127–32. 22. Hansard, 31 October 1994, col. WA50. 23. The full text of this Memorandum by the Comptroller and Auditor General is repro- duced in the Minutes of Evidence published by the Committee of Public Accounts on 16 June 1993; op. cit. 24. The Committee was chaired by Mr Robert Sheldon. 25. Hansard, 15 January 1993, col. 844. 26. Statutory Instruments are a means of reducing unnecessary pressure on parliamen- tary time. Primary legislation often authorizes the regulation of administrative details through such ‘secondary’ legislation. Parliament exercises the right to approve or annul the Statutory Instrument. For further details the reader is referred to ‘The British System of Government’, 3rd edn (1996). The Stationery Office. 27. Hansard, 29 March 1994, col. 692. Notes 249
28. Statutory Instrument 1994:602, ‘The Microbiological Research Authority Regulations 1994’; Statutory Instrument 1994:603, ‘The Microbiological Research Authority (Establishment and Constitution) Order 1994’.
Chapter 13: A New Authority
1. ‘Regulation of the United Kingdom Biotechnology Industry and Global Competitiveness’; House of Lords Select Committee on Science & Technology Session 1992–93, 7th Report. HL Paper 80, dated 13 July 1993. 2. The CAMR Management Statement 1995 has been placed in the Library of the House of Commons. See Hansard, 25 March 1998, col. 179. 3. ‘Objective Setting and Monitoring in Executive Non-Departmental Public Bodies’, published by the Efficiency Unit of the Cabinet Office, August 1996. 4. Review of UK Microbial Culture Collections: an Independent Review Commissioned by the Office of Science & Technology (November 1994). HMSO. 5. ‘A New Strategy for the UK Microbial Culture Collections: Government Response to the Independent Review of UK Microbial Culture Collections’ (July 1996) OST (DTI). 6. The European Collection of Cell Cultures began life in 1984 at the National Collection of Animal Cell Cultures. It attained European status in 1985, changing its name to the European Collection of Animal Cell Cultures. In 1995, to better reflect its activities, the word ‘Animal’ was dropped from the name although the letter ‘A’ was retained in the acronym for ease of pronunciation. 7. Multi-Departmental Scrutiny of Public Sector Research Establishments (1994) HMSO. 8. ‘Multi-Departmental Scrutiny of Public Sector Research Establishments’. A report by the Efficiency Unit of the Cabinet Office (1994). HMSO. 9. ‘Realising Our Potential: a Strategy for Science, Engineering and Technology’, Cm 2250 (1993) HMSO. 10. ‘Public Sector Research Establishments: Government Response to the Multi- Departmental Scrutiny of Public Sector Research Establishments’, Cm 2991 (1995). HMSO. 11. House of Commons Science & Technology Committee First Report, Session 1996–97. ‘The Prior Options Reviews of Public Sector Research Establishments’. Paper HC 71-I (27 November 1996). HMSO. 12. Hansard, 22 May 1997, col. WA178. An announcement was also made on 26 June 1997 in ‘Government Opportunities’. 13. Hansard, 3 March 1999, col. 818.
Chapter 14: Men of Influence
1. Williams R. E. O. (1985). ‘Microbiology for the Public Health’. Public Health Laboratory Service, London, p. 223. 2. Minutes of the 1st Meeting of the Biological Research Advisory Board, BRAB (1946) PRO: WO195/9107. 3. BRAB: Constitution and Terms of Reference (1946) PRO: WO195/9087 4. The original members of this group were as follows: Lord Hankey (Chairman); Professor E. C. Dodds (later Sir Charles Dodds); Sir Paul Fildes; Sir Howard Florey (later Lord Florey); Lord Stamp; O. H. Wansbrough-Jones (Scientific Adviser to the Army Council but representing CBAB). 250 Notes
MOS Departmental Representation: Dr E. T. Paris (Principal Director of Scientific Research (Defence)); Dr D. W. W. Henderson, (Chief Superintendent MRD). Joint Secretaries: E. E. Haddon (MOS, London); Dr J. F. S. Stone (MRD). 5. CDAB Constitution and Formation of Committees (1946) PRO: WO195/9062 6. Schonland, B. F. J. (1964). Maurice Pascal Alers Hankey, First Baron of the Chart 1877–1963. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 10, 137–46. 7. Roskill, S., ‘Hankey: Man of Secrets’, Collins, London 1970, 1972 and 1974. 8. Dickens, F. (1975). Edward Charles Dodds, 1899–1973. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 21, 227–67. 9. Downie, A. W., Gordon Smith, C. E. and Tobin, J. O’H. (1985) ‘David Gwynne Evans, 1909–84’. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 21, 173–96. 10. Editorial (1971). ‘Sir Paul Fildes’ (obituary). Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 52, 111–13. 11. Stephenson, M. (1949). Bacterial Metabolism, 3rd edn. Longmans Green, London, p. 398. 12. Gladstone, G. P., Knight, B. C. J. G. and Wilson, G. (1973) ‘Paul Gordon Fildes, 1882–1971’. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 19, 316–47. 13. Gordon Smith, C. E. (1967). ‘The Microbiological Research Establishment Porton’. Chemistry & Industry. 9, 338–46. 14. Gladstone G. P. (1972). ‘Paul Fildes 1882–1971’. J. Gen. Microbiol. 70, 1–11. 15. Smith, C. E. G. (1989). ‘Microbiological war and peace – Porton revisited’. PHLS Microbiology Digest. 7, 48–51. 16. ‘C. E. G. Smith’ [obituary]. (1989). Br. Med J. 303, 1197. 17. ‘Presidential Portrait’ (1978). The Biologist. 25, 276–7. 18. Pasquill F., Sheppard P. A. and Sutcliffe R. C. (1978). ‘Oliver Graham Sutton, 1903–1977’. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 24, 529–46. 19. Munroes: the term applied in Scotland to mountains which exceed 3000ft above sea level. There are 284 such Scottish peaks.
Chapter 15: Public Perceptions
1. ‘Memories of Cauldron’, The Guardian, 15.08.70. 2. ‘Dumping of Gas Approved’, The Guardian, 15.08.70. 3. For examples of press reports relating to Operation Cauldron, see ‘Germ war defence tests in ship’, Daily Express, 28.06.52; ‘Atlantic test zone closed to fishing’, Birmingham Post, 30.06.52; ‘Germ warfare research off Lewis’, The Scotsman, 30.06.52; ‘British Admiralty tests germ warfare’, New York Times, 30.06.52. It is probable that the press article in The Guardian entitled ‘Memories of Cauldron’, dated 15.08.70, was confused by the journalist with Operation Ozone, which did take place in Bahamian waters. 4. ‘Goebbels’ “germ war” lie’, Daily Mail, 17.09.41. 5. ‘Germ warfare by Japanese’, Daily Telegraph, 28.02.42. 6. ‘Plague fears in China’, Evening Standard, 02.03.42. 7. ‘Germs from planes all bunk’, Sunday People, 29.08.43. 8. ‘Germans afraid of germ war’, Daily Mail, 11.04.44. 9. ‘Beetle stops potatoes’, Observer, 10.06.45. 10. ‘War by germs’, Everybody’s Weekly, 19.02.44. 11. ‘Bacterial warfare threat; Allied scientists found defence against Axis plans’, Birmingham Post, 04.01.46. 12. The Axis was originally an alliance formed during the 1939–45 war by Germany and Italy, later extended to include Japan and other countries. Notes 251
13. ‘Germ war research opens way to better health’, Yorkshire Post, 04.01.46; ‘Nazi 1936 plans for germ war’, Western Morning News, 04.01.46; ‘Germ war research victory’, Yorkshire Observer, 04.01.46; ‘We were ready for germ war’, Daily Record, 04.01.46; ‘Use of bacteria in war’, The Times, 04.01.46; ‘Bounds of biological war not yet known’, Daily Telegraph, 04.01.46; ‘Germ war probe results will aid public health’, Daily Worker, 04.01.46; ‘Nazis planned germ warfare but Britain and US were pre- pared; scientists’ task’, Liverpool Daily Post, 04.01.46; ‘Secret plants made disease germs – Britain, US had a counter-blow for enemy’, Daily Herald, 04.01.46; ‘We will tell world our “germ war” finds’, Daily Mail, 04.01.46; ‘Axis was all set for germ war’, Daily Express, 04.01.46. 14. ‘Bacteria as weapons of war; the Journal’s fears in Spring 1942’. Pharmaceutical Journal, 19.01.46, pp. 40–1. 15. ‘Germ spray may be the new secret US weapon’, News Chronicle, 25.05.46; ‘No secret weapon; death in the Devil’s dust’, Daily Mail, 27.05.46; ‘Secret germ spray – US weapon deadlier than atomic bomb’, The Scotsman, 28.05.46; ‘Powder germ in bombs’, Daily Express, 29.05.46. 16. ‘Something worse than the atom bomb – US secret of germ warfare’, Sunday Express, 14.07.46. 17. Annas G. J. and Grodin M. A. (1992). The Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code: Human Rights in Human Experimentation. Oxford University Press, New York. 18. ‘Germ defence’, Daily Express, 21.08.46. 19. ‘Poison Island’, Evening News, 12.12.46. 20. Rosebury, T. and Kabat E. A., with the assistance of Boldt, MH (1947). ‘Bacterial Warfare: a critical analysis of the available agents, their possible military applica- tions and the means for protection against them’. J. Immunology, Virus Research and Experimental Chemotherapy 56, 7–96. 21. ‘Nazi germ war plot smashed – Allies grab chiefs’, Daily Mirror, 24.02.47; ‘Anglo- US swoop on new German underground Nazi germ war threat – plan to plant “plague men” in Britain – hundreds arrested’, Daily Mail, 24.02.47; ‘A plot and a warning’, The Times, 24.02.47; ‘Arrests in Germany – network of SS uncovered’, The Times, 24.02.47; ‘Nazis’ hidden £100 000 000 – Argentine will not hand over’, Sunday Times, 02.03.47. 22. ‘Britain makes plague machine’, Daily Express, 09.05.47. 23. ‘Everybody happy?’ Daily Mirror, 10.05.47. 24. ‘You can’t take atom bombs to Church’, Daily Mail, 04.07.47. 25. ‘Scientists condemn biological war’, The Times, 01.08.47; ‘Videnskaben vil ikke være med til Bakterie-Krig’. Social Demokraten (Copenhagen, Denmark), 23.07.47. 26. ‘Germ warfare – one aeroplane can wipe out millions’, The People, 22.02.48. 27. ‘Britain’s future; service costs give a clue to strategy in the atomic age’, Daily Express, 25.02.48. 28. ‘Britain; her strengths and her stresses in the field of defence’, Daily Express, 06.09.48. 29. ‘America as world power 1: her strengths and stresses’, Daily Express, 13.09.48. 30. ‘Britain speeds germ war defence’. Daily Express, 28.08.48. 31. ‘Secret village of war germs; Ministry have barred all visitors’, Evening Standard, 31.08.48. 32. ‘Germ warfare; Porton Research Station expansion’, Salisbury Times,10.09.48. 33. ‘£1 000 000 station for germ warfare’, Daily Express, 22.09.49. 34. ‘Germs overshadow the A-bomb’, Newcastle Evening Chronicle, 22.09.49. 252 Notes
35. ‘Research station at Porton’, Salisbury Times & South Wilts Gazette, 30.09.49. 36. ‘Japanese on trial in Russia: bacteriological warfare’, The Times, 28.12.49; ‘Soviet war crimes charges – Japanese intention to use bacteria’, The Times, 29.12.49. 37. ‘Behind the threat of germ warfare’. Everybody’s Weekly, 14.01.50. 38. ‘Navy to test secret method of warfare’, Daily Telegraph, 28.09.48. 39. ‘Navy fits out atom-ray ships’, Daily Express, 27.09.48. 40. ‘Live atom bombs to test secret fleet; new Pacific explosions early next year’, Sunday Empire, 14.11.48. 41. ‘This will make the A-bomb out of date’, Sunday Chronicle, 17.04.49. 42. ‘Germ bomb gets its first try out’, Daily Express, 30.08.49. 43. ‘Grossbritannien bereitet bakterienkrieg vor’ [Great Britain prepares for bacterial warfare], Die Tat, publication date unknown. 44. ‘Grim News’, Preview, 1 (or 8) April 1950. 45. ‘Probe at germ plant – G-men check more Britons, Did MI5 miss someone?’ Daily Express, 06.03.50. 46. ‘Check on gas secret – G-men make probe in Britain’, Daily Express, 14.04.50. 47. ‘Biological Warfare’, Discovery, December 1950. 48. ‘The wall of silence – on one side, British defence scientists still work frantically for results, on the other, Americans have locked up the answers’, Daily Express, 03.10.51. 49. ‘Curtain of silence between them. British defence scientists work doggedly for results already achieved by American scientists – the US has the answers locked up – there is a curtain of silence between them’, Straits Times, 03.10.51. 50. ‘Wonder cure stays secret’, Sunday Express, 20.01.52. 51. ‘Medical Ethics in Relation to War. The Executive Committee of the Medical Association for the Prevention of War’. Lancet i, 258–9 (1952). 52. ‘US Deny ‘Germ War’ accusation’, Daily Telegraph, 28.02.52; ‘Charges of germ warfare; communist propaganda in Korea – Red call to beat plague’, News Chronicle, 04.03.52; ‘Korea reds accuse UN of dropping “plague fleas”’, Daily Mirror, 04.03.52; ‘Disgraceful says Foreign Office’, Daily Mirror, 05.03.52; ‘Germ warfare accusations “fantastic”’, News Chronicle, 05.03.52; ‘Epidemics in North Korea’, The Times, 11.03.52; ‘Red Cross agreement to US invitation’, The Times, 14.03.52; ‘Planes circle containers fall plague-bearing insects are found’, Daily Worker, 19.03.52; ‘Americans now using poisoned food packages for bacteriological warfare’, New China News Agency, 19.03.52; ‘British denial of germ warfare in Korea represents ironic farce of accomplice testifying to innocence of murder’, New China News Agency, 23.03.52; ‘Germ warfare’, The Times, 20.03.52; ‘Germ war charges reiterated; motives for com- munist propaganda’, The Times, 21.03.52. 53. ‘Germ warfare – statement from enemy spies parachuted into North Korea’, New China News Agency, 28.03.52; ‘People’s Daily on captured spies’, New China News Agency, 28.03.52; ‘Democratic lawyers at dinner in Mukden – statement on American war crimes’, New China News Agency, 29.03.52; ‘Americans consider use of atom bomb in Korea’, New China News Agency, 30.03.52; ‘Rumanian National Assembly condemns germ warfare’, New China News Agency, 28.03.52. 54. ‘US radio counters germ warfare propaganda – “Voice of America” answer reaching big audience’, Daily Telegraph, 22.03.52. 55. ‘Epidemics in North Korea – UN offer of aid’, The Times, 22.03.52. 56. ‘Communists’ new accusations – bacteriological tests on prisoners’, The Times, 24.03.52. 57. ‘Germ war – here is proof – first pictures of American horror weapon’, Daily Worker, 29.03.52; ‘Pressmen saw the evidence’, Daily Worker, 31.03.52; ‘We examined Notes 253
10 cases’, Daily Worker, 31.03.52; ‘Lawyers probe infected insects used against China, Germ war – US plan to spend more, Congress is asked for urgent funds’, Daily Worker, 31.03.52. 58. ‘How I became germ warfare spy’, Daily Worker, 03.04.52; ‘America accused of 10 war crimes’, Daily Worker, 03.04.52; ‘Government must act’, Daily Worker, 03.04.52; ‘Germ warfare – grave and horrible crime’, Daily Worker, 04.04.52; ‘America’s gravest crime – Eye witness “horrified by savagery” in Korea’, Daily Worker, 04.04.52; ‘Germs – Herald is wrong’, Daily Worker, 05.04.52. 59. ‘Doctors tell of American spider bomb’, Daily Worker, 09.04.52. 60. ‘Templer shames the name of Britain’, Daily Worker, 08.04.52; ‘Planes to spray Malayan crops with poison’, Daily Worker, 08.04.52. 61. ‘Lords’ views on foreign policy – germ warfare charges completely false’, The Times, 10.04.52. 62. ‘BBC quotes China communists to disprove that germ war story’, Daily Herald, 21.04.52. 63. ‘BBC can’t hide this’, Daily Worker, 22.04.52. 64. ‘Here’s proof of germ war’, Daily Worker, 10.04.52; ‘Facts about America’s germ war’, Daily Worker, 22.04.52. 65. Report by Chinese Commission for Investigating American Crime of Germ Warfare in Korea, p. 12. Reported through the New China News Agency from Peking, 25.04.52. 66. ‘Dean’s “Misuse of Office” – Primate on public nuisance’, The Times, 16.07.52. 67. ‘Germ warfare charged officially refuted’, Daily Telegraph, 21.11.52. 68. ‘Germ war defence tests in ship’. W. A. Crumley, Daily Express, 28.06.52. 69. ‘Atlantic test zone closed to fishing’, Birmingham Post, 30.06.52; ‘Germ warfare research off Lewis’, The Scotsman, 30.06.52. 70. ‘British Admiralty tests defensive germ warfare’, New York Times, 30.06.52. 71. ‘Sailor ill in trials’, Daily Telegraph, 05.08.52; ‘Germ defence ship lands sick sailor’, Daily Herald, 05.08.52; ‘Sailors secret illness’, Daily Worker, 05.08.52. 72. ‘Germ warfare loses face’, News Chronicle, 05.08.52. 73. ‘Security film is taken of germ war protest’, The People, 15.03.53. 74. ‘Biological Warfare and You’. A pamphlet circulated by the Non-Violent Resistance Group, prior to a protest demonstration at Porton, March 1953. 75. ‘Germ warfare protest’, Salisbury Times, 13.03.53. 76. ‘Pacifists parade at Porton’, Southern Daily Echo, 16.03.53. 77. ‘Pacifists demonstration halted by barricade’, Salisbury Journal, 20.03.53. 78. ‘Porton shuts its gates to Pacifists’, Salisbury Times, 20.03.53. 79. ‘They wanted to see germ factory’, Sunday Dispatch, 15.03.53. 80. ‘Danger area for special trials: Navy tells fishers “Keep out of here”’, Sunday Mail, 10.05.53. 81. ‘Inside information: forecast’, Daily Sketch, 12.12.53. 82. ‘Germ war tests: new trials off Bahamas this year’, Daily Mail 12.03.54; ‘Germ war defence trials – more tests planned, ships on way’, News Chronicle, 12.03.54; ‘Cabinet orders germ war tests this spring in the Bahamas’, Daily Worker, 12.03.54; ‘Testing germ war defences’, Daily Mirror, 12.03.54; ‘Secret tests at sea – germ defence try-out’, Daily Sketch, 12.03.54; ‘Britain tests germ war defences’, The Recorder, 12.03.54; ‘Biological war trials to be held off Bahamas’, The Scotsman, 12.03.54; ‘Germ warfare precautions – tests to be made in Bahamas’, Manchester Guardian, 12.03.54; ‘Germ warfare defence – tests to be held near Bahamas’, The Times, 12.03.54; ‘Germ war trials off coast of Scotland’, Liverpool Daily Post, 254 Notes
12.03.54; ‘New germ defence test this year’, Daily Herald, 12.03.54; ‘Germ warfare precaution tests this year – area chosen near Bahamas’, Daily Telegraph, 12.03.54; ‘Germ war tests about to start’, Evening News, 12.03.54. 83. ‘Germ defence trials off the Bahamas’, Daily Express, 12.03.54. 84. ‘Germs as war weapon – demands on civil defence’, The Times, 13.03.54. 85. ‘Germ warfare tests – protection the aim says Minister’, The Scotsman, 23.03.54; ‘Germ warfare trials – details kept secret’, The Times, 23.03.54; ‘Cabinet sticks to germ war’, Daily Worker, 23.03.54. 86. ‘Security men film protest women’, News Chronicle, 26.03.54. 87. ‘Porton – What it Means’. Pamphlet circulated by the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection, prior to its protest meeting at Porton on 25.03.54. 88. ‘Demonstration at Chemical Defence Station Porton’, Salisbury Journal, 26.03.54; ‘Anti-vivisection protest – Demonstrators lose their way to Porton’, Salisbury Times, 26.03.54. 89. ‘Marchers found the gates locked’, Daily Mirror, 26.03.54. 90. ‘Germ war tests in Bahamas: no danger to Cuba MPs told’, The Star, 15.04.54; ‘Bacteriological weapons – assurance to Cuba’, Manchester Guardian, 17.04.54; ‘Bacteriological war – assurance about tests’, The Times, 17.04.54. 91. ‘Ban British germ war tests they demand’, Daily Herald, 26.04.54; ‘Doctors want germ war ban’, Daily Worker, 26.04.54. 92. ‘Cuba drops germ war protest’, Evening News, 28.04.54. 93. ‘Germ war row in Commons’, The Star, 15.04.54; ‘Germ war tests in Bahamian area – purely for defence purposes’, Glasgow Herald, 16.04.54; ‘Minister in clash over germ warfare’, Daily Telegraph, 17.04.54. 94. ‘Mystery germ warfare test ship calls’, Daily Gleaner, Kingston, Jamaica, 09.04.54. 95. ‘Germ warfare ship’, Daily Gleaner, 10.04.54. 96. ‘Assurance needed’, Nassau Herald, 10.04.54. 97. ‘No bombs, bombers in tests’, Nassau Guardian, 28.10.54. 98. ‘US fears our germ warfare tests’, Reynolds News, 02.05.54; ‘Germ warfare tests’, Manchester Guardian, 03.05.54; ‘Germ-test jitters’, Daily Express, 03.05.54. 99. ‘Such nice weather it was’, Daily Express, 22.06.54; ‘Much gained from Navy’s germ tests’, Liverpool Daily Post, 22.06.54; ‘Germ war tests satisfactory’, Daily Worker, 22.06.54; ‘Germ test ship home’, Daily Star, 22.06.54; ‘Germ warfare tests’, Manchester Guardian, 22.06.54; ‘Germ war trials’, Daily Telegraph, 22.06.54; ‘Germ tests “success”’, Daily Express 22.06.54; ‘Germ warfare trials’, The Times 22.06.54; ‘Experiments in germ warfare – Navy ship returns’, The Scotsman, 23.06.54; ‘Germ warfare tests’, The Times, 23.06.54; ‘Ship returns from germ warfare tests’, Manchester Guardian, 23.06.54; ‘Back from germ tests’, Daily Telegraph, 23.06.54. 100. ‘Do we argue from strength?’ Daily Express, 20.06.55; ‘British H-bomb – Penny asks for more helpers’, Daily Express, 27.09.55. 101. ‘Is this the most powerful man outside the Cabinet?’ Daily Express, 11.10.55. 102. ‘If germs took the place of H-bombs … ’ Liverpool Daily Post, 03.04.58. 103. ‘Germ warfare’, Daily Telegraph, 03.04.58. 104. ‘Bacteriological warfare’, Manchester Guardian, 03.04.58. 105. ‘Germ war is out of date’, The Star, 24.09.58. 106. Sir Robert Alexander Watson-Watt was born in 1892 in Brechin, Angus, Scotland. Throughout his career, he held various posts in meteorology, radio and radar. He also held various posts in the Aviation Ministries and in DSIR. He was best known, however, for his pioneering work on the radar. He died in 1973, aged 81 years. 107. ‘Eight ounces could wipe out world’, Daily Mail, 21.01.59. 108. Newcastle Evening Chronicle – 22.09.1949, op. cit. Notes 255
109. ‘Germ warfare: US guards against possibility’, The Scotsman, 21.08.50 110. ‘Britain has death germ: a pound of it can wipe out world’, News Chronicle, 22.01.59. 111. ‘Death germ? No comment on story from Canada’, Salisbury Times and South Wiltshire Gazette, 23.01.59. 112. ‘Anxious MPs ask about death germ’, News Chronicle, 23.01.59. 113. ‘Poison weapons – the facts’, News Chronicle, 26.01.59; ‘Is germ war station safe? Councillor asks’, News Chronicle, 27.01.59; ‘Poison “exaggerated” – no, its not, says scientist’, News Chronicle, 27.01.59. 114. ‘Minister hits out at two top scientists’, Daily Sketch, 27.01.59; ‘Germ war: Minister blusters’, Daily Worker, 27.01.59; ‘Minister scoffs at germ war threat’, Daily Mail, 27.01.59; ‘Biological war grossly exaggerated – comment’, The Times, 27.01.59; ‘Germ danger exaggerated – warfare fears ludicrous’, Daily Telegraph, 27.01.59; ‘Germ war theory ‘ludicrous’ MPs told’, Daily Express, 27.01.59; ‘Toxin danger grossly exaggerated – defence work on Salisbury Plain’, Glasgow Herald, 27.01.59; ‘Disease makers’, Newcastle Journal, 27.01.59. 115. ‘This bacteria production “work of devil’s disciple” Council told’, Southern Evening Echo, 29.01.59. 116. ‘Call to end germ work’, Daily Telegraph, 29.01.59; ‘Labour hits at this “animal Belsen”’, News Chronicle, 29.01.59; ‘Call to end this work: this abominable animal Belsen’, Daily Telegraph, 29.01.59; ‘Porton attacked as “Animal Belsen” – Councillor deplores what goes on there’, Salisbury Journal, 30.01.59. 117. ‘Germ bombs’, Daily Worker, 29.01.59; ‘No germ war planes’, Daily Telegraph, 29.01.59; ‘RAF not trained in germ war says Minister’, News Chronicle, 29.01.59; ‘No training for RAF in bacteriological warfare – Ministers assurance to House’, The Scotsman, 29.01.59; ‘No germ war unless … ’ Liverpool Daily Post, 29.01.59. 118. ‘I want to visit germ war factory’, Peace News, 30.01.59. 119. ‘The poison factory’, Tribune, 30.01.59. 120. ‘Those germs are only bred for your defence – PM’, News Chronicle, 04.02.59; ‘Research on germs – Supply Ministry’s work’, Daily Telegraph, 04.02.59; ‘Bacteria research’, Glasgow Herald, 04.02.59; ‘Germ war research’, Liverpool Daily Post, 04.02.59. 121. ‘No British germ weapon’, Glasgow Herald, 05.02.59; ‘No germ toxin’, Financial Times, 05.02.59; ‘No germ weapon’, Daily Mail, 05.02.59. 122. ‘No germ weapon’, Yorkshire Post, 05.02.59; ‘End germ war threat call’, Liverpool Daily Post, 05.02.59; ‘Stop germ war threat’, The Scotsman, 05.02.59. 123. ‘Biological war research’, Liverpool Daily Post, 05.02.59; ‘Germ warfare’, The Times, 05.02.59; ‘We have an answer to “war germ”’, Daily Herald, 05.02.59; ‘Botulism not an effective germ war weapon’, Daily Worker, 05.02.59. 124. ‘Poison research’, Toronto Telegram, 05.02.59. 125. ‘Biological Warfare’, New Statesman, 07.02.59. 126. ‘Biological Warfare’, New Statesman, 14.02.59. 127. ‘Microbiological Research Establishment’, Salisbury Times, 20.02.59. 128. ‘Assurance on toxin danger – report to Council’, Daily Telegraph, 26.02.59. 129. ‘The poison factory – a scientist protests and Mervyn Jones replies …’ Tribune, 26.02.59. 130. Tribune, 30.01.59, op. cit. 131. ‘MPs will visit “germ war” station and MPs will visit germ farm’, Daily Express, 30.03.59; ‘MPs to visit germ factory’, Manchester Evening News, 02.04.59. 132. ‘Cruelty Act twisted to ban MPs’, Daily Mail, 02.04.59; ‘MPs should see animal experiments’, Northern Daily Mail, 02.04.59; ‘Tests ban attacked’, Evening Dispatch 256 Notes
(Edinburgh), 02.04.59; ‘Anti-vivisectionists accuse Ministry of Supply – MPs should have been shown animal experiments’, Leicester Mercury, 02.04.59; ‘Anti-vivisec- tion body’s complaint’, Manchester Guardian, 03.04.59. 133. ‘MPs will inspect germ war plant’, Daily Mail, 20.04.59; ‘MPs going to germ station’, News Chronicle, 21.04.59; ‘Invitation to Porton’, Liverpool Daily Post, 21.04.59; ‘MPs to visit Porton Research Station’, Manchester Guardian, 21.04.59. 134. ‘Britain near to beating germ war’, Daily Mail, 30.04.59. 135. ‘Fate of the forty-one farm cats’, News of the World, 26.04.59. 136. ‘Germ war men kill pet pups’, Sunday Pictorial, 03.05.59. 137. ‘I sell cats to germ labs’, Daily Sketch, 02.05.59. 138. ‘These animals are drugged’, News Chronicle, 04.05.59. 139. ‘Experiments on animals – MPs say they are essential for the good of mankind – Questions in House’, Yorkshire Post, 04.05.59. 140. ‘Pilgrimage to Porton’, Emrys Hughes, Tribune, 05.05.59. 141. ‘Germ war threat small’, Daily Telegraph, 05.05.59; ‘We have an answer to “war” germ’, Daily Express, 05.05.59. 142. ‘100 persons could disable cities’, The Times, 12.05.59. 143. ‘Peril from the 100 men; experts warning’, Evening News, 11.05.59. 144. ‘Germ warfare warning by former health chief’, Western Evening Herald (Plymouth), 11.05.59. 145. ‘Germ warfare monkey escapes’, Evening News, 23.06.59; ‘Germ farm monkey shot’, Daily Express, 23.06.59; ‘Escaped germ war monkey shot’, Daily Sketch, 23.06.59; ‘Germ warfare monkey shot after escape’, Evening Standard, 23.06.59; ‘Germ war monkey escapes – shot dead’, The Star, 23.06.59; ‘Monkey shot in wood – Ministry order for destruction’, Daily Telegraph, 24.06.59; ‘Escaped germ-farm monkey is shot’, Daily Express, 24.06.59; ‘Escaped monkey shot in woods’, The Times, 24.06.59; ‘Escaped germ-farm monkey is shot’, Daily Express, 24.06.59; ‘Germ war monkey starts village panic’, Daily Mail, 24.06.59; ‘Monkey from germ war centre shot’, News Chronicle, 24.06.59; ‘Shot kills germ war monkey’, Daily Mirror, 24.06.59; ‘Escaped germ war monkey shot in wood’ (also: ‘Salute to a rebel’), Daily Herald, 24.06.59. 146. ‘Germ-war test monkey is shot’, New York Herald Tribune, 24.06.59. 147. The Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs have been involved in chemical and BW problems since the first meeting. This first gathering took place in 1959 in the small town of Pugwash in Nova Scotia (Canada), which has given its name to the conferences. The initial meeting was held at the home of Mr Cyrus Eaton, an American industrialist. The Pugwash conferences are dedicated to encouraging world peace and received a major and very public acknowledgement when their leader, Joseph Rockblat, received the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1995. CAMR continued through the early 1990s to play a role in this forum through attendance at meetings of a Pugwash Study Group. 148. ‘Just 1/2lb and we’re all dead’, Daily Worker, 27.08.59. 149. ‘Germ centre fears grow’, Reynolds News, 31.01.60. 150. ‘Safety precautions at Porton – demand of Labour Group’, Salisbury Times, 05.02.60. 151. ‘Chance in 1000 caused epidemic’, The Scotsman, 12.03.60. 152. ‘Should we stop this research now?’ Today, 21.05.60. 153. ‘Should we stop this research now?’ Leaflet by the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection, authored by Craig McGreggor and Bill Hopkins, November 1960. 154. ‘Stop it! Terror in the animal’s Belsen’, Sunday Pictorial, 23.12.60. Notes 257
155. ‘Microbiological weapons research and the public health’, County Councils Gazette, vol. 54, February 1961. 156. ‘The mystery of Death Island’, Today, 19.05.62. 157. ‘Minister throws open secret germ station’, Daily Mail, 04.06.62. 158. ‘Jekyll and Hyde in Porton Down – where even toffee papers can be harmful’, Daily Herald, 10.07.62; ‘Britain concentrates on germ war defence’, Yorkshire Post, 10.07.62; ‘Bacteria boffins tame botulinus terror’, Daily Mail, 10.07.62; ‘Biological war defence aids medicine’, The Times, 10.07.62; ‘Germ warfare studies aid medi- cine – controlling major illnesses’, The Guardian, 10.07.62; ‘Germ warfare research centre shows secrets’, Daily Telegraph, 10.07.62; ‘Not a microbe can escape us – Porton germ men give their word’, Southern Evening Echo, 10.07.62; ‘I see British answer to germ war’, Daily Sketch, 10.07.62; ‘Its a danger protest at germ war HQ’, Daily Mirror, 10.07.62; ‘Work on TB vaccine’, Financial Times, 10.07.62; ‘From cure to kill – making allies of germs’, The Guardian (late edn), 10.07.62; ‘New gun to beat germ warfare’, New Daily, 10.07.62; ‘War and peace – and the foe is always disease’, Daily Herald (late edn), 10.07.62; ‘No germ banks at Porton – MRE Head’s reply to allegation’, Salisbury Journal, 10.07.62; ‘Little fear of contamination – press shown germ war centre’, Western Gazette, 13.07.62; ‘Microbiological research at Porton’, Salisbury Times and South Wilts Gazette, 13.07.62; ‘What does go on at “that Porton place”?’ Avon Advertiser, 13.07.62; ‘MRE Porton’, Lancet ii, July 1962, p. 86–7; ‘The germs of Porton Down’, The Economist, 14.07.62; ‘The Doctor’s column’, Punch, 18.07.62. 159. ‘Germ may have killed War Office scientist’, Yorkshire Post, 03.08.62; ‘Inquiry into scientist’s death: work at secret germ centre’, The Times, 03.08.62; ‘Secret death riddle – germ warfare scientist killed’, Daily Express, 03.08.62; ‘War germ riddle – plague fear after secrets man dies’, Daily Mail, 03.08.62; ‘War germ riddle – Army probes death of expert’, Daily Mail (late edn) 03.08.62; ‘Germ war scientist in death mystery’, Daily Mirror, 03.08.62; ‘Germ boffin riddle’, Daily Mirror (late edn) 03.08.62; ‘Germ warfare scientist dies – Possibly infected as result of work’, Daily Telegraph, 03.08.62; ‘Germ war expert dies’, Daily Sketch, 03.08.62; ‘Death mystery at germ war plant – Did secret infection kill?’ Daily Herald, 03.08.62; ‘Dead scien- tist was working on bubonic plague’, Evening Standard, 03.08.62; ‘May have died from infection’, The Guardian, 03.08.62. 160. ‘Death due to plague – statement on scientist – contacts traced say MOH’, The Times, 04.08.62; ‘Germ scientist died of plague – Physicians President to head inquiry’, Daily Telegraph, 04.08.62; ‘Germ SOS by radio’, Daily Express, 04.08.62. 161. ‘Bravery behind locked doors’, Daily Express, 04.08.62. 162. ‘Health officers seek to attend plague inquiry’, Daily Telegraph, 06.08.62; ‘War Office experts quizzed plague scientist on his deathbed’, Daily Express, 06.08.62; ‘Inquiry today, into plague death’, The Times, 08.08.62; ‘Experts on trail of killer germ’, Evening Standard, 08.08.62; ‘Tests in plague death inquiry’, The Times, 09.08.62. 163. ‘Plague contacts – critical stage – quarantine ending’, Yorkshire Post, 07.08.62; ‘When the kissing can start again’, Daily Mail, 07.08.62. 164. ‘Plague widow pleads – keep lab open’, Daily Mail, 06.08.62. 165. ‘Make plague probe public’, Daily Express, 07.08.62. 166. ‘Four days cost germ man’s life’, Daily Mail, 25.08.62; ‘Safety system failed for plague victim’, Daily Telegraph, 25.08.62; ‘New safety measures to be enforced at germ warfare centre’, Sunday Times, 26.08.62. 167. ‘Germ death was misadventure’, The Times, 25.08.62; ‘Plague riddle unsolved’, Daily Express, 25.08.62. 258 Notes
168. ‘Blast rocks plague death station’, Evening Standard, 28.08.62; ‘Blast rocks Porton laboratory’, South Wales Echo, 28.08.62; [Untitled] Yorkshire Evening News, 28.08.62; ‘Steam blast at germ lab’, Brighton Evening Argus, 28.08.62; ‘Blast rocks germ labora- tory’, Cumberland Evening News, 28.08.62; ‘Explosion at germ laboratory’, Leicester Mercury, 28.08.62; ‘Porton blast’, Southern Evening Echo, 28.08.62; ‘Blast hits germ war plant’, Manchester Evening Chronicle, 28.08.62; ‘Explosion rocks laboratory’, Coventry Evening Telegraph, 28.08.62; ‘Blast rocks laboratory at Porton’, Portsmouth Evening News, 28.08.62; ‘Explosion at Porton lab’, Shields Gazette, 28.08.62; ‘Blast rocks laboratory – mishap at Porton establishment’, Bradford Telegraph & Argus, 28.08.62; ‘Explosion rocks laboratory’, Gloucester Echo, 28.08.62; ‘Blast rocks the germ laboratory’, Wolverhampton Express & Star, 28.08.62; ‘Blast rocks Porton (Wilts) laboratory’, Cambridge Daily News, 28.08.62; ‘Explosion rocks Porton Laboratory’, Middlesborough Evening Gazette, 28.08.62; ‘Blast in Porton laboratory’, Derby Evening Telegraph, 28.08.62. 169. ‘Porton explosion breaks windows’, The Times, 29.08.62; ‘Explosion at germ lab’, Sheffield Telegraph, 29.08.62; ‘Explosion at “Black death” laboratory’, Glasgow Herald, 29.08.62. 170. ‘Hampered by secrecy: medical officers’ Porton views’, The Times, 15.09.62; ‘Call to end secrecy at germ centre’, Daily Telegraph & Morning Post, 15.09.62; ‘Germ research zone – talks on safeguards’, Salisbury Journal, 26.10.62; ‘Germ secrecy maintained’, Daily Telegraph, 26.11.62; ‘Excessive secrecy at germ centre’, The Times, 30.11.62; ‘Protest over germ centre’, Medical News, 07.12.62. 171. ‘More germ safeguards urged: MO points to dangers at Porton’, Southern Evening Echo, 15.09.62; ‘Make germ station safe says Council’, Western Daily Press, 15.09.62. 172. ‘Black death lab – bullet proof?’ Dundee Courier & Advertiser, 28.09.62; ‘Report by MOH on Porton – calls for bullet proof windows’, The Times, 28.09.62; ‘Plague death at Porton centre – doctor calls for more safeguards’, Western Gazette, 05.10.62. 173. ‘Germ warfare tag harms test centre say boffins’, Evening Standard, 15.01.63. 174. ‘Germ warfare research will go on’, Southern Evening Echo, 31.01.63. 175. ‘Poison isle still forbidden after 18 years’, Sunday Express, 10.02.63. 176. ‘War Office ignores own safety demands’, Evening Standard, 02.05.63. 177. ‘CND and Committee of 100 deny responsibility’, The Guardian, 13.05.63. 178. ‘RSG site no. 7 revealed’, Daily Telegraph, 23.05.63. 179. ‘Stop the germ march now!’ Daily Sketch, 26.06.63. 180. ‘Ban bomb men fooled security guard’, Daily Mail, 28.06.63. 181. ‘Security swoop for Frederika’, Daily Mail, 26.06.63; ‘Campaign file taken in raid’, Daily Telegraph, 26.06.63; ‘Committee of 100 stick to plans – charges expected after searches’, The Times, 27.06.63. 182. ‘Troops ready for “raid” on germ centre’, Daily Telegraph, 27.06.63; ‘No leave for 2000 troops – alert over germ base’, Daily Express, 27.06.63. 183. ‘Porton invaders get war gas warning’, Daily Mail, 27.06.63. 184. ‘Soldiers and fences to meet germ mobs’, Daily Express, 28.06.63. 185. ‘Detectives follow up “100” enquiry’, The Guardian, 28.06.63. 186. ‘Operation Porton – Against Germ Warfare’. Leaflet produced by the Committee of 100 in support of their demonstration against Porton on 29 June 1963. This leaflet gave details of the planned protest, with muster points, maps of the Porton lands, a programme for the day and a text entitled ‘Porton – a Crime Against Humanity’. In this text, the activities of those at Porton were described as ‘crimes’ and the chemical giant, ICI was also implicated. Notes 259
187. ‘Porton “raid” flops’, Sunday Mirror, 30.06.63; ‘Salisbury parade washed out: Greencroft rally’, Salisbury Journal, 05.07.63. 188. ‘51 “disarmers” arrested in germ centre’, Sunday Telegraph, 30.06.63; ‘40 held in anti-germ protest’, Sunday Times, 30.06.63; ‘53 arrests at germ research centre’, The Times, 01.07.63; ‘“100” at Porton: special demonstration courts’, Salisbury Times & South Wilts Gazette, 05.07.63. 189. ‘Ban-bomb invasion – 3 jailed, 44 fined’, Daily Mirror, 01.07.63; ‘Rain dampens the spirit of germ lab invaders’, Daily Sketch, 01.07.63. 190. ‘Councillor to protest to Whitehall’, Salisbury Journal, 05.07.63. 191. ‘20 held in anti-germ protest’, Daily Telegraph (overseas edn), 01.07.63. 192. ‘“Good afternoon gentlemen” said the man at the gate’, Salisbury Journal, 05.07.63. 193. ‘Ban-bomb row’, Daily Express, 01.07.63. 194. ‘Germ war secrets to be disclosed’, Sunday Telegraph, 26.04.64; ‘CDEE open to press for first time’, Salisbury Times & South Wilts Gazette, 22.05.64. 195. ‘Cancer search opens up at Britain’s warfare centre’, Evening Standard, 25.05.64; ‘Bug boffins try new line on cancer’, Evening News & Star, 25.05.64; ‘Germ warfare threat serious’, Southern Evening Echo, 25.05.64; ‘Defence against germ warfare’, Southern Evening Echo, 25.05.64; ‘Powder puffs for troops to kill gas’, Daily Express, 26.05.64; ‘Powder puffs for the army’, Daily Herald, 26.05.64; ‘War Chemical dead- lier than nerve gases’, Daily Telegraph & Morning Post, 26.05.64; ‘British defence against germ warfare’, The Times, 26.05.64; ‘The grim battle against gas warfare’, Daily Mirror, 26.05.64; ‘Porton boffins on war gases’, Southern Evening Echo, 26.05.64; ‘Peaceful germs of Porton’, The Guardian, 26.05.64; ‘Porton opens a few doors – six hour press visit’, Salisbury Journal, 29.05.64; ‘Valuable work of germ centre for medicine and trade’, Western Gazette, 29.05.64; ‘Work on drugs and gases at Porton’, Avon Advertiser, 29.05.64; ‘Chemical & Biological Warfare’, British Medical Journal, 30.04.64; ‘Where they plan a war of nerves’, Sunday Times, 31.05.64; ‘Porton press visit’, Salisbury Times & South Wilts Gazette, 05.06.64. 196. ‘Germ warfare experts see potential danger to Britain’, New York Herald Tribune (Paris edn), 26.05.64. 197. ‘Silent Death’ [3rd reprint]. Peace News; 1964, but exact date unknown. 198. ‘£90 a week for germs chief’, Daily Express, 30.06.64. 199. ‘Bishop’s reply to Porton marchers – is this doing any good?’ Salisbury & South Wilts Gazette, 03.09.65; ‘Nuclear disarmers put a question and Bishop answers Committee of 100’, Salisbury Journal, 03.09.65. 200. ‘Troops to guard germ centre’, Daily Express, 04.09.65. 201. ‘Open Day at Porton’. Leaflet produced by the Committee of 100 in support of their planned protest at Porton on 11 September 1965. Their plan was to gain entry along the southern perimeter of the Porton lands along the A30, between The Haven and a point just to the east of the Pheasant Inn. Unlike earlier fliers, this one provided a significant level of advice on what to do in the event of being arrested. 202. Typed leaflet entitled ‘To the people of Salisbury’, produced by the Salisbury Committee of 100 Supporters Group. 203. ‘Committee of 100 march on Porton; no arrests with successful countermeasures’, Salisbury Times & South Wilts Gazette, 17.09.65. 204. Letters to the Editor in the following: Salisbury Journal, 17.09.65; Dorking Advertiser & County Post, 08.10.65. 205. ‘Royal visitors for Salisbury and Porton’, Salisbury Journal, 28.04.66. 206. ‘What will the Duke see at Porton?’ (letter), Salisbury Times & South Wilts Gazette, 13.05.66. 260 Notes
207. ‘Two royal visitors coming to see us next Friday’, Salisbury Journal, 19.05.66; ‘Prince at Porton’, Salisbury Journal, 26.05.66. 208. ‘Duke’s whirlwind tour of Porton goes off quietly’, Salisbury Journal, 02.06.66; ‘Prince Philip at Porton; first royal visit for nearly fifty years’, Western Gazette, 03.06.66. 209. ‘Scientists to probe secrets of poison island’, Sunday Post, 10.07.66; ‘Scientists set for trip to forbidden island’, Scottish Daily Express, 09.10.66; ‘Scientists tell secret of deadly island’, Scottish Daily Mail, 12.07.66; ‘Danger island stays forbidden till 2066’, Sun, 12.07.66; ‘Scotland’s “danger isle” stays home of the germs’, Aberdeen Press & Journal, 12.07.66; ‘Probe on danger island’, Daily Record, 12.07.66. 210. ‘Health Ministry at Porton idea’, Salisbury Journal, 05.05.66. 211. ‘Ministry’s views on Porton research centre’, Western Gazette, 30.09.66. ‘Porton – Ministry writes to RDC’, Salisbury Journal, 06.10.66. 212. ‘Porton Action Group’, Western Gazette, 03.02.67. 213. A leaflet entitled ‘Test of Nerves’ gave a timetable for the protest and a further leaflet by the local committee was produced entitled ‘Beware Gas and Germs – They Can Kill All Of Us’. 214. ‘Red Cap incident – teenagers kicked at Porton claim’, Southern Evening Echo, 15.05.67; ‘Red Caps violent say marchers’, Daily Express, 15.05.67; ‘The black death protest’, Daily Mirror, 15.05.67. 215. ‘The secret arms race’, Weekend Telegraph (magazine), 22.03.67. This was expanded into a much more UK-oriented article in the Sunday Telegraph itself in November of 1967; ‘Weapons for tomorrow’, Sunday Telegraph, 26.11.67. 216. ‘Reports on anthrax for the Council’, Salisbury Journal, 30.03.67. 217. ‘Scientists fight killer disease’ Daily Express, 14.10.67; ‘Vaccine mystery solved’, Sun, 16.10.67. 218. ‘Germ experts open a second front’, Sunday Times, 11.12.67. 219. ‘Science report – fatal human disease from monkeys’, The Times, 12.12.67. 220. ‘MRE developing monkey disease diagnostic test’, Medical Tribune, 15.12.67. 221. ‘Monkey disease alerts court’, The Times, 12.12.67. 222. ‘Monkey disease scare in court – no cause for alarm says MOH’, Hackney Gazette & North London Advertiser, 15.12.67. 223. ‘Monkey disease: causes and effects studied – infection danger to humans’, The Times, 13.12.67. 224. ‘Porton question’, Daily Echo, 03.02.68. 225. ‘Probe germ war unit say MPs’, Sun, 09.03.68; ‘Reveal secrets of germ war centre says MP’, News of the World, 10.03.68. 226. ‘Defence against germ warfare at the Microbiological Research Establishment’, Medical Tribune, 02.05.68. 227. ‘Biological Warfare’ – letter to the Editor from Donald Gould (Editor of New Scientist), Medical Tribune, 16.05.68. 228. ‘Wanted – a code of conduct’, New Scientist (editorial), 29.02.68. 229. ‘World is warned of the Domesday bug’, Evening News, 22.02.68; ‘Britain had Domesday bug ready’, Daily Telegraph, 23.02.68. 230. ‘Students keep guard on three sent down’, Daily Express, 11.05.68; Staff sympathy with rusticated Essex students’, The Times, 16.05.68. 231. Publicity leaflet received at MRE on 24.05.68 from Sussex University, entitled ‘Vigil for Life’. 232. ‘Germ war scientists are named’, Observer, 26.05.68; ‘Germ warfare report will name colleges’, Daily Express, 27.05.68; ‘Pressure mounts to unveil germ research work’, The Guardian, 27.05.68. Notes 261
233. ‘Students seek germ warfare research ban’, Daily Telegraph, 28.05.68. 234. ‘Privilege issue for committee’, The Times, 28.05.68; ‘MPs probe germ war article’, Sun, 29.05.68; ‘Leak case rebels lose by 384’, Daily Mail, 29.05.68; ‘Seeking the facts’, The Times, 29.05.68; ‘Commons and press’, The Times, 29.05.68; ‘Privilege inquiry on warfare report – liberty of press defended’, The Times, 29.05.68; ‘MPs to probe germ war article’, Daily Sketch, 29.05.68; ‘Germ article goes to privilege com- mittee’, The Guardian, 29.05.68; ‘Freedom of the press warning by MPs’, Daily Express, 29.05.68. 235. ‘MP guilty on Porton charge’, Daily Sketch, 24.07.68; ‘MPs clash today over secrets’, Sun, 24.07.68; ‘MP found guilty of contempt over germ warfare leak’, Daily Mirror, 24.07.68; ‘Dalyell MP – guilty of contempt’, Daily Express, 24.07.68; ‘MP in breach of House over Porton papers’, The Guardian, 24.07.68; ‘Were these really secrets?’ The Guardian, 24.07.68; ‘Mr Dalyell ruled guilty of breach of privi- lege’, The Times, 24.07.68; ‘Germ secrets MP carpeted’, Daily Mail, 24.07.68; ‘MP is guilty of contempt over germ war leak’, Morning Star, 24.07.68; ‘My fault – Dalyell’, Financial Times, 24.07.68; ‘Rebuke for Dalyell urged by MPs’, Daily Telegraph, 24.07.68; ‘Reprimand for Dalyell recommended’, Daily Telegraph, 24.07.68; ‘Privilege reprimand by Speaker’, Daily Telegraph, 25.07.68; ‘Speaker reprimands Dalyell on “gross contempt”’, Daily Telegraph, 25.07.68; ‘MP in Commons reprimand drama’, Daily Sketch, 25.07.68; ‘MP rapped on germ secrets’, Daily Mail, 25.07.68; ‘Commons censure “secrets” MP’, Sun, 25.07.68; ‘MPs, Fleet Street and the sword of freedom’, Daily Express, 25.07.68; ‘Dalyell is rapped over contempt’, Daily Mirror, 25.07.68; ‘Speaker reprimands Mr Dalyell’, The Guardian, 25.07.68; ‘Mediaeval rebuke for Mr Dalyell’, The Guardian, 25.07.68; ‘MPs attack Porton horror weapons’, Morning Star, 25.07.68; ‘Speaker’s reprimand for Dalyell’, The Times, 25.07.68; ‘Stopping the leaks’, The Times, 25.07.68; ‘Mr Dalyell makes a full apology’, The Times, 25.07.68. 236. ‘Porton – the infection spreads’, New Scientist (editorial), 30.05.68. 237. ‘Deadlier than the bomb’, Men Only, May 1968, p. 42–50. 238. ‘Germ warfare, conscience and the scientists’, Sanity, May 1968. 239. ‘A plague on your children’, Radio Times, 30.05.68; p. 30. 240. ‘The place where they sang “Ring-a-Ring o’ Roses”’, Daily Express, 06.06.68. 241. ‘BBC fear ban on germ warfare film’, Sun, 05.06.68; ‘Top watch on germ war film’, Sun, 06.06.68. 242. ‘End the secrecy’, Sun, 04.06.68; ‘BBC fear ban on germ warfare film’, Sun, 05.06.68; ‘On TV but germ war men still stay quiet’, Sun, 07.06.68; ‘A plague on this secrecy, New storm over gas war base’, Sun, 07.06.68; ‘End this secrecy the Sun says’, Sun, 08.06.68; ‘Lower than the animals’, Sun, 08.06.68; ‘Open up Porton Down’, Sun, 11.06.68; ‘Open up road to Porton demand’, Sun, 12.06.68; ‘War by plague’, Sun, 13.06.68; ‘Germ war – what is our defence?’ Sun, 19.06.68. 243. ‘Porton to be disinfected’, Salisbury Journal, 30.05.68. 244. ‘Army guards the killer secrets’, Daily Mirror, 01.06.68. 245. ‘Ring-a-roses ends protest’, Daily Express, 04.06.68; ‘Ring-a-ring of roses extent of CND protest’, The Guardian, 04.06.68; ‘A germ protest – then everybody falls down’, Daily Sketch, 04.06.68; ‘Germ war plant “cleansed” – with a ring o’ roses’, Morning Star, 04.06.68; ‘Ring o’ roses ends CND protest’, The Times, 04.06.68; ‘CND protests at size of Porton guard – 400 troops and police used’, Daily Telegraph, 04.06.68; ‘Against germs, Evening Standard’, 05.06.68; ‘Ceremonial disinfection at Porton’, Salisbury Journal, 06.06.68; ‘30 fast for 40 hours as CND demonstration at Porton goes off quietly’, Salisbury Times & South Wilts Gazette, 07.06.68. 262 Notes
246. ‘Germ protest film to be destroyed’, The Guardian, 20.06.68. 247. ‘Taunting of the guard’, Daily Mirror, 17.06.68; ‘Students sit to stop dirty research’, Morning Star, 17.06.68; ‘Sabre soldiers charge students’, Daily Mail, 17.06.68; ‘Trooper squares up to Whitsun protest’, Daily Express,17.06.68; ‘Only 200 in germ war demonstration’, The Times, 17.06.68; ‘Swords out on day of germ war protest’, Sun, 17.06.68; ‘Trooper says he threatened to use sword’, Daily Telegraph, 18.06.68; ‘Sword rattler relives that Whitehall battle’, Daily Express, 18.06.68. 248. See, for example, the following: ‘Germ War’, Sun, 25.06.68; ‘Clean up’, Daily Express, 26.06.68; ‘Work at Porton’, The Times, 26.06.68; ‘Work at Porton’, The Times, 27.06.68. 249. ‘Porton; the village that is so wary of visitors’, Wiltshire Gazette and Herald. 27.06.68; ‘Ministry alive to public disquiet at Porton work’, Wiltshire Gazette and Herald, 04.07.68. 250. ‘MP attacks the Porton critics’, Salisbury Journal, 27.06.68; ‘MP Michael Hamilton hits out at Porton demonstrators’, Salisbury Times and South Wilts Gazette, 28.06.68. 251. ‘New campaign brewing against germ warfare’, Gloucestershire Echo, 07.06.68. 252. ‘As the demonstrators gather Porton discloses some of its secrets’, The Guardian, 01.06.68. 253. ‘What goes on at Porton’, The Times, 21.06.68. Based on an article written by Dr Gordon Smith for Nature (vol. 218, p. 1114–16), entitled ‘Microbiological Research at Porton’. Morning Star, however, called this article a ‘whitewash’: Morning Star, 22.06.68. 254. See ‘Microbiological war and peace – Porton revisited’. PHLS Microbiology Digest, vol. 7(2), p. 48–51. This article was written by Gordon Smith and was based on his Henderson Memorial lecture given at Porton on 12 October 1989. 255. Transcript of an interview by CE Gordon Smith, D/MRE by Mr George Steadman of the BBC. There were two programmes: (1) The Weapons (tape reference C/8R/46/S258/P, length 13.5 minutes) and (2) The Defences (tape reference C/8R/46/S259/P, length 13 minutes). These interviews were for a programme called Biological Warfare: the State of the Art in a series called The Frontiers of Knowledge, for broadcast both at home and overseas. They were broadcast on 21.06.68 and 28.06.68 respectively. 256. ‘I see the Porton pill’, Sun, 17.07.68; ‘Porton’s secrets by Healey’, Sun, 17.07.68; ‘Some work at Porton must stay secret says Mr Healey’, The Scotsman, 17.07.68; ‘Porton to stay secret – Healey’, Morning Star, 17.07.68; ‘Porton work genuine’, The Guardian, 17.07.68; ‘Some Porton work must stay secret – Healey talks after visit’, The Times, 17.07.68; ‘Porton secrets must be kept’, Daily Telegraph, 17.07.68; ‘Healey is shown Porton’s secrets’, Daily Express, 17.07.68. 257. ‘Porton answers MPs’, Sun, 16.07.68; ‘Britain not armed for germ warfare’, Daily Mirror, 16.07.68; ‘Britain not organised for germ attacks’, The Guardian, 16.07.68; ‘Porton – no means of making germ war – Defence only MPs told’, Daily Telegraph, 16.07.68; ‘UK tied in germ warfare retaliation’, The Times, 16.07.68. 258. ‘Britain has no germ weapons MPs told’, Daily Express, 16.07.68; ‘Germ war exam- ined’, Daily Telegraph, 16.07.68; ‘Censor’s hand in MPs report on Porton’, Morning Star, 16.07.68. 259. ‘Porton and 33 hospital patients’, Sun, 22.06.68. 260. Webb H.E., Wetherley-Mein G., Gordon Smith C.E. and McMahon, D. (1966). ‘Leukaemia and neoplastic processes treated with Langat and Kyasanur Forest Disease: a clinical and laboratory study of 28 patients’, British Medical Journal, 1258–66. Notes 263
261. In addition to reporting in the news media, reports appeared in the following: ‘The Germs of Porton Down’, The Economist, 08.06.68; ‘Ethics and BW’, British Medical Journal, 08.06.68; ‘War on chemical and BW’, Nature, 08.06.68. 262. ‘Open days to be held at Porton’, Daily Telegraph, 13.06.68; ‘Porton opens its doors to the public’, Daily Express, 13.06.68; ‘Germ war centre to go on show’, Daily Mail, 13.06.68; ‘Germ centre opens its doors’, Daily Sketch, 13.06.68; ‘Porton will hold open days to “relieve anxiety”’, The Guardian, 13.06.68; ‘Visitors days at germ war plant’, Daily Mirror, 13.06.68; ‘Minister to be quizzed on Porton work’, Western Gazette, 14.06.68; ‘Porton partly unveiled’, The Guardian, 14.06.68. 263. ‘Council wants to be first’, Salisbury Journal, 04.07.68. 264. ‘Britain seeks world pact to ban germ warfare’, The Observer, 16.06.68; ‘Germ war ban plea by Mulley’, Daily Telegraph, 17.06.68; ‘Britain urges ban on germ warfare’, The Guardian, 17.07.68; ‘Private file … on the bid to end germ warfare’, Daily Mirror, 17.07.68. 265. ‘Porton centre’s aim is to prevent human suffering’, Wiltshire Gazette and Herald, 25.07.68. 266. ‘Ban-the-bugs is for debate only’, Sun, 07.08.68. 267. ‘Government research establishments Porton’, T&GW Record, January 1969; p. 36–40. 268. ‘CND plans all-Britain demo at Easter’, The Guardian, 30.01.69. 269. ‘The secrets at Porton Down’, The Guardian, 05.02.69. 270. ‘Train our people to combat germ war says peer’, Daily Mirror, 06.02.69. 271. ‘Porton has no witches brew’, Daily Mail, 06.02.69; ‘Minister attempts to allay Porton fears’, The Guardian, 06.02.69. 272. ‘Bishop says let UN run Porton, Sun, 06.02.69. 273. ‘Germ war puts off students’, Daily Sketch, 06.02.69. 274. ‘Germ warfare’, Church Times, 14.02.69. 275. The two Nobel laureates concerned were Prof. Maurice Wilkins of London University and Prof. Cecil Powell, Chairman of Britain’s Nuclear Physics Board. Press reporting of this can be found in the following newspapers. ‘Scientists in search of a conscience’, Daily Mail, 17.02.69; ‘Scientists draw up code of ethics for brave new world’, Daily Express, 17.02.69; ‘Conscience code for scientists’, Daily Express, 17.02.69; ‘Halt germ war tests say young scientists’, Daily Sketch, 17.02.69. 276. ‘We need total revolution against war’, Morning Star, 13.03.69. 277. ‘CND plan for Easter’, Salisbury Times and South Wilts Gazette. 04.04.69. 278. ‘300 demonstrators march to Porton’, Salisbury Times and South Wilts Gazette, 11.04.69. 279. ‘Aldermaston to Porton peace walk’, Morning Star, 23.05.69. 280. ‘CND plan nerve gas protest’, Salisbury Journal, 21.08.69. The CND flyer for this was entitled ‘The Poison Road’ and despite being billed as a demonstration against chemical and biological weapons, it concentrated on chemical (nerve) agents. 281. ‘Germ warfare by balloon’, Morning Star, 04.10.69. 282. The flyer for this was entitled ‘A warning about chemical and BW’ and cited work at Gruinard amongst other things. The conference was held from 21 to 23 November 1969. 283. This policy was published as a leaflet entitled ‘Anti-CBW: Chemical and Biological Warfare – a policy statement’. It was attributed to an address in New Malden, Surrey. 284. ‘Health work at Porton’, Salisbury Times and South Wilts Gazette, 18.04.69. 285. ‘How spiders’ webs are helping the country’, Maternity and Mothercraft, April 1969, p. 7. 264 Notes
286. ‘Mystery chemical may be ruining crops – Porton’, Observer, 16.03.69; ‘Element “X” discovery at Porton’, Sun, 17.03.69. 287. ‘An old way with stains’ (Letter), Observer, 11.05.69. 288. Marriott J. ‘Chemical and Biological Warfare’. International Defence Review, (November 1969), pp. 170–4. 289. ‘Now the back-room boys must let us all share their secrets’, Daily Express, 25.11.69. 290. Adams J. (1994). The New Spies. Hutchinson, London. p. 272. 291. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission was set up to hear details of crimes carried out in South Africa during the apartheid regime. In return for full disclo- sure, in order that the history of this period be fully known, it offered immunity from prosecution for those crimes disclosed voluntarily. 292. ‘This was described in a BBC television programme broadcast on 13 and 14 July 1998, entitled Plague Wars – Apocalypse Delayed?, made by the BBC Panorama team. 293. ‘Britain launches germ war control plan’, Daily Mail, 17.04.69; ‘British call to ban chemical warfare’, The Guardian, 17.04.69. 294. ‘Biological warfare ban proposed’, Morning Star, 18.04.69; ‘Ban on biological weapons urged by Britain’, Daily Telegraph, 18.04.69; ‘UK presses for ban on germ warfare’, The Guardian, 18.04.69; ‘Ban germ war call’, Daily Mail, 18.04.69. 295. The press accorded Mr Mulley various titles, from Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, to the colloquial ‘Mr Disarmament’. He was, in fact, Minister of State at the Foreign Office from 07.01.67 to 06.10.69 and for the period in question, had special responsibility for disarmament. The Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs at this time was Mr M. Stewart. 296. This was reported in the House of Commons, in response to a Parliamentary Question from Mr Tam Dalyell, MP for East Lothian, and is recorded in Hansard for that day. There was also press reporting, of which the following are examples. ‘The persistent persuader beats the bugs’, Daily Mirror, 08.07.69; ‘Draft germ war pact’, Morning Star, 09.07.69; ‘Germ war – draft ban by Britain’, Morning Star, 10.07.69; ‘British take initiative at Geneva – new steps to rule out germ war’, The Guardian, 10.07.69; ‘Why germ wars must be banned’, The Guardian, 10.07.69; ‘Down with a bug’, Daily Mail, 10.07.69; ‘Germ war draft treaty ready’, Daily Telegraph, 10.07.69; ‘Hope of early ban on germ warfare’, The Times, 10.07.69; ‘Britain presents draft ban on germ weapons’, The Guardian, 11.07.69; ‘Bid for germ war ban’, Daily Express, 11.07.69; ‘Germ war plea’, Sun, 11.07.69; ‘British plan on biological war ban’, The Times, 11.07.69; ‘British call for ban on germ wars’, Daily Mirror, 11.07.69; ‘Ban germ warfare call by Britain’, Daily Mail, 11.07.69; ‘Britain urges early action on germ war treaty’, Daily Telegraph, 11.07.69; ‘UK draft treaty to ban germ warfare’, Financial Times, 11.07.69; ‘Veto’s role in germ war ban’, Morning Star, 11.07.69; ‘Britain presents draft ban on germ weapons’, The Guardian, 11.07.69; ‘Britain proposes treaty to ban germ warfare’, Washington Post, 11.07.69. 297. ‘Dispute over germ arms’, The Times, 23.07.69; ‘Resistance to pact on germ war ban’, The Guardian, 23.07.69, Doubts on germ war proposal’, Morning Star, 23.07.69; ‘Russia rejects Britain’s draft germs ban plea’, Daily Telegraph, 23.07.69. 298. ‘U Thant calls for ban on germ warfare’, Daily Telegraph, 03.07.69. 299. ‘Germ war warning by UN experts’, The Times, 03.07.69. 300. ‘A UN vote for germ war ban’, Morning Star, 11.12.69; ‘UN warfare vote’, Financial Times, 11.12.69. 301. ‘US reviews germ, gas policy’, Sun, 18.06.69. Notes 265
302. ‘Chemical-BW – what you should know about it’, Parade (part of the Arkansas Gazette), 22.06.69. 303. ‘US pledge on Geneva germ talks’, Financial Times, 04.07.69; ‘Germ war funds cut’, The Guardian, 04.07.69; ‘US Senators stop germ war spending’, Sun, 04.07.69. 304. ‘Senate to vote on bill curbing CBW activity’, Stars and Stripes, 10.08.69. 305. ‘Move to tighten gas and germ controls’, Financial Times, 12.08.69; ‘Poison gas controls approved’, Daily Telegraph, 12.08.69. 306. ‘Nixon bans germ warfare’, Daily Mail, 26.11.69; ‘Nixon renounces biological war’, Morning Star, 26.11.69; ‘US renounces all kinds of germ warfare’, The Guardian, 26.11.69; ‘Nixon scraps America’s germ war weapons’, Daily Sketch, 26.11.69; ‘Nixon scraps germ weapons’, Sun, 26.11.69; ‘America to scrap germ war weapons’, Daily Mirror, 26.11.69; ‘Americans to scrap germ war stocks’, The Times, 26.11.69; ‘Nixon bans use of germ warfare – US will destroy all weapon stocks’, Daily Telegraph, 26.11.69; ‘Nixon bars germ warfare’, Daily Express, 26.11.69; ‘Nixon bans germ weapons’, Financial Times, 26.11.69; ‘A finger in the doomsday book’, Daily Mirror, 27.11.69; ‘Nixon – a germ of hope’, The Guardian, 27.11.69; ‘Nixon demobs the germ’, Daily Telegraph, 27.11.69; ‘Germ warfare ban by America pleases Britain’, Daily Telegraph, 27.11.69; ‘No germs no chemicals’, The Times, 27.11.69; ‘No germ war – but how do you get rid of the bugs?’ Daily Mail, 27.11.69. 307. ‘US to sign germ warfare treaty’, Financial Times, 26.11.69. 308. ‘One housewife’s fight for CBW victims’, Peace News, 06.03.70. 309. ‘Woman’s fight against germ warfare’, Western Morning News, 28.02.70. 310. ‘16–17 May Sat–Sun’, Peace News, 01.05.70. 311. ‘Stop pollution at Porton – Vigil of prayer for life’. Leaflet produced by the Christian Group of CND for a 24-hour candlelit protest at Porton over Whitsuntide, 16–17 May 1970. 312. ‘Pollution protest’, Salisbury Journal, 21.05.70. 313. ‘Blowing in the wind’, Sunday Times, 15.03.70. 314. ‘Hope of quick action to ban germ war’, The Times, 20.03.70. 315. ‘Germ war threat to the world’, The Guardian, 08.04.70; ‘Britain wants germ ban’, Morning Star, 08.04.70; ‘British plea for ban on germ war’, The Times, 08.04.70. 316. ‘Canada won’t make germ weapons’, Morning Star, 25.03.70. 317. ‘US “No” to germ plan’, The Guardian, 22.04.70. 318. ‘’President Nixon should submit Geneva Convention banning chemical and biological warfare to Senate for ratification without delay’. Proceedings and Debates of the 91st Congress, Second Session; Congressional Record, vol. 116, no. 142, 17 August 1970. 319. ‘Geneva Protocol at last’, Nature, 29.08.70. 320. ‘Sweden seeks to break germ ban deadlock’, The Guardian, 10.04.70. 321. ‘Purely defensive’, Wessex News, March 1970. 322. ‘Technology gone mad – who cares?’ Wessex News, March 1970. 323. ‘The war against disease’, Beetle Bulletin 20, February 1970, pp. 17–19. The Beetle Bulletin was the in-house journal of British Industrial Plastics Ltd and this article was aimed at describing how reinforced plastics were playing a role in high con- tainment work at MRE. 324. ‘Spiders get weaving to trap those germs’, Daily Mirror, 02.07.70. 325. ‘US curb on “Germ War” dumping’, Daily Telegraph, 28.08.70. 326. ‘Destruction of germ weapons’, The Guardian, 19.12.70; ‘US ends germ weapons’, Sun, 19.12.70. 327. ‘Germ weapons – disposal begins’, Daily Telegraph, 08.05.71. 266 Notes
328. Home-made leaflet distributed by Wessex Peace Action entitled ‘How far are you from death?’ 329. Hansard, 12.07.71; col. 28. 330. Transfer of BW unit urged’, The Times, 02.12.71; ‘Change of direction for MRE’, Salisbury Journal, 20.01.72. 331. ‘The MRE – new man, new challenge’, New Scientist, 02.12.71. 332. ‘Porton switch is rejected’, Southern Evening Echo, 21.01.72. 333. ‘US to destroy all germ weapons in six months’. Press release by the United States Information Service, 30.03.72. 334. ‘Nations to destroy all germ war weapons’, The Times, 07.04.72; ‘The Peace and the poison’, The Guardian. 10.04.72; ‘Caution on germ warfare control’, The Guardian, 10.04.72. 335. ‘Big three are joined by 46 countries in banning germ warfare’, The Times, 11.04.72. 336. ‘Porton scientists making valuable medical progress’, Western Gazette, 27.10.72; ‘Weird and wonderful’, Salisbury Journal, 01.11.73. 337. ‘Woman scientist from germ base vanishes’, Daily Telegraph, 22.02.74; ‘Laughing, happy girl who vanished’, Salisbury Journal, 28.02.74; ‘Riddle of woman scientist’, Daily Telegraph, 31.03.74. 338. ‘Porton woman’s death unsolved’, Daily Telegraph, 13.07.74. 339. ‘Fire an antivivisection protest by mercy band’, Daily Telegraph, 12.07.74. 340. ‘Terror alert at our germ war labs’, Daily Express, 13.09.74. 341. ‘Monkeys left a trail of horror – It’s a mystery disease with no known antidote’, Aberdeen Evening Express, 19.11.76. 342. ‘Monkey fever scientist is recovering’, Western Gazette, 26.11.76. 343. ‘Monkey virus ordeal brings benefits’, The Guardian, 22.12.76. 344. ‘Porton role vital to our germ warfare defence’, Western Gazette, 26.11.76. 345. ‘Work at Porton Down to be cut Minister says’, The Times, 28.11.76. 346. ‘New lab rises in Porton’s shadow’, The Guardian, 24.10.79; ‘Revealed – the new face of Porton Down’, Sun, 24.10.79; ‘Porton Director talks of new research plans’, Salisbury Times, 26.10.79; ‘Lassa fever lifesaver on the way’, Daily Express, 24.10.79; ‘Deadly fever breakthrough’, Southern Evening Echo, 24.10.79; ‘Porton chief looks to the future’, Salisbury Journal, 25.10.79. 347. ‘Animal Harm – Monkeys of Porton are born to die’, Daily Star, 24.10.79. 348. ‘Porton Down expands germ research’, Sunday Telegraph, 03.02.80. 349. ‘Vaccine imports row looms’, The Guardian, 04.02.80; ‘Porton transfer halts vaccine work’, The Times, 04.02.80; ‘Vaccine project casualty of germ war’, Western Daily Press, 05.02.80. 350. ‘Unlikely exporting “firm’s” impressive record’, Western Gazette, 25.03.80. 351. ‘Conservation plan for anthrax isle’, Daily Telegraph, 24.03.80. 352. ‘The deadly legacy of anthrax island’, Sunday Times (magazine), 15.02.81. 353. ‘Anthrax protest “puts whole country at risk”’, The Times, 12.10.81; ‘Anthrax alert after soil dumping protest’, Daily Telegraph, 12.10.81; ‘Anthrax soil claim doubted’, The Times, 13.10.81; ‘Anthrax spores found in protest soil sample’, The Times, 14.10.81. 354. ‘Anthrax soil alert near Tory conference’, The Times, 15.10.81. 355. ‘Research stepped up into ridding Isle of anthrax’, Salisbury Journal, 10.12.81. 356. ‘More tests in “anthrax isle”’, Daily Telegraph, 25.04.83. 357. ‘Gruinard soil tests indicate success’, Glasgow Herald, 25.07.83; ‘Opening up the isle of death’, The Times, 24.07.83. Notes 267
358. ‘Porton helps Austrians with vaccine’, Chemistry & Industry, 15.08.81; ‘World acclaim for vaccine produced at Porton centre’, Salisbury Journal, 01.10.81. 359. ‘Tick bite vaccine’, Medical Chronicle (South Africa), May 1982. 360. ‘Bugs not beer’, Salisbury Journal, 04.02.82. 361. ‘Love bug break through’, Southern Evening Echo. 26.08.82; ‘British claim new herpes vaccine might be cure’, Orlando Sentinel (USA), 14.06.83. 362. ‘Drug kit to stop suicides’, Observer, 23.01.83; ‘Detecting paracetamol’, Biologist, April 1983; ‘Novel paracetamol drug assay kit’, Medical Technologist, April 1983. 363. ‘Award for life saver – new medical kit developed for drug overdoses’, Cambridge Evening News, 14.06.83; ‘Major award for a team from Porton’, Salisbury Journal, 16.06.83; ‘Labtechnology Awards ‘83’, Laboratory News, 15.07.83; ‘Labtechnology Awards 1983’, Medical Technologist, August 1983. 364. ‘Anthrax – scare site safe says world expert’, Cambridge Evening News, 23.03.82; ‘Anthrax land no risk now – but caution urged’, Town Crier (Cambridge), 03.09.83; ‘Report clears anthrax site’, Cambridge Evening News. 31.08.83; ‘Anthrax site now safe’, Daily Telegraph, 05.09.83. 365. ‘Cuts threat to whooping cough research’, The Times, 19.03.82; ‘Health boffins face cuts threat’, Western Daily Press, 19.03.82. 1 366. ‘Doc digs in for science – top boffin cuts first turf for £3–2 m Porton unit’, Salisbury Journal, 16.06.83. 367. ‘Porton’s disease research may move to city’, The Guardian, 12.01.84; ‘Germ lab plan for London – Deadly disease research may move from Porton’, Standard (London), 12.01.84. 368. ‘Threat of another closure at Porton’, The Guardian, 13.01.84; ‘Germ lab expert warns’, Standard [London], 13.01.84; ‘Germ folly’, Standard (London), 13.01.84. 369. ‘Jet blows up near germ lab’, Western Daily Press, 18.01.84. 370. ‘Storm gathers over future of Porton’, New Scientist, 19.01.84. 371. ‘Porton’s biotechnology goes commercial’, Financial Times, 06.09.84; ‘A widening manufacturing span’, Financial Times, 11.09.84. 372. ‘Centre for Applied Microbiology & Research’, Hansard, col. 772, 04.04.85. 373. ‘Taxpayers foot clean-up bill for anthrax island’, Sunday Telegraph, 11.05.1986. 374. ‘Death island gets anthrax clean-up’, Daily Telegraph, 10.07.86; ‘Horror island returns from the grave’, Today, 10.07.86. 375. ‘New vaccines – nice ideas shame about the price’, Laboratory News, 23.05.86. 376. ‘Vaccine for brain fever put on trial’, Sunday Times, 17.98.86; ‘Tests on vaccine for meningitis’, The Times, 18.08.86; ‘Vaccine study needs booster’, Sunday Times, 07.09.86. 377. ‘Whooping cough jab on trial’, Daily Telegraph, 09.09.86. 378. ‘Research brings the little man a higher lifestyle’, The Guardian, 20.09.86; ‘Anglo- Swedish deal brings growth hormone to market’, Financial Times, 03.10.86. 379. ‘Ron was blind – now he can see – how Porton scientists are helping the blind’, Salisbury Journal, 17.07.86; ‘New drug for spasm blindness’, Daily Telegraph, 28.10.86; ‘Miracle cure in the making’, Wiltshire Life, December 1986. 380. ‘Begging labs in brain bug row’, Western Daily Press, 23.03.87; ‘A battle for funds – is the government paying enough to help beat the brain disease?’ Western Daily Press, 23.03.87; ‘No Minister!’ Western Daily Press, 25.03.87. 381. ‘Booster for Porton’, Salisbury Journal, 26.03.87. 382. ‘New hope of safer whooping cough jab’, Western Daily Press, 25.03.87. 383. ‘Danger zone – So what goes on behind closed doors at Porton Down?’ Western Daily Press, 07.04.87. 268 Notes
384. ‘Scientists battle to beat killer brain bug’, Wilts & Hants Times, 18.05.87; ‘More cash needed to beat AIDS’, Salisbury Journal, 02.07.87; ‘Brain bug cash snub fury’, Western Daily Press, 23.02.88. 385. ‘Inflation bites into budgets at Porton’, Salisbury Journal, 23.08.90. 386. ‘Legion bug could be wiped out by £30 test’, Sunday Times, 22.05.87; ‘Breakthrough in battle against killer disease’, Salisbury Journal, 26.05.88. 387. ‘Porton in AIDS breakthrough’, Salisbury Journal, 14.07.88. 388. ‘Cure for squinting linked to botulism’, The Times, 25.10.88; ‘Botulism helps woman to put on a brave face’, Sunday Times, 25.06.89. 389. ‘Drug makes cancer self destruct’, The Times, 16.12.88; ‘Porton Down team in cancer breakthrough’, Salisbury Journal, 29.12.88. 390. ‘Public health laboratory may be sold off’, Financial Times, 15.06.89; ‘Pondering the complexities of privatised science’, Financial Times, 20.06.89; ‘Porton up for sale?’ Avon Advertiser, 21.06.89; ‘Don’t let Porton go private’, Southern Evening Echo, 22.06.89; ‘CAMR to go private? Job losses feared’, Salisbury Journal, 22.06.89; ‘British Biotechnology set to bid for CAMR?’ Laboratory News, 07.08.89. 391. ‘Labour MP suspects “deal” in CAMR takeover’, Salisbury Journal, 29.06.89; ‘Key Porton plan under Labour fire’, Salisbury Journal, 06.07.89; ‘Strategic control “essential” for Porton Down’, Avon Advertiser, 12.07.89. 392. ‘Minister’s pledge on Porton’, Salisbury Journal, 29.06.89. 393. ‘Porton future still in doubt’, Salisbury Journal, 25.01.90. 394. ‘Health laboratory director opposes purchase by Porton’, Financial Times, 09.02.90; ‘Profit and Promise & Public health research for sale?’ Chemistry & Industry, 19.02.90; ‘Local MP & Unions fight CAMR sale’, Laboratory News, 19.02.90; ‘Porton’s attempt to buy CAMR opposed’, Clinica, 21.02.90; ‘Porton set for drugs coup’, Observer, 25.02.90; ‘Only one bidder for Porton Down’, Independent, 19.03.90; ‘Research at government laboratory threatened’, Independent, 21.03.90; ‘Porton confirms bid for CAMR’, Laboratory Practice, March 1990; ‘Scientists say no to take over’, Salisbury Journal, 29.03.90; ‘Internationally reknowned but little known at home’, Financial Times, 30.03.90; ‘Porton acts on lab fears’, Financial Times, 02.04.90; ‘Government gives 18 departments agency status’, Independent, 02.04.90; ‘Verdict on CAMR due “in weeks”’, Salisbury Times, 05.04.90; ‘CAMR sell- off looks unlikely’, Laboratory News, April 1990; ‘Porton to pluck government research plum’, Bio/technology July 1990. 395. ‘Animal lib fanatics car bomb vet’, Evening Standard (London), 08.06.90; ‘We’ll get you next time – chilling warning after animal lib fanatics bomb car’, Daily Mirror, 09.06.90; ‘Woman in bombing considers her future’, The Times, 12.06.90; ‘Fanatics behind the front’, Daily Telegraph, 12.06.90; ‘Bombing campaign splits animal groups’, Sunday Times, 17.06.90. 396. ‘Troops protected against anthrax’, The Times, 29.12.90. 397. ‘Anthrax jabs for the Gulf troops’, Salisbury Journal, 03.01.91. 398. ‘Saddam’s threats delay CAMR sale’, Laboratory News, 04.02.91; ‘Let us not forget their vital role’, Laboratory News, 04.02.91. 399. ‘New lab cell store opened’, Salisbury Journal, 31.01.91. 400. ‘Porton finds a new role for the deadliest poison’, Salisbury Journal, 04.04.91; ‘A few drops of poison had her talking again’, Independent, 11.01.93 401. ‘Jane (23) finds a health hazard at King’s Cross’, Salisbury Journal, 24.09.92. 402. See DH press release: ‘CAMR to become a separate authority under the Department of Health’, dated 15.01.93; ‘450 jobs saved at top secret research centre’, Western Notes 269
Daily Press, 16.01.93; ‘Porton centre goes it alone’, Salisbury Journal, 21.01.93; ‘CAMR autonomy’, Pharmaceutical Journal, 23.01.93. 403. Many demonstrations were antivivisection-oriented and leaflet campaigns contin- ued. An example is the leaflet produced by the ‘National Antivivisection Society Limited’ entitled ‘Monkey’s eye view of Porton Down’. A demonstration held in September 1990 saw approximately 150 protesters at Porton demonstrating against animal use. The accompanying leaflet was entitled ‘Protest at Porton Down’, and claimed to be issued by ‘local animal welfare groups’; its telephone number was a Salisbury one. 404. ‘Stop animal tests plea’, Western Daily Press, 13.09.93; ‘Protest at animal lab in tests claim’, Western Daily Press, 13.09.93. 405. ‘Marchers back animal rights’, Avon Advertiser, 31.03.99; ‘Protesters march for animals’ sake’, Salisbury Journal, 01.04.99. Index
Abell, Sir Westcott, 198 vaccine: Gulf War and, 168–9; Adhesion Panel, 190 immunisation and, 74; peacetime Admiralty Underwater Weapons production, 169; production, 106, Establishment, 44 129, 168, 234; troop inoculation Advisory Council on Scientific Research and, 169; see also Gulf War and Technical Development, 17, 189 Vigo plant and, 102 boards of, 189–90 virulence, 66–7 agents see individual entries wartime production, 69 Agriculture Defence Advisory Board, 190 see also Bacillus anthracis aircraft antibiotics, MRC and, 95 Blenheim, 11 Antigua, 23, 24 Canberra, 43 Araby, see mailboats Devon, 44 arboviruses Goose, 34 Kano Plain and, 144 Hastings, 34, 37 Kenya and, 71, 129, 144 Valletta, 29 study in Sarawak, 71, 129, 144 Wellington, 11 asparaginase aircraft crash near Porton, 233 action, 129 Alarbrook Limited, 149 in treatment of leukaemia, 129, 146 Alexander the Great, 5 use of, 3 Alibek, Ken, 157 see also Erwinase Alkins, Barbara, 72 Atkinson, Anthony, 140 Allan, Robert, 221 atom bomb, comparison of biological Allaun, Frank, 220, 223 warfare with, 214 Amerhurst, Sir Jeffrey, 5–6 Ayrton, M., 77 Amey, 183 Anopheles mosquitoes, 144 Bacillus (Klebsiella) aerogenes, 43 anthrax Bacillus anthracis aerosol infection, 63 infection route, 66 allegations of use in Zimbabwe, 6 see also anthrax; Gruinard Island basis of immunity, 67 Bacillus globigii, 19, 31, 36 bombs, 11–12 characteristics, 45 cattle and, 12 fighting vehicles and, 52 Dark Harvest Commandos and, 15, 232 GPO cable tunnel network and, 116–17 detection of, 14 Lyme Bay trials and, 44–5 early munitions development, 11 naval trials and, 48–50 effect of explosives on, 12 railway carriages and, 113–14 effectiveness compared to CW, 11 tripartite detection studies and, 51 Gruinard Island and, 10–15, 223 Bacillus pumilus, 19, 31 Gruinard, derequisitioning of, 206 railway carriages and, 113–14 human experiments with, 6 GPO cable tunnel network and, 116 in cattlecake, 12 Bacillus subtilis, 12, 19, 22, 23 pre-war dissemination from aircraft, 8 characteristics, 45 reference facility, 186 filter tests and, 98 soil contamination, 13 railway carriages and, 114 Sverdlovsk, 157 Bacon, Geoffrey A., 72, 74, 224
270 Index 271
Bacterial Metabolism Research Laboratory Brown, Michael R. W., 205, 209 transfer to Porton, 159–60 Brucella abortus, 19, 23, 64, 65, 67 Bacterium tularense see Francisella tularensis Brucella melitensis, 65 Baker, Kenneth, 151 Brucella suis, 19, 23, 30, 31, 34, 35, 36, 37, Baku, 216 64, 65 Baldwin, Stanley, 7 brucellosis vaccine, 231 Balloon Development Establishment, Brundrett, Frederick, 219 Cardington, 43 Building Design Partnership Bament, Alfred, 77 development plan and, 108, 158 Band of Mercy, the, 231 Burgen, A., 135 Barnes, J. M., 10 Burke, D. C., 135 Barrow, G. I., 140 Burrows, T. W., 72 Bateman, E. W., 100 Bateman Plan, the, 100 Cadbury Schweppes, 133, 160 Beaufour Ipsen see Porton International Caffa, siege of, 5 Behavioural Technology Limited, 184 Caldecote, Lord see Inskip, Thomas Bikini atoll, 214 Call, F., 10 Billière, Sir Peter de la, 153, 169 Cammack, Kenneth, 73 Biological Research Advisory Board see Cameron, Sir Roy, 204 BRAB Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, 225, Biological and Toxin Weapons 228, 229 Convention see Biological Weapons ‘Ring-a-Ring o’-Roses’ protest and, 227 Convention ‘Vigil for Life’ and, 226 Biological Weapons Convention, 5, 41, Camp Detrick, 127, 228 126, 228, 231 Lyme Bay trials and, 44 signing of, 231 planning of MRD and, 76, 81 UK draft of, 229–30 possible transfer to US Department of UK legislation and, 131 Health, 127 Bland Sutton Institute of Pathology, 195, production plant at, 96 196 relationship with MRE and ban on blepharospasm, treatment of, 233 CBW, 228 Bordetella pertussis, 65 sea trials and, 25, 32, 34, 36 botulinum toxin Special Operations Division and, 112 cerebral palsy and, 156 CAMR Steering Group (1993), remit, dystonias and, 155 175 see also blepharospasm cancer therapy, 146–7 BRAB, 189–92 ADEPT, 147 composition of, 188–9 see also Erwinase; asparaginase formation of, 17 Carbon Disulphide Panel, 190 initial preoccupations of, 191 Cardwell, David, 136, 137 terms of reference, 190 Carlisle, HN, 10 Todd panel and, 191 caterpillars Bray, Jeremy, 165 allegations over use as plague carrier, Brazier, Julian, 174 216 British Empire Cancer Campaign, 197 cattle cake, 12 Harris, Robert J. C. and, 202–3 Cawood, Walter, 123 British Society for Social Responsibility in Central Policy Review Staff Science, 228 report on MRE civil programmes, 134 British Union for the Abolition of Chemical and Biological Defence Vivisection, 218 Advisory Board, 190 Brooksby, J. B., 135 Chemical and Biological Warfare Action Brown, Charles, 209 Group, 229 272 Index
Chemical Defence Advisory Board, 17, Defence Scientific Advisory Council, 190 134, 190, 191 dengue haemorrhagic fever, 226 Chester Beatty Research Institute, 202 Denham, Corrine, 72 Chieftain tank, protection of, 51 dental vaccines, 144, 147 chikungunya virus, 144 DERA Site Services Division, 183 Childs, A. E., 77, 94, 100, 119–20 Detrick sampler, 97 Chisolm, Brock, 222, 223 Dobson, Frank, 187 Cephalosporium, 60 Dodds, Sir Charles, 17, 122, 190, 191 Chromobacterium prodigiosum see Serratia biography, 193 marcescens inquiry into plague death and, 224 Chromobacterium violaceum, 60 portrait of, 192 Churchill, Winston, 8, 192 Dorrell, Stephen, 171 civil programme, 144 Drew, Sir Arthur, 201 Clarke, Kenneth, 165 Druett H. A., 10 clean steam, 180 Dugway Proving Ground, Utah, 20, 27, 34 Clevedon plant, Somerset, 93–4 Dunnett, James, 128 Clostridium botulinum, 18, 206 Dysport, 155–6 Clostridium chauvoei, 198 see also botulinum toxin Clostridium odematiens, 198 Dzerjinsk, Russia, 216 Clostridium septicum, 198 Clostridium welchii, 198 early warning collective protection, 52 development of, 68 Coleman, Ron, 109 initial systems, 68 Colorado beetles, 213 Ebola, 3, 65, 71, 137, 139, 226 Comax see Amey laboratory acquired infection and, 231 commercial development, beginnings of, ECACC, 109–10 160–1 extension of, 234 Committee of 100, 201, 224, 225–6 Edwards, Alan, 192 protests and, 211 Eighteen Nation Disarmament Committee of Imperial Defence Committee, prohibition of BW and, early consideration of BW, 6–8 125 Committee of Public Accounts see Public electrical generators, 83, 180 Accounts Committee Ellwood, Derek C, 138 Coney, Capt., 30 Elson, L. A., 202 Congo-Crimean haemorrhagic fever, 226 Elsworth, R., 100 continuous culture, 3, 69–70, 71, 103, Emergency PHLS, 8 199 Ennals, David, 137, 160 Coombs Report, the, 155 Environmental & Biosafety Services, 156 Corsham, biological warfare tests and, Erwinase, 146 112 Erwinia carotovora, 146 Cowgill, Cdr, 32 Erwinia chrysanthemi, 146 Cowling, Timothy, 209 Escherichia coli MRE-162 Cranston, Ian, 209 isolation, 45 Crowley, E. C., 77 serotype, 45 Culex mosquitoes, 144 Essequibo, see mailboats culture collections, OST review of, 181–2 ETV Icewhale, 44, 46, 49 Dalyell, Tam, 226, 227 Whimbrel, 49 Dark Harvest Commandos Eumenes II of Pergamum, 5 anthrax and, 15, 232 European Collection of Animal Cell Darlow, H. M., 74 Cultures see ECACC David Begg Associates, 181 Evans, David Gwynne, 130, 190 Davidson Pratt, J, 99 biography, 193 Index 273
Henderson memorial lecture and, 236 freeze drying, 60, 81, 159 portrait of, 192 asparaginase, 107 Everitt, James E, 175 human growth hormone, 107 biography, 209 White Huts and, 105 Expenditure Review Group (of PHLS), 162 FT Cockchafer, 50 Experimental Plant 1, 93–103 Fuchs, Klaus, 216 Sutton Oak and proposals for, 95 Experimental Plant 2, 103–4 Gadsby, Neville, 227 as built, 103 Gairloch, 28 description of, 103 Gardner, D. L., 191 estimated production demand, 102 gas production, 86–7 original purpose, 102 cracking, 87 Mansfield, 87 Felix, Arthur, 198 Porton, 87 Feodosiya, 5 Geneva Convention see Geneva Protocol Fildes, Paul Gordon Geneva Protocol, 123, 125, 228, 230 beginnings of BDP and, 9 constraints on use of BW, 13 biography 194–7 no-first-use and, 119 British Journal of Experimental Pathology poison weapons and, 16 and, 192 UK proposals for new Convention, 228 death of Reinhardt Heydrich and, 16 Getah virus, 144 growth factors and, 8 Gilbert, John, 137, 232 hypothesis on battlefield infection and, Gillette, W. A., 72 63 Gilmour, Roger Hugh, 194 lessons from CW, 62 biography, 207–8 management views and, 122 Gladstone, G. P., 9, 197 post-war return to MRC, 17 glanders, 6 salvarsan and, 195 glutaminase cancer therapy and, 146 secrecy and, 196, 216 Golden Arrow mobile laboratory, 45 wartime liaison with USA and Canada, Gorki, Russia, 216 15 GPO cable tunnel network, 115–16 wartime study of pathogen dispersal description of, 115 and, 11 grasshoppers wartime reporting, 196 allegations over use as plague carrier, 216 wartime visit to USA and, 10 Greenaway, Peter J., 140 fire at CAMR, 83, 164–5 green monkey disease see Marburg disease Fisher, Lord, 192 Gregory, Nurse F. E., 74 Fison, Joseph, Bishop of Salisbury, 225 Gresford Jones, Michael, Bishop of St Flax Committee, 190 Albans, 228 fleas Grimsditch Camp, 104–5 allegations over use as plague carrier, 216 Grinstead, K. H., 73 Fleming, Peter, 73 Gruinard Island, 19, 20, 31, 39, 63, 73, 74 Florey, Lord, 195 annual surveys of, 74 BRAB and, 17 Dark Harvest Commandos and, 232 Fildes and, 197 decontamination, 14–15, 233 press reporting and, 226 derequisition of 206 Fluor Daniels, validation and, 100 location of, 10 foot and mouth, MRE and, 226 medical officers and, 63, 73 Fort Detrick see Camp Detrick official reports and, 216 Fowler, Norman, 160 press reporting and, 214, 223, 224, 225, Francisella tularensis 226 sea trials and, 19, 23, 39, 64 wartime development and, 10–15, 40 Freeman, Roger, 165, 166, 172, 234 x-base, 10, 11 274 Index
Gulf War, 152, 154, 168–71 London Underground trials and, 117 anthrax vaccine production and, 153, MRD building and, 76, 77, 79, 80, 81, 85 169 obituary, 16, 196 antiserum and, 170 organization of MRE and, 59–60 botulinum toxoid and, 170 post-war policy decisions and, 119 Swiss Disaster Relief and, 169 pre-war work and, 9 Task Force Scorpio and, 169 retirement and, 123 sabotage attacks and, 112 Hacker, Ann V., 209 sea trial reconnaissance and, 32 Haddow, Sir Alexander, 202 tactical BW attack and, 63 Hague conferences, 63 transfer of MRE from MOS to War Hague Convention, 16 Office and, 121–2 Halley Stewart Trust, 195 US Medal of Freedom and, 15, 199 Hamilton, Michael, 227 wartime liaison with USA and Canada, Hanby, W. F., 10 15 Hands, C. H. G., 96 wartime visit to USA and, 10 Hankey, Lord Henderson Memorial Lectures, 236–7 biography, 192–3 Herakles, the labours of, 89 BRAB and, 17, 189–91 Herbert, Dennis, 9 CID Sub-Committee on BW and, 8 Hercules see Herakles early investigation of BW and, 7 Herpes simiae, 144, 147 hazard of BW and, 11 herpes, prophylaxis and, 147 Fildes, Paul Gordon and, 9 hexyl resorcinol, air disinfection and, 113 portrait of, 192 Heydrich, Reinhardt secretary of CID and, 6 botulinum toxin and, 15–16 Hannibal, 5 high containment suite Harrington, C. R., 100 origins, 70 Harris, Robert John Cecil, 58, 61, 131, Hill, A. S. G., 96, 99 133, 194, 231 Hills, G. M., 9 biography, 202–3 Holmes, R., 190 Institute of Biology and, 203 Holt, G., 72 Mill Hill and, 202 Hong Kong flu, 3 Healey, Lord, 17, 196, 227 Horn Island, Pascagoola, USA, 20 Heath, Gerald, 190, 196 horses, Romanian cavalry, 6 Henderson apparatus, 198, 215 Howe, C., 10 Henderson, David W. W. Hughes, Emrys, 218, 219, 220, 222 annual reports for MRE and, 57–8 human experimentation Biet Memorial Research Fellowship and, in China, 6 198 in Korea, 216 biography, 197–200 Japan and, 6, 215 effects of infection and, 66 Kyasanur Forest disease virus and, election to Royal Society, 199 227–8 Experimental Plant No. 1 and, 94–6, 99; Langat disease virus and, 227–8 views on delays and, 100 Human Factors International, 184 Experimental Plant No. 2 and, 101; human growth hormone, 107, 233 continuous production and, 102 pituitaries and, 107 future of BW and, 191 recombinant, 107 genetic research and, 72 Hutchinson, J. M., 72 GPO cable tunnel trials and, 116 Gruinard Island and, 11 Immuno AG, 106, 232 immediate post-war work, 17, 18 Immuno Unit, 106 job title and, 194 anthrax vaccine and, 106 Lister Institute and, 198 see also tick borne encephalitis Index 275 immunization, Porton staff and, 74 Littler, W. B., 199 incineration, 179 Lister Institute India, tropical sprue study, 129 anthrax vaccine filling and, 129 influenza, 3, 65, BRAB and, 189 Asian flu vaccine and, 136 Evans, David Gwynne and, 193 Inskip, Thomas, 7 Fildes, Paul Gordon and, 197 Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, 14 Henderson, David W. W. and, 9, 198 Inter Services Sub-Committee on MRC Bacterial Chemistry Unit and, 17 Biological Warfare, 19, 121 smallpox vaccine stocks from, 158 Ipsen Limited see Porton International Lloyd, Selwyn, 219 Iraq, BW threat from, 168 Lochinvar Isle of Wight, trial preparations and, 29 sea trials, preparations for, 21 ISO 9000, 181 logo CAMR, 91–2 Jackson, S, 72 ECACC, 91 Japanese encephalitis, 144, 200 MRE, 90–1 Jarrett, Clifford, 128 PHLS, 91 Jones, Aubrey, 199, 200, 220, 221, 222 London School of Hygiene and Tropical Jones, Mervyn, inaccurate press reporting Medicine, 189, 193, 228 and, 220 arbovirus unit and, 71 BRAB and, 189 Kano Plain Kenya, arbovirus studies and, Evans, David Gwynne and, 193 144 Kyasanur Forest disease virus and, 228 Kendrick, T. D., 112 Langat disease virus and, 228 Kent, A. E., 142 Smith, C. E. Gordon as Dean and, 70, Kent, L. H., 77, 81, 99 127, 200, 201 Kenya, arbovirus studies in, 71, 129, 144 London Underground, trials and, 117 Key, Robert, 109, 110, 166 Longmuir, I. S., 71 Kon, G. A. R., 202 Lulworth, health investigation in, 55 Kurdish peoples, CW attack and, 168 Lyme Bay trials Kuwait, invasion of, 168 independent review, 55 Kyasanur Forest Disease, 228 site, 45 lyophilization see freeze drying Langat Forest disease, 228 Lassa fever, 3, 71, 137, 139, 226 Macdonald, Kenneth C., 72, 73 Lawther, P. J., 135, 191 Mackay, Ian, 74 leaching, bacterial, 144, 145 Mackay, Robert, 221 Leander class frigates, see ships Mackintosh, Mary, 72 Ledingham, J. C. G., 198, 2 Macmillan, Harold, 221 Ledingham, J. M., 10 mail boats Legionella, 3, 65 SS Araby, 37 legionnaires disease, test for, 234 SS Essequibo, 37 Leitch, George Malaya, allegations of BW in, 217 interdepartmental committee and, 128, Malcolm, J. F., 197 131 Mansonia mosquitoes, 144 report on the future of MRE, 128, 130 Marburg disease, 3, 62, 65, 70, 71, 129, leukaemia, treatment of, 146 139 see also asparaginase, use of initial outbreak in Germany, 226 see also Kyasanur Forest disease Mason, Roy, 124, 221, 222 licheniformin, 100 May, Ken R., 10 LIDAR see light detection and ranging McClean, Doug, 198 light detection and ranging, 68 McIntosh, James, 195 Lightfoot, Nigel, 209 McMahon, P. C., 72 276 Index
McMullen, Al, 73 civil programmes and, 144, 145 McMullen Barracks, Marchwood, 47 CPRS review of MRE and, 134 media, relationship with the, 211 Evans, David Gwynne and, 193 medical countermeasures, vaccines and, Fildes, Paul Gordon and, 8, 195, 196, 197 152 financial support for MRE and, 130, 131 see also Gulf War formation of BDP and, 9 Medical Research Council see MRC Gilmour, Roger Hugh, and, 208 Mellanby, Edward, 8, 196 initial approach to BW, 7 Melling, Jack, 194 Inter-Departmental Leitch Committee appointment as Chief Executive and and, 128 Director, 175 Mellanby, Edward and, 8 biography, 205–7 NIMR building and, 76 Vaccine Production Research report on the future of MRE, 135, 150 Laboratory and, 139 review of MRE and, 132, 134–6 Merck, George, 214 Sarawak arbovirus research and, 129 metro, Paris, biological warfare tests and, wartime work and, 16 111 MRE mice advent of, 103 allegations over use as plague carrier, ownership by the Ministry of Aviation, 216 118 Microbiological Research Authority see Policy Board, 136–7 MRA transfer to MOD, 118 microthread trials transfer to the War Office, 118 cities, 47 Mulberry see pontoon Maiden Castle, 47 Mulley, Fred, 229 Portland Bill, 47 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 18, 65 spiders, 46 techniques, 46 National Audit Office, review and, 173–4 Waterloo Bridge, London, 47 National Audit Office, review of PHLS and Miller, Don S., 73 Porton International, 174 Mole, Sir Charles, 81, 88 National Collection of Animal Cell Montebello, atomic bomb and, 119 Cultures, origins of, 161 Morris, B. C., 72 see also ECACC Morris, John, 228 National Gas Turbine Establishment, 42 Morrison, Herbert, 9 National Institute of Biological Standards Morrison, John, 220 and Control see NIBSC Morton, John D., 32 National Institute for Medical Research, mosquitoes, as vectors of disease, 144 17, 193, 197 MRA as a model for construction of MRD, advent of, 174–5 76–7 remit and management statement, 178 BRAB and, 189 statutory instrument and, 175–6 Evans, David Gwynne and, 193 MRC Fildes, Paul Gordon and, 197 antibiotic production at MRE and, Harrington, C. R. and, 100 93–4, 95, 100 Naval Trial arbovirus research and, 71 Hazelwood, 50 Bacterial Chemistry Unit of, 17 Kolanut, 49 Biological Research Council formation Tanfield, 48 and, 122 Varan, 49 block grant support of MRE and, 143 naval vessels BRAB and, 188, 189 protection of, 47 civil funding source for MRE and, see also ships 124–5 NCACC see ECACC Index 277 needle-less injector, 74 Oram, John D., 73 Newcastle disease, 65, 129 Overseas Development Agency, arbovirus NIBSC, transfer to Porton and, 132 studies and, 144 Nimmo-Smith, A., 10 Nixon, President Richard Packman, L., 9 renunciation of biological warfare and, Panmunjom, peace talks at, 216 57, 126, 230 paracetamol overdose test kit, 233 Non-violent Resistance Group, protest Paris, E. T., 94, 99 and, 217 particles Norris, Keith P., 60, 77, 131, 190 fluorescent, 41–2 Nuremberg trials, 214 zinc cadmium sulphide, 41–2 nursery, 110 Pasteurella pestis see Yersinia pestis Nutting, Anthony, 219 Paul, J., 135 Nyanza Province Kenya, arbovirus studies Peacock, S. V., 9, 74 and, 144 Pearson, Graham S., 14 Penclawdd, Gower Peninsula, 11, 39, 63, 73 Office of Science & Technology see Penicillium, 60 culture collections Penley, W. H., 128, 131 O’Grady, F. W., 191 Perron’s Way, 77 Omsk, Russia, 216 pharmaceutical production centre onyongnyong, 144 development, 159 Open Air Factor, 46, 47, 64, 65 phenylalanine ammonia lyase, cancer open days, MRE and, 212, 228 therapy and, 146 Operation Cauldron see also phenylketonuria location, 28, 29 phenylketonuria, 146 rediscovery by the press, 212 Philbrook, Frank, 220 trials, 30 Phillips J. W. C., 94 see also sea trials Pincher, Chapman, 215, 216, 218 Operation Granby, 168 Pine Bluff arsenal USA, 36 aim, 168 destruction of biological weapons and, anthrax vaccine and, 168 231 see also sea trials Pirbright, escape of virus from, 223 Operation Harness Pirt, S. J., 71 Basseterre, 26 plague location, 23, 24 caterpillars and their use in biological Parham Bay, 25 warfare, 216 St Kitts, 21, 25 Eyam, Derbyshire, 6 trials, 25 fleas and their use in biological warfare, US views, 26 216 see also sea trials grasshoppers and their use in biological Operation Hesperus warfare, 216 location, 31 mice and their use in biological warfare, see also sea trials 216 Operation Hurricane, 30 rice and its use in biological warfare, 213 Operation Negation see also Yersinia pestis location, 36 Platt, Geoff S., 71 trials, 37 Plenderleith, Dr, 112 see also sea trials poisoned weapons see Heydrich; Hague Operation Ozone Convention location, 33 Pollards Wood Research Station, 202 trials, 34 POMEC see Porton Mobile Enclosed see also sea trials Chemostat Operation Ravish, 36 pontoon Mulberry, 28–9, 38 278 Index
Portland Regional Seats of Government, protests sea trials, preparations for, 21 against, 224 Underwater Weapons Establishment, 44 Reid, A. S., 77, 103 Porton Action Group, 225 Reid, John, 55 Porton Down remit, ministerial (1987), 163–4 contamination by terrorists, 15, 232 research at MRE Site of Special Scientific Interest, 1, 5 1950s, 58 Porton International, 149–54 late 1960s, 60–1 Beaufour Ipsen and, 154 major areas, 61 distributorship and marketing agree- respiratory infection, 53, 62, 63, 65–6, 114 ment and, 150 review fermentation process plant and, 150 CPRS, 134 Gulf War and, 169, 170 DHSS, 161–2 origins of, 149 Hambros Bank, 167 PAC review and, 153, 174 Multi-Departmental Scrutiny of PSREs, possible ownership of CAMR and, 182 165–6, 167–8, 173 N. M. Rothschild, 162 world launch of, 151 of reference facilities (1997), 185–6 Porton Mobile Enclosed Chemostat, 70 PA Consulting, 165–7 Porton needle-less injector see needle-less prior options, 185 injector Shearson Lehman Hutton potatoes, infestation with Colorado International, 166 beetles, 213 value for money (1980s), 162–3 Powell, E. O., 10 Whetnall and, 171 Powell, Joan F., 71 rice Press, R, 131 allegations over use as plague carrier, 213 press, the Richmond, M. H., 135 first access to CDEE, 225 Riley, P. A., 205 first access to MRE, 223 Robertson, Muriel, 198 Primrose, Sandy, 209 Roe, Edna, 202 production centre see pharmaceutical pro- Rosneath duction centre sea trials, preparations for, 21 products Rothamsted Experimental Station, 7 early programme, 144 Royal Scots, protests and protection of see also asparaginase; Dysport MRE, 225 Profumo, John, 223 Royal Society, Biological Research project management, introduction of, 184 Committee Report, 123 protests Royal Ulster Rifles, protests and protec- Ring-a-Ring o’ Roses, 227 tion of MRE, 225 use of troops and, 225 royal visit: Prince Philip, Duke of Prusias, King of Bithynia, 5 Edinburgh, 225 psittacosis, 215, 220 Rydon, H. N., 10 Public Accounts Committee, review of PHLS and Porton International, 174 sabotage, railway carriages and, 113–15 Public Health Laboratory Service Act Sackville, Tom, 174, 176, 234 1979, 157 Sadd, J. A., 74 Salisbury Gas Light & Coke Company, 86 Rabbit pox, 65 Salmonella, 9, 18, 65, 66, 72, 198 RAF Odiham, 43 Sandown Bay, 29 RAF Wroughton, 47 Sandys, Duncan, 120, 121, 218, 219, 221 railways, biological warfare and, 113–15 Sarawak, arbovirus studies in, 71, 129 Record, Basil R., 73 Sargeant, Ken, 139, 159 ‘Red Dean’, the, 217 Sarles, W. B., 10 Index 279
Scientific Advisory Council, 190 colonial service and, 200 Scimitar, protection of, 51 Eighteen Nation Disarmament Scorpio, Task Force, 169 Committee and, 125 sea trials Fildes, Paul Gordon and, 197 Caribbean reporting of, 219 London School of Hygiene and Tropical Cuban protests, 218 Medicine and, 71, 127 Operation Cauldron, 27, 28–31, 212 media interviews and, 227 Operation Harness, 19, 21–7, 64, 65 MRE logo and, 91 Operation Hesperus, 31–2 open publication on work of MRE and, Operation Negation, 36–9, 54, 69 Operation Ozone, 32–6 oprobrium and, 224 sites considered, 28 press appearances and, 201 see also under individual trial names Singapore Gold Medal and, 200 Semiliki Forest virus disease, 65, 129, 144 Smith, Harry, 66 Serratia marcescens, 7, 51, 111 Soper, Lord, 228 ships, HMS South Africa, Truth and Reconciliation Ben Lomond, 27, 32, 33, 36, 37, 38; crew Commission and, 229 complement and, 25; modifications Spartan armoured personnel carrier, to, 22; press reports and, 215, 218, protection of, 51 219; refit (1951), 28, 30; refit Speywood Pharmaceuticals, 153, 154 (1952), 31; refit (1954), 35 botulinum toxin and, 155 Blackpool, 42 see also Dysport Galatea, 50 spider bombs, 217 Hengist, 30 Spinks Report, the, 160 Leander class frigates, 47, 48, 50 Spooner, E. T. C., 200 Londonderry, 48 Stamp, Lord, 9, 15, 17, 21, 72 Narvik, 27, 215; crew complement and, Medal of Freedom, 15 25; modifications to, 22; press Steering Committee on MRE, 128, 131 reports and, 215 Stephenson, Marjory, 195 St Austell Bay, 33 Stevens, Charles, 164 Superb, 38 Stewart, William Duncan Paterson, 14 Veryan Bay, 34 biography, 209–10 Warden, 33, 34 Stirrup, Alex, 73 ships, CMS Stone, J. F. S., 9, 119 Monk, 48 archaeology of Porton Down and, 4 ships, HMCS Stornoway, Outer Hebrides, 30, 31 Yukon, 49 Strange, R. E., 71 see also ETVs; FT; mailboats Streptococcus mutans, 147 Silver, I. H., 132, 133 Streptococcus pyogenes, 65 Silverman, Sidney, 219 streptomycin, 94, 215 Simpson, David I. H., 139 Stross, Barnet, 221 Sindbis virus, 144 SS Araby see mail boats smallpox SS Essequibo see mail boats early use as BW agent, 6 Suffield Experimental Station, Canada, vaccine production unit, 159 12, 20, 27, 34 vaccine stock, 158 Summerskill, E., 219 see also Variola; Vaccinia Sutton Oak, 90, 93–100, 120 Smith, Charles Edward Gordon, 123, 194, proposals for Experimental Pilot Plant, 203, 225 95 annual reports and, 58, 61 Sutton, Peter Morgan, 166, 175, 194 Arthropod-borne Epidemiology Unit biography, 203–5 and, 70 Sutton, Sir Oliver Graham, 11, 203 biography, 200–2 Sverdlovsk, anthrax outbreak in, 157 280 Index
Swiss Disaster Relief, Gulf War and, 169 Ward, George, 220 Symonettes Shipyard, Nassau, 34, 36 Watson-Watt, Sir Robert, 219–20, 223 Way, G., 122 Tallentire, A, 205 Welby-Everard, P. H. E., 30 Tank Armament Research building, 90 Wells-Prestell, Lord, 158 description of, 99 Wessex Peace Action, 231 Tarrant Rushton airfield, 43 Western Equine Encephalitis, 65 Task Force Scorpio, Gulf War and, 169 Westwood quarry Taylor, R., 73 art treasures and, 112–3 Technoferm, 160 biological warfare trials and, 112 Tembusu virus, 144 see also Corsham Thackeray, 9 Weymouth Thorneycroft, Peter, 224 sea trials, preparations for, 22 tick borne encephalitis Whetnall Report, the, 171 Immuno AG and, 148 Whetnall, Andrew, 171, 185 vaccine development, 148 Whitby, Sir Lionel, 195 vaccine manufacture, 106 White, Capt., 38 Tinsley, T. W., 135 White Huts, the, 104–6 Todd, Lord A. R., 190, 191 aerobiology, 106 Trafford, Lord, 166 freeze drying, 105 Transport & General Workers Union, visit laser research, 106 to MRE, 228 Whittenbury, Roger, 209 Treadwell, R. H., MRE logo and, 91 whooping cough see Bordetella pertussis Trefgarne, Lord Wickham Steed, Henry, 6–7 visit to Porton, 161 Wilkins, report on proposed EP2 and, 101 trot, sampling, 21 William Dunn School of Pathology Trumpington, Baroness, 163, 233 Evans, David Gwynne and, 193 Truth and Reconciliation Commission see Fildes, Paul Gordon, and, 197 South Africa Williams, E. H., 94 tuberculosis see Mycobacterium tuberculosis Williams, Robert, 135 Wilson, Harold, 226 Underwood, Austin, 220, 221, 225 Wise, Richard, 209 claims of animal Belsen, 220 Woods, Alec, 21 United Kingdom Atomic Energy Woods, D. D., 10 Authority, 145 Wright, A. E., 140 UNSCOM, staff for, 170 uranium, bacterial leaching of, 144, 145 X-base see Gruinard Island vaccine production unit, Allington, 158 Yates, Margaret, 72 Vaccinia, 19, 20, 36, 37, 65, 159 yellow fever, 144, 231 Variola, 65 Yersinia (Pasteurella) pestis Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis, 19, 34, aerosol studies and, 10 35, 36, 37, 65 aerosolization of, 63, 198 Venzke, C. E., 10 behaviour in air, 113 Vigo Plant, USA, 12, 94, 102 early aerobiology of, 18 genetics of, 67, 72, 73 Wade, H. E., 71, 139 inhalation infection and, 65 Wakely, Cecil, 203 Operation Cauldron and, 27 Waldegrave initiative, 212 sea trials with, 19 Walford, Diana, 175 virulence and immunogenicity, 129 Wallis, Ronald G., 73 Wansbrough Jones, Owen, 17, 116 Zimbabwe, anthrax in, 6 War Resisters International, 225 Zuckerman, Lord, 122, 124, 125, 191