Appendix The Henderson Memorial Lectures The Henderson Memorial Lectures were initiated by Dr R. J. C. Harris in 1976, in com- memoration of David W. W. Henderson, the first Director of the establishment. Lectures have been held in most years since this date, usually on a topic of interest to the research of the Centre and always by someone eminent in the field. The lecture is marked by the award of the Henderson Memorial Medal, struck by the Gaunt Mint in Birmingham in sterling silver. During the MOD and PHLS eras, the medal bore the establishment logo on the obverse. In 1994, this was replaced with a likeness of Henderson himself, taken from a photograph of the portrait of him which hangs in CAMR. The following is a comprehensive list of Memorial lecturers and, where known, the titles of their lectures. 1975 Prof. D. G. Evans (Director, National Institute for Biological Standards) 1976 Prof. D. A. L. Davies 1977 Not held 1978 Prof. J. M. Ashworth (Chief Scientist, Central Policy Review Staff, Cabinet Office) The Cellular Slime Moulds: Microbial Differentiation 1979 Sir Hans Kornberg (Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge) The Importance of Being Microbiological (in the Study of Metabolic Regulation) 1980 Not held 1981 Prof. J. Postgate FRS (Director, Agricultural Research Council, Unit of Nitrogen Fixation, University of Sussex) A Fixation About Nitrogen 1982 Dr D. A. J. Tyrrell FRS (Clinical Research Centre, Division of Communicable Diseases, Harrow) Pros and Cons of Doing Research on Human Beings 1983 Prof. Henry Harris FRS (Regius Professor of Medicine, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford) A New Marker for Human Malignant Cells 1984 Dr Sidney Brenner FRS (The MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge) Analysing Biological Complexity 1985 Dr Cesar Milstein FRS (MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge) Dissecting the Immune Response 1986 Prof. M. A. Epstein CBE, FRS (Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford) The Prevention of Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Cancers 1987 Sir Walter Bodmer FRS (Director of Research, Imperial Cancer Research Fund) Genes, Viruses and Cancer 1988 Prof. Luc Montagnier (Head of Viral Oncology, Institut Pasteur, Paris) HIV in AIDS Pathogenesis 1989 Dr C. E. Gordon Smith (Director of MRE 1964–71; former Dean, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) Microbiological War and Peace – Porton Revisited 1990 Not held 1991 Not held 1992 Prof. B. S. Hartley (Emeritus Professor of Biochemistry, Imperial College) The Weak-point in Thermostability of Glucose Isomerases 1993 Not held 236 Appendix 237 1994 Prof J. Oliver Dolly (Prof. of Biochemistry, Imperial College) Toxins, Twitches and Transmitter Release: Discovery of Participating Proteins 1995 Prof. Robert Steffen (Institute of Preventive Medicine, University of Zurich) Travel Medicine: the Risks and the Role of Vaccines 1996 Dr Brian W. J. Mahy (Director of the Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, the National Center for Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta) Why are Viral Diseases Emerging and Re-emerging? 1997 Dr Chris Evans (Founder and Director, Merlin Ventures) Creating Business and Wealth from Science and Technology 1998 Not held 1999 Not held 2000 Not held Notes Chapter 2: Early Beginnings 1. See: Stone J. F. S. (1958). Wessex Before the Celts. Thames & Hudson, London. 2. For further information, see Wells T. C. E., Sheail J., Ball D. F. and Ward L. K. J. (1976). ‘Ecological studies on the Porton Ranges: relationships between vegetation, soils and land-use history’. J. Ecology 64, 589–626. 3. Harris S. H. (1994). Factories of Death; Japanese Biological Warfare 1932–1945 and the American Cover-up. Routledge, London. See also: Williams P. and Wallace D. (1989). Unit 731: The Japanese Army’s Secret of Secrets. Hodder & Stoughton, London. 4. Editorial: ‘Rhodesians used Biological Weapons’. New African, September 1992, p. 42. 5. Wickham Steed H. (1934). ‘Aerial Warfare: Secret German Plans’. The Nineteenth Century and After 116, 1–15. 6. Wickham Steed H. (1934). ‘The Future of Warfare’. The Nineteenth Century and After 116, 129–40. 7. CID COS Sub-Committee: Minutes of the 118th Meeting, held on 12 February 1934. PRO CAB 53/4. 8. Composition: Col. Sir Maurice Hankey (Chairman); Surg. Rear Admiral S. F. Dudley (Deputy Med. Dir. General, Navy); Lt Gen. Sir J. A. Hartigan (Dir. General, Army Medical Services); Air Vice Marshall A. W. Iredell (Dir. RAF Medical Services); Maj. S. Blackmore (Medical Adviser, ARP Dept. of the Home Office); N. K. Johnson (Chief Superintendent, Chemical Defence Research Dept.); Dr D. E. Mellanby (Secretary, MRC); Prof. J. C. G. Ledingham (MRC); Dr B. A. Keen (Rothamsted Experimental Station); Prof. W. W. C. Topley (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine); Wing Cdr P. Warburton (Committee of Imperial Defence); F. Hemming (Economic Advisory Committee). Details are given in PRO WO188/650. 9. CBW1 CID Sub-Committee on BW; 2 November 1936. PRO WO188/650. 10. CBW2 CID Sub-Committee on BW; 4 November 1936. PRO WO188/650; CBW3 CID Sub-Committee on BW; 4 November 1936. PRO WO188/650; CBW12 CID Sub- Committee on BW; 22 February 1937. PRO WO188/650. 11. CBW Sub-Committee on BW First Report; 25 October 1937. PRO WO 188/650. 12. Ibid. 13. Ibid. 14. Williams R. E. O. (1985). Microbiology for the Public Health. PHLS, London, pp. 163–4. 15. A three-volume history on Hankey’s life has been written by Roskill S. (1970, 1972, 1974). Hankey: Man of Secrets. Collins, London. 16. Who arrived first is not known, but it is known that Gladstone, Packman and Morris drove, in Gladstone’s car, to Porton on 5 October 1940. It is believed that Fildes, Henderson and Thackeray had arrived a few days earlier; Woods and Hill arrived at a later date. 17. Pasquill F., Sheppard P. A. and Sutcliffe R. C. (1978). Oliver Graham Sutton: 4 February 1903 – 26 May 1977. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 24, 529–46. 18. See Carter G. B. (2000). Chemical and Biological Defence at Porton Down 1916–2000. The Stationery Office, London, pp. 63–4. 238 Notes 239 19. Harris R. and Paxman J. (1982). A Higher Form of Killing. Chatto & Windus, London, pp. 90–1. 20. Murphy S., Hay A. and Rose S. (1984). No Fire No Thunder: The Threat of Chemical and Biological Weapons. Pluto Press, London, p. 31. 21. Garrett, B. ‘The CW Almanac: April 1996’. ASA Newsletter 96–3, p. 9. 22. Carter, G. B. The Legend of Fildes and the Heydrich Assassination. ASA Newsletter 96–4, p. 8. 23. Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare; Geneva 17 June 1925. Ratified by the UK on 9 April 1930. 24. Medical Research in War: Report of the MRC for the Years 1939–45. Cmd. 7335. HMSO. Chapter 3: Sea Trials 1. Trials took place over 1948–49: Brucella abortus: five trials: two on 9 December, two on 11 December and one on 16 December Bacillus subtilis: one trial: 16 December Bacillus anthracis: 26 January (4lb bomb trial); 27 January (two head spray trial); 5 February (4lb bomb trial); 6 February (spray trial) Brucella suis: 21 December (spray trial); 22 December (spray trial); 7 January (spray trial); 9 January (two spray trials); 22 February (two 4lb bomb trials) Bacterium tularense: 5 February (4lb bomb trial); 5 February (spray trial); 24 February (two 4lb bomb trials); 25 February (4lb bomb trial) 2. The pontoon was a 200 × 60 feet spud pontoon from a Second World War Mulberry harbour, that is, a small floating island. 3. Vaccinia is the agent used to produce a smallpox vaccine. It has only a low level of pathogenicity and has therefore been used as a simulant for smallpox. At the time of the sea trials and beyond, there was a high level of vaccination amongst the global population for smallpox and its status as an effective BW agent at that time must be questioned. In present times vaccination has been discontinued fol- lowing eradication of the disease. This must lead, therefore, to a higher vulnera- bility. There are now only two countries authorized by the World Health Organisation to hold smallpox stocks, the USA and Russia, so the likely threat must be considered low. Chapter 4: Field Trials 1. Much of the work described in this chapter is reported in the MRE Field Trial Reports. Numbers 1–3 are in the PRO. Numbers 4–24 were first released by the MOD to public libraries in Dorset in May 1998. Most of these are now also in the PRO. 2. Cole L. A. (1990). Clouds of Secrecy: The Army’s Germ Warfare Tests Over Populated Areas, Rowman & Littlefield, Maryland, USA, pp. 46–8 and 60–5. 240 Notes 3. Toxicological Assessment of the Army’s zinc cadmium sulphide dispersion tests. National Academy Press, Washington DC, USA. (1997). 4. An arbitrary line sometimes used by geographers to divide the UK, drawn from the River Tees in the north-east to the River Exe in the south-west. 5. Travel of bacterial aerosol simulants over distances up to 15 miles. MRE Field Trial Report 1. 6. Concentration, viability and immunological properties of airborne bacteria released from a massive line source. MRE Field Trial Report 3. 7. The viability, concentration and immunological properties of airborne bacteria released from a massive line source. MRE Field Trial Report 4. 8. Comparison of the Viability of Escherichia coli in Airborne Particles and on Microthreads Exposed in the Field. MRE Field Trial Report 5. 9. May K. R. & Druett H. A. (1968). ‘A microthread technique for studying the viability of microbes in a simulated airborne state’. J. General Microbiology 51, 353–66.