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ANTONIO VALLISNERI (MAY 3, 1661—JANUARY 18, 1730) on the SECOND CENTENARY of HIS DEATH “MAXIMA PARVO TEMPORE MOLIMUR” by JOSEPH FRANCHINI

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ANTONIO VALLISNERI (MAY 3, 1661—JANUARY 18, 1730) on the SECOND CENTENARY of HIS DEATH “MAXIMA PARVO TEMPORE MOLIMUR” by JOSEPH FRANCHINI ANTONIO VALLISNERI (MAY 3, 1661—JANUARY 18, 1730) ON THE SECOND CENTENARY OF HIS DEATH “MAXIMA PARVO TEMPORE MOLIMUR” By JOSEPH FRANCHINI MODENA, ITALY ANTONIO VALLISNERI often phenomena of nature were explained / vk related that one day when in a clever but deceptive way, and /yk he was twenty-three years the mind was encumbered with prej- ■**“ old, he was introduced by udices and confused ideas vaguely his father Lorenzo, a doctor-in-law, conceived by a few initiators. to Marcello Malpighi who was then Theologians, Jesuits and monks ill in bed. The latter exclaimed in a held the reins of teaching which con- tone which carried conviction, “There sisted of dogmatic conceptions and it is no remedy for my illness.” The was impossible to escape from these studious young man who was as yet doctrines without embracing a liberal undecided as to whether to follow the or secular profession, in which pre- career of his father and of his ancestors vailed the Burgundica philosophy, or whether to study medicine, was the Dcmocritica or corpuscular the- strangely struck by such a declaration ory, which gave a better explanation coming from one of the most cele- of natural phenomena. Such was the brated doctors of the time. Another study of medicine in 1600. less thoughtful mind would have been The prospect of being guided by discouraged by the resigned exclama- the great Malpighi who had given tion of the Master, but Vallisneri on him such a hearty welcome was for the contrary felt a growing desire the young Vallisneri an incentive to within him to study medicine. So overcome all uncertainty, and a stimu- plucking up courage he asked his lus so keen that he immediately dedi- father if he had any objection to his cated himself to his studies and to taking up the study of medicine and experiments in anatomy. He worked he asked Malpighi if he would accept with such zeal that he fell ill, and him as his pupil. In his young mind, gained at the same time reproach where enthusiasm was the blind and from Malpighi and the title of “ Priorc masterful guide, there grew a keen degli scolari.” desire to solve the mysteries of nature. Nobility, riches and caste, a rigor- This desire had led him in his youth to ous upbringing and a respect for catch birds, frogs, lizards and serpents, family traditions, made him a rigid and having skilfully dissected them, observer of his own social duties. he placed their intestines on boards. Among his ancestors, invested with But he was not always encouraged titles of nobility and feudal rights, by his parents in this occupation. lords of Vallisnera and of innumerable The studies of that time were lands and castles, were Giov. Maria, turned towards Aristotelian doctrine, Governor of Cremona, a certain An- a philosophy of words full of obscure tonio, Governor of Reggio, a certain and abstract reasoning, whereby the Prospero, Abbot of Reggio, author of some literary works; and in his new doctrines from them deducted with time were still living Mauro, one of the greatest caution fiom evident facts. the Counts of Nigone, a Benedic- In considering the mysteries of nature, tine Abbot; his uncle Guiscppe, the doctor of the Princes of Este, and his father Lorenzo, Capitano di Ragionc in Tresillico for the Duke of Modena. The favorable conditions of his family, his teachers and environment (Bo- logna) helped to produce good results in his scientific education. He graduated at Reggio in 1634 in accordance with the edict of his sovereign, the Duke of Modena, who would not permit his subjects to graduate outside the jurisdiction of his dominions. He soon returned to Bo- logna to resume his studies in medicine and to perfect himself in practical medicine in hospitals, where he had Salani as a teacher. The rivalry be- tween Sbaraglia and Malpighi which also generally involved the students, did not affect Vallisneri. He nobly remained at his post as use your own sense verifying with eyes the devoted pupil of Malpighi, al- and hands what others have declared though he did not disdain to frequent in word and writing. the lessons of the eager adversary, who So Vallisneri wandered about for used his eloquence in his machina- two years from one to the other of tions against any follower of experi- the most important Universities. He mental theory, whether he was de attended the courses of Florio in prac- Graaf or Malpighi. It must be added tical medicine at Venice, of Grandi also that Vallisneri’s behavior was in surgery, of Testi in chemistry and always straight and honorable; for learned from the latter who was the on leaving his teacher at the end of discoverer of sugar of milk and other his studies, he received from him the remedies, the art of making medi- most excellent advice which shows cines. He desired to get instruction, the loftiness of feeling of the writer, for the purpose of comparison, in rather than the qualities of the the ancient systems, and he therefore disciple. pursued the wonderful course of les- sons (at Padua) given by Del Bo, who It is advisable never to write about theories and systems founded only on was a cultured and persuasive sup- talent, because they are subject to porter of the ancient school of medi- changes under new discoveries and theo- cine. From there he went to Parma ries. Treat only results of observations whither he was attracted by the re- and experiments which are always true nown of Pompco Sacchi who had just in every age and endeavor to produce published “Iris Febrium” in which he sought to reconcile the old with the remarks about the strange origin of new doctrine of fevers. many insects. In 1689 he closed his preparatory In this review, he pictures Pliny and Malpighi exchanging ideas in long discussions in the philosophic tone, characteristic of the century and of the school. The editor Albrizzi did not always publish the exact ideas of Vallisneri in the Galleria, but altered them to such an extent as to provoke the keenest resentment in the author and finally his work ceased to appear in the famous Galleria. But nevertheless Vallisneri’s renown spread among men of science, and the University of Padua offered the young doctor the chair of Practical Medicine. Vallisneri was a genuine reformer, but he did not wish to burst in with new theories upon a University where the memory of Del Bo was still fresh. career and established himself at Reg- Although he felt he had the support gio Emilia. He began an innumerable of Sacchi, he made a memorable series of experiments and observations opening speech at the beginning of his upon the phenomena of nature and teaching career on the subject “Studia his work was interrupted only by his recensorium non evertunt veterum death. He placed in his garden many Medicinam sed confirmant” with kinds of trees and animals which he which he intended to prepare the himself had collected on frequent minds of his very large audience, excursions. among whom were rectors, teachers, He began to study the silk worm, members of the nobility and students, repeating the observations of Mal- for the modern doctrines, since science pighi and correcting them on several is the fruit of evolution not of revolu- points. Afterwards he resumed the tion. But he did not think of conceal- experiments of Redi “about the gen- ing his views. The long series of dis- eration of insects,” and he discovered coveries of the wary modernists, the many mistakes and cleared away many new doctrines in chemistry, many doubts. In two conferences, anatomy, botany and mathematics, published in the Galleria di Minerva, the great number of demonstrations 'edited in Venice under the patronage from the various academies where the of Apostolo Zeno, he made many keenest competition inspired princes and learned men, all these had created culation of the blood, and attributed a new art for solving the mysteries of to the heart its muscular structure nature. It was a high road illuminated when the course of centuries had not yet produced Malpighi, Har- vey, Borclli and Bellini? Pleurisy had been seen and described by Enophil; Tcophilus before de Graaf discovered the vascular and tubular by sunshine and the only one adapted substance of the testicle. Epheseus to lead the mind towards the lofty Rufo saw the tubes of the uterus heights of Truth. Did not Seneca before Faloppio Cosman localized the say “Nemo ab altero potest vinci nisi functions of the mind in the gray dum ascenditur. ” So it was folly to matter of the brain. And we owe to stop at the theories of the ancients, Hoffman the demonstration of the worthy of respect, it is true, because pancreatic duct which is usually called in them we find the beginning of by the name of Virsung, and to Ves- things; but modern man with all his pcrus we owe the first description of means of investigation faces the task the hepatic gland. “Mundo nihil of demonstrating these beliefs which extingui sed vicibus descendcrc atque we cannot destroy. rcsurgcre,” said Tacitus. Hippocrates clearly understood the But very different from the prelude functions of transpiration even with- were his actual lessons, and one of the out seeing the cutaneous glands. In first things to be demolished was the his description of the pulmonary theory “De Fcbribus” of Avicenna, “sponge” lies all the anatomy of the with all the structure of his philo- Malpighian vesicles. Ovulation in the sophic conceptions. It was in fact time mystery of generation was for the to abandon the famous theory “sit ancient father of medicine a fact calor extraneus accensus in corde et which admitted of no doubt, nor had proccdens ab co mediantibus spiritu” it appeared differently in the concep- and it was necessary to destroy the tion of Aristotle, Plutarch, Emped- opinion that the stomach and intes- ocles and Theophrastus and in the tines and other tissues were provided Egyptian hieroglyphics.
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