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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01293-6 - Hypsodonty in Mammals: Evolution, Geomorphology, and the Role of Earth Surface Processes Richard H. Madden Index More information

Index

?Acoelodus,49 Alcideorbignya, 51, 52 ?Acoelohyrax,43 Alfredton, 97 ?Paginula,49 Allia Bay, 214 “Megaceroides cretensis”, 160 alligator. See Alligatoridae “Pseudostylops subquadratus”,47 Alligatoridae, 248 % terrigenous, 200, 215 Alouatta palliata, 145 Alpine–Himalayan volcanic belt, 257 Aboriginal tooth size, 147 altiplano, 61, 66, 154, 280, 283, 313, 317 aboriginals, 330, 341 altiplano and puna plateaus, 209 Abothrix,60 alveolar bone, 297–298 Acacia-savanna, 209 Amazonian Peru, 284 Acaena magellanica, 308 Amblypoda, 52 Acantholippia, 316 Ameghino, Carlos, 2 acid-insoluble residue, 98, 132 Ameghino, Florentino, 2, 51 acid-insoluble residue in fecal material (AIRf), 122, Amsterdam Island, 308 126, 150, 326, 329 Ancylocoelus, 271 acid-insoluble residue in pasture grasses (AIRp), Andean batholith complex, 78 318 Andean mountain building, 70 Acoelohyrax,43 Andes, 57, 61, 77, 241, 262, 280, 283, 297, 313, Acropithecus, 27, 270 315 Acropithecus rigidus, 271 andesite lava, 179 Adelaide, 147 Andesite Line, 145, 165, 257, 330, 341 Adianthidae, 52 andesitic volcanism, 77, 146, 165, 308 Adinotherium,23–24 Andinodus,52 Adobe Photoshop (v5.0), 293 andisol, 60, 71, 76, 153, 176, 209, 255, 257, 280 aerial top-dressing, 89 andisol erodibility, 257 aerosol dust composition, 134–135 Andreis, Renato, 6 aerosol optical depth (AOD), 140 Andrews, Charles W., 156 Afar Basin, 231 animalivory, 62 Afar Plateau, 332 Anisotemnus, 42, 272 Afrotheria, 52 annual amplitude of mean monthly temperature, 73 age mark birth cohorts, 87 annual frequency of dust storms, 303 Agrostis, 179 annual tooth wear, 114–115 Agrostis magellanica, 180 Antarctic Circumpolar Current, 242–244 AIRf. See acid-insoluble residue Antarctic Peninsula, 243 Akodon,60 Antarctica, 40, 237, 342 Akodon azarae,67 Antepithecus brachystephanus,46 Akodontini, 60, 63 Antepithecus innexus,46 Alaska, 338 Anthracomys majori, 158 Alaska Peninsula, 209 Antilocapra,1 Albertine Graben, 207 Antofagasta de la Sierra, 313, 316 Albertogaudrya,50 Anzac rains, 85, 113 Albertogaudryidae, 50 AOD. See aerosol optical depth (AOD) Alcelaphinae, 155 Aorangi Mountains, 92

406

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01293-6 - Hypsodonty in Mammals: Evolution, Geomorphology, and the Role of Earth Surface Processes Richard H. Madden Index More information

Index 407

Apodemus, 160 ENSO drought conditions, 135 Arabian Sea, 193, 198, 234, 332, 338 environmental variables, 136 Archaeohyracidae, 27, 36, 39, 41, 44, 236, 284 fluvial-eolian interaction, 142 Archaeohyrax, 27, 34, 44 time series analysis, 137 Archaeohyrax patagonicus,44 wet climate processes, 141 Archaeolaginae, 311 studies of sheep tooth wear, 121 Archaeophylus patrius,46 dust flux and soil ingestion, 132 Archaeopithecidae, 271 fecal silica, 124 Archaeotypotherium, 27, 41, 44 methods, 124 Archaeotypotherium propheticus,44 phytolith counts, 124 Arctocyonia, 52 questions unanswered, 130 Arctostylopidae, 52 scientific impact, 122 Ardipithecus, 193 study site, 124 Ardipithecus ramidus, 198, 219 tooth wear, 124 Arequipa Department, Peru, 66 Australian aboriginals, 145 Argentina, 13, 257 australopithecine(s), 193, 334 Argentine Basin, 277, 338 Australopithecus, 193, 197–198, 233 Argyrohippus, 271, 299 Australopithecus (=Paranthropus) boisei, 193, Argyrohippus fraterculus, 27, 47 219 Argyrolagidae, 13, 286, 323 Australopithecus aethiopicus, 193 Argyrolagoidea, 18, 38, 236 Australopithecus afarensis, 193, 198 arid-adapted plants, 252 Australopithecus anamensis, 198 aridisols, 61 Avena,58 aridlands, 82, 284 Avena sativa, 132 armadillo(s), 272, 286, 298, 312 Awash Valley, 228 Arnold, G.W., 123 Artiodactyla, 53, 154 B-Tulu Bor Tuff, 207 Asmodeus, 271 Bajo Barreal Formation, 256 Asteraceae, 180 Baker, George, 122, 131 Astraponotus, 50, 271 Bale Mountains, 209 Astraponotus beds. See Mustersan SALMA Balearic archipelago, 154 Astrapotheria, 37, 51–52, 236 Balearic Promontory, 157 Astrapotheriidae, 50 Baluchistan, 210 Astrapotheriidae, 37, 50, 236, 271 bamboos, 264 Astrapotherium,50 Bare Island, 305 Astrapotherium? ruderarium,37 Baringo Basin, 207 Atacama Desert, 316 Barnicoat, C.R., 86 Ateles, 145 Barrancan. See Barrancan SALMA atmospheric paleotemperatures, 248 Barrancan SALMA, 7, 277, 313 Auckland, New Zealand, 260 Barreda, Viviana, 5 Auricularia, 177 Barytheria, 52 Austral Basin, 241 Bay of Plenty, 114, 307 Australia, 120, 133, 141, 146, 234, 258, 284, 301, Beadle, Noel, 131 328, 338–339 beaver. See Castor canadensis desert and grasslands, 120 benchmarks of eruption and onset of wear, 173 driest, lowest, flattest, 120 Berry, Edward W., 5 Dust Storm Index, 133 Bertoldi de Pomar, Hety, 6, 263 kangaroos and wallabies (Macropodidae), 120 BEW. See benchmark of eruption and onset of modern humans wear high-wear environments, 145 Bifidipes aeolis ichnospecies, 157 in Oceania, 145–147 binning the data, 227 tooth size, 144 Black Pumice tuff, 207 tooth size variation, 147 Black-tailed jackrabbits. See Lepus californicus tooth wear gradients, 148 Blechnum, 177 southeast dust path body size, 226–227 dry climate processes, 138 Bolivia, 252, 257, 280 dust composition, 134 Bolomys,60

408 Index

Bolomys obscurus,67 forward selection, 77 Bos, 288 ranked interset correlations, 76 Bos indicus, 302 Cape Gargano, 154 Bosque Petriﬁcado, 61 Cape Verde Islands, 163 Bougainville, 146 Capra aegagrus, 308 bovid. See Bovidae Capra hircus, 164, 331 Bovidae, 154, 156, 158, 298 Capraia Islands, 158 Bowman, Isaiah, 66 Caprinae, 154 brachiolite, 264 Carnac Island, 306 Brachylagus idahoensis, 321 carnivory, 62 Brandt, Johann Friedrich von, 1 Carodnia,52 Braun, Janet K., 59 Carolozittelia,52 Brazil, 266 Carterton, 91 Brazil Current, 240–241 Carumbium, 179 Brioli, Ferdinand, 4 Casamayoran SALMA, 4, 43 Broadbeach, 151 Cascade range, 209 Broken Hill, 136 Castor canadensis, 7, 42, 289, 314 Bruere, A. Neil, 90 Castoridae, 57 Brule Formation, 310 Catamarca Province, Argentina, 315 Buenos Aires, 57 cattle, 50, 57, 89, 302, 308. See Bos Buenos Aires Province, 67, 266 Cavia aperea, 313 bulliform phytoliths, 264 caviid. See Caviidae Burdekin river, 302 Caviidae, 18 Burrinjuck Reservoir, 302 Caviomorpha, 13, 40, 57, 236, 284, 314 Buxaceae, 157 ceja, 66 Buxus balearica, 157 cementum, 296–297 Centinela Formation, 278

C23-C33 n-alkanes MAR, 228 Central Andean Volcanic Zone, 61, 79, 209, 315 C3 woodland, 229 Central Andes, 13, 19, 27, 284, 313 C30 n-alkanoic acid, 227 central Arabia, 202 C4 diet, 233 Central Volcanic Plateau, 91, 100 C4 feeding, 228 Cephalomyidae, 13 caatingas, 266 Cephalomys,13 Cabeza Blanca, 40, 48–49 Cerdas, 313 Cailloma, 66 Cerling, Thure E., 203 Caiman, 248 cerrado savannas, 263 Caiman jacare, 248 Cerro Barcino Formation, 256 Caiman latirostris, 249 Cerro Galan, 320 Calomys,63 Cervidae, 159, 330 Calomys laucha,67 Cervus, 160 Calomys musculinus,67 Chaco Province, 249 Camargo Formation, 283 Chadron Formation, 310 Camarones, 277 Chadronian. See Chadronian NALMA Camelidae, 19, 154, 315, 323 Chadronian NALMA, 310 Campanorco,45 Chamaerops humilis, 250 Campbell Island, 166, 171, 180, 186, 189–190 Chari Tuff, 207 Campbell Plateau, 247 Chatham Islands, 250 Cañadon Blanco, 45, 48, 277 Chelemys,60 Cañadon Hondo, 39 Chemeron Formation, 207 Cañadon Vaca, 34, 41, 49 Chiguata, 66 Canary Islands, 163, 257, 258 Chile, 64, 250, 252, 257, 283 Canberra, 123, 303, 329 China, 260 Candiacervis, 160 Chinchilla laniger, 297 cangagua aeolica, 61 chinchillid. See Chinchillidae canonical community ordination (CANOCO), Chinchillidae, 13 73–74 Chinchilulla,63 CCA biplot, 74–76 Chionochloa, 189

Index 409

Chionochloa antarctica, 180, 189 Crete, 154, 159–160, 258 Chionochloa rubra, 189 Cricetidae, 160 Chivay, 66 crocodilians, 244 Chloris barbata, 305 Croft, Darin, 27 Chrysobactron rossi, 189 cross-striations, 291 Chubut Group, 256 crown lagomorphs, 309 Chubut Province, Argentina, 278 crown simplification, 296 Cifelli, Richard L., 25 Ctenomyidae, 19 Cingulata, 13, 323 Ctenomys, 313 circadian incremental lines, 294 culling, 93 circadian structures in dentine, 289–291 Cumberland, Kenneth Brailey, 85, 113 circadian structures in enamel, 291–294 Cumbria, 118 CLAMP3 dataset, 252 Cuniculus,1 climate intimacy, 238–242 Cuvier, Georges, 2 clover, 86 Cuzco Department, Peru, 66 CMMT. See coldest month mean temperature Cyclone Bola, 112–113 (CMMT) Cynodon,58 cobalt deficiency, 144 Cyperus, 306 Cochilius, 271 Cyperus ustulatus, 177 Cochilius fumensis,46 Cohuna, 147 Daouitherium,52 coldest month mean temperature (CMMT), 73 Darling River, 138 Coley’s Quarry, 50 Darwin, Charles, 2 Colhue-Huapi Member, 244–245, 252, 258, 265. Dasypodidae, 272, 286, 312 See Sarmiento Formation Dasypodoidea, 13 Colhuehuapian. See Colhuehuapian SALMA Dasyproctidae, 13 Colhuehuapian SALMA, 278, 299, 313 De Salle, Robert, 66 Collon-Cura Formation, 19 decadal variation, 108–111 Colloncuran. See Colloncuran SALMA deep time climate variability, 244 Colloncuran SALMA, 23, 313 deer. See Cervidae Colombia, 79, 257, 293 deFinetti diagram, 66 Colorado state, 7, 145 DEM. See Digital Elevation Model (DEM) Colpodon, 271 DeMenocal website, 212 Columbia Plateau, 209 DeMenocal, Peter B., 201 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, 90, (CSIRO), 123 171 Comodoro Rivadavia, 240 Deseadan SALMA, 23, 278, 284, 299, 312 comparable stages of wear and eruption, 172–173 Deseado stage. See Deseadan SALMA comparable wear stages, 173–174 desert, 120 Condobolin, 136 Desmarest, Anselme Gaëtan, 1 Condylarthra, 52 Desmostylia, 52 consequences of elodonty, 299 Desmostyliformes, 52 Contour Plot command. See JMP v3.1 Dickson Experimental Station, Canberra, Australian Cook glacier, 302 Capital Territory, 123, 329, 338 Coorong, 147 Didolodontidae, 51 Coprinisphaera ichnofacies, 265 diet, xiii, 18, 63, 70, 194 Córdoba Province, Argentina, 250, 317 aboriginal, 147 Coriaria arborea, 177 Australopithecus, 193

Coromandel volcanic center, 114 C4 grass, 195 Corsica, 158 dung beetle, 265 cortaderales, 58 feral goat and sheep, 168 Cortaderia argentea,58 grass, 297 Coryphodontidae, 52 hard objects, 235 Costin, Alec, 131 hypsodonty, 70, 73 Cova de Ca Na Reia, 160 large teeth, 144 Cowra, 136 Maori, 146 Cretaceous, 256 Myotragus, 157

410 Index

diet (cont.) terrigenous sediment, 200 surface processes, 145 volcanism and surface processes, 209 Theropithecus, 196 temporal resolution, 227 Vicugna, 315 terrestrial fossil record diet classification, 59–60, 62–64, 324 Australopithecinae, 197–198 in Argentina, 67 Australopithecus, 197 in Chile, 64–66 Suidae, 195 in Peru, 66 Theropithecus, 195–196 diet gradient, 70 time series analysis, 216 diet quality, 54, 298 Australopithecus, 219 dietary intake, 115 Metridiochoerus, 216 dietary pressure, 306 Nyanzachoerus-Notochoerus, 216 Digital Elevation Model (DEM), 149 Theropithecus, 219 Digitaria pruriens, 177 East African rift system, 192 Dikika, 214 East African volcanic highlands, 198 Dinocerata, 52 Echimyidae, 63 Distichlis, 319 Ecuador, 79, 257 domestic sheep, 324, 326 Eduardo Abaroa, 61 Drake Passage, 237, 241–242, 256 Egmont (Taranaki), 114 driest continent, 120 Eivissa. See Ibiza dry climate processes, 138–141 El Maitán Belt, 256 dry country grasslands, 120 El Niño events, 107 Dryolestida, 13, 323 El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), 101 DSDP Site 231, 193, 198, 229 El Nuevo, 49 DSDP Site 277, 245 elephants. See Proboscidea DSDP Site 511, 245, 276 Elephas, 228 DSDP Site 512, 277 Ellis, Barbara, 67 DSDP Site 513, 277 elodonty, 1, 294–295 DSI. See Dust Storm Index EI Rosado, 50, 265, 276, 282 dung-beetle brood balls, 265 Elymus, 306 Dusen, Per, 5 Embrithopoda, 52 Dust Bowl, 321 Emile Baudot Seamount, 157 Dust Bowl drought, 321 endemic excess tooth wear, 100 dust storm, 82, 120, 133, 138, 148, 194 ENSO, 107, 119, 135, 339. See El Niño Southern conditions, 136, 138, 266, 329 Oscillation source area, 144, 320 ENSO erosion, 111–112 dust storm frequency, 79, 82, 129, 267, 315, 321, 325 ENSO in New South Wales, 135 Dust Storm Index (DSI), 133–134 Entre Rios Province, Argentina, 250 dwarf ngaio, 179 Eoastrapostylops,51–52 Eocaiman, 248 earlier-erupting teeth that are shed, 120 Eocaiman cavernensis, 248 early interest, 85–89 Eocardiidae, 18 earth surface processes, 91–92 Eocene, 4 East Africa, 332, 340 Eocene–Oligocene Transition (EOT), 28–29, 243 East African (or Somali or Findlater) low-level jet, Eohyrax, 27, 38, 40, 44 205 Eohyrax rusticus, 29, 36, 39 East African Plio-Pleistocene Eolian archipelagos, 158 body size evolution, 226 Eomorphippus, 39, 42 erosion rates, 211 Eomorphippus obscurus, 27, 34, 39, 47–48 evolutionary rates, 213 Eomorphippus pascuali, 39, 46 fluvial-eolian interaction, 231 Eopachyrucos, 27, 34, 39–40 grass and grasslands, 228 Eopachyrucos pliciferus, 34, 41 source to sink sediment cascade, 198 Eopachyrucos pliciformis,27 lithogenic flux, 204 EOT. See Eocene–Oligocene Transition spatial (geographic) complexity, 202 Eparctocyona, 52 surface winds, 204 Epica Dome C ice core, 267 temporal complexity, 201 Epiklohnia verticalis,38

Index 411

Equidae, 1, 4, 7, 25, 228, 379, 397 earth surface processes, 92 Equidé. See Equidae ENSO erosion, 112 Erica shrub-dominated vegetation, 210 geographic patterns, 93 erosion of the Sarmiento Formation, 257–258 endemic area, 100 erosion rates, 211–212 regional survey, 101 eruption frequency, 274–276 six farms, 98 especially coarse grasses, 58 Te Awa versus Feilding, 93 espinal, 266 Wallaceville versus the Wairarapa, 97 esteros del Iberá, 248 soil ingestion, 90 Etayoia,52 temporal patterns, 101 Ethiopia, 192, 231, 257, 332 decadal timescales, 108 Ethiopian plateau, 210 interannual variation, 104 Ethiopian Rift, 193, 228 seasonal variation, 102 Ethiopian Rift System, 198 volcanic ash and erosion, 114 Eumaiochoerus, 158 Wairarapa syndrome, 91 Eumegamyinae, 312 wet climate erosion, 112 Europe, 310 extrinsic (or exogenous or adventitious) abrasives. European arrival, 304 See soil European perennial pasture grass, 88 Eyles, Garth O., 113 European settlement, 302 Europeans, 251 Fabiana densa, 316 Eurystomus stehlini,48 Fabiana spp., 316 Euston, 148 Falkner, Thomas, 1, 8 ever-growing teeth, 285–288 fan-shaped phytoliths, 264 alveolar bone, 297 faunal hypsodonty, 29, 38–39 cementum, 297 February 2004 rainstorm event, 94 circadian structures in dentine, 289 Feilding, 93 circadian structures in enamel, 294 feral goats and sheep on islands, 164–166 consequences of elodonty, 299 fern, 189 crown simplification, 296 fern-scrubland, 304 engines of erosion?, 321 Feruglio, Egidio, 47 environmental impact in South America, 313–315 Ferugliotherium,55 fossil record of rabbits, 309 Festuca, 316 measurement of crown height, 288 Festuca rubra, 180 periodontal ligaments, 295 field protocol, 155–320 persistent enamel-forming organ, 295 Fiji, 306 rabbit introductions and eradications, 299 Fischer von Waldheim, Gotthelf, 1 in Australia, 301 flood basalt, 208 in New Zealand, 304 fluvial-eolian interaction, 142, 231–233 on Carnac Ialand, 307 Foggia Province, Italy, 160 on Ile Saint-Paul, 308 folivory, 63 on Kerguelen Islands, 308 foregut-fermenting, 50 on Macquarie Island, 309 forest, 260 on Phillip Island, 306 forest versus grassland, 262–263 on Round Island, 168 formation of ice, 243–244 on Whale Island (Moutohora), 307 Formosa Province, Argentina, 73 rabbit-like notoungulates, 312 Fortelius, Mikael, 54 Vicugna, 315 fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active field protocol, 318 radiation (fAPAR), 261 Laguna Blanca dust sources, 316 Fremantle, 306 Laguna Blanca Reserve, 316 French Southern Territories, 307 mineral particle consumption, 317 Frenguelli, Joaquin, 6 why elodonty?, 298 Freudenberg, Wilhelm, 157 evolutionary rates, 213–214 excess tooth wear, 86, 117 Gaiman, 278 excess tooth wear in New Zealand Galapagos Archipelago, 165 early interest, 86 Galea, 313

412 Index

Gargano, 160–161 Guilielmoscottia,39 Gaudry, Albert, 2 Guilielmoscottia plicifera,46 gazelles, 156 guinea pig. See Caviidae GBV-3 El Rosado, 14, 43, 47, 49, 156, 272 Gulf of Aden, 192, 198, 207 GBV-4 La Cancha. See La Cancha Gulf of Alaska, 234 GBV-60 El Nuevo. See El Nuevo Gulf of San Jorge, 3 gelada baboon, 195, 233 gulley erosion, 112 Gele Tuff, 207 Guthrie-Smith, William Herbert, 85, 112 Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, Étienne, 1 Gymnesic Islands, 156 geographic area, 277–278 geographic patterns, 93 Hacienda Pairumani, 66 geometry and history, 242–243 Hadar, 200, 207 Geomyidae, 57 Hadar Formation, 195 geophagia, 144 Haszard Formation, 179 Geoxus,60 Hattomys, 160 girafﬁd, 158 Hawaii, 165 Girbilidae, 160 Hawke’s Bay, 92 glacial erosion, 78 Hawke’s Bay Flood, 85, 113 Glade, Thomas, 113 Healy, W. Bernard, 90, 190, 341 glass shards, 202 Hebrides Islands, 166 glirid, 330 Hegetotheriidae, 13, 36, 40, 284–285 Gliridae, 157, 160 Hegetotherium,27 Glyptodontidae, 312 Henricosborniidae, 51 Glyptodontoidea, 13 herbivore clades, 58 glyptodonts (Glyptodontidae), 312 herbivore dung, 265 goat. See Capra herbivore fauna, 53 Gobiolagus, 310 herbivore reproduction, 101 Goin, Francisco J., 39 herbivores, 1, 28, 53, 80, 324 Golfe du Morbihan, 308 dust, 228 Gondwanatheria, 323 East Africa, 192 Goodradigbee River, 302 elodonty, 284, 312 Gramineae, 330 erosion, 314 Gran Barranca, 29, 237, 283, 335 hypsodonty, 268 Gran Barranca Member, 244, 265. See Sarmiento marsupial(s), 120, 153 Formation Mediterranean, 155 Gran Hondonada, 272 mountain, 71 Grant, Peter Raymond and Rosemary, 331 South America, 236 GraphClick v3.0, 135 tooth shape, 300 grass and grasslands, 228–229 tooth wear, 122 grass phytoliths, 263–264 herbivorous diet, 70, 79 grass-dominated ecosystems, 262 herbivory, 43, 63, 115 grasslands, 82, 262 hypsodonty, 70 grazers, 324 phytoliths, 121 grazing, 63 soil ingestion, 92, 118, 192 grazing morphology, 270–273 volcanic ash, 71 Great American Biotic Interchange (GABI), 19, Hershkovitz, Philip, 63 323 Hertwig’s root sheath, 91 Great Australian Bight, 270 Hertwig’s solution, 65 Great Barrier Reef, 302 Heteromyidae, 57 Great Basin, 144 Hickey, F., 93 Great Dividing Range, Australia, 82 high montane dwarf forests, 266 Great Plains, 320–321 high-wear environments, 145 Groeberia, 285 Hillston, 136 Groeberiidae, 286, 323 hindgut-fermenting, 50 Grossetto Province, Italy, 158 Hitz, Ralph, 27 ground sloths, 312 Holocene, 321 guanaco, 57 Homalodotheria, 52

Index 413

Homalostylops,39 Inter-decadal Paciﬁc Oscillation (IPO), 101, 108 Homalostylops parvus, 271 intrinsic (or endogenous) abrasives. See phytoliths Homo, 193 introductions and eradications, 299–301 Homo erectus, 147 Iran, 202 Homo habilis, 198 island evolution, 154 Homo sapiens, 145, 198 feral goats and sheep, 164 Honda Group, 293 Campbell Island, 180, 189 Hoplitomericidae, 160 Macauley Island, 179, 184 Hoplitomeryx, 160 Raoul Island, 175, 184 Hordeum,58 Mediterranean islands, 154 Horn of Africa, 192 convergent evolution, 155 horse. See Equidae Crete, 159 horse latitudes, 120, 328 eolian processes, 162 Huajara, 61 Gargano, 160 Huayquerian SALMA, 19, 45 Mallorca, 156 Huerzelerimys oreopitheci, 158 Maremma region, 158 Huila Department, Colombia, 293 Mediterranean volcanism, 161 human tooth size, 144–145 Sardenia, 159 humid pampas, 266 Isotemnidae, 43, 272 Hünicken, Mario Alfredo, 5 Itaborai, 51 Hutt River Valley, 98 Itaboraian SALMA, 45 Huxley, Thomas Henry, 57 Italy, 257 Hydrochoerinae, 312 Hydrochoerus, 285 jackrabbit, 320–321 Hyophorbe, 306 Janis, Christine, 53, 120 Hyopsodontidae, 51–52 JMP v3.1, 77 Hyopsodus,41 JMP v5.0.1.2, 77, 80 Hyperoxotodon,24 Johnbell,40 Hypnomys, 157 Jubaea, 250 Hypolagus, 311 Jubaea chilensis, 250 hypsodont, 2 Juli, 66 hypsodonty Juniper–Podocarpus-dominated forest, 210 dust storm frequency, 268 Hypsodonty Event #1, 274 Kaharoa Tephra, 147 Hypsodonty Event #2, 274 Kaitoke, 97 hypsodonty index (HI), 28–29 Kale Tuff, 207 Hyraces. See Hyracoidea Kanapoi, 213–214 Hyracoidea, 52 kangaroos (Macropodidae), 53–54, 120, 328 hyracoids. See Hyracoidea Kanjera Tuff, 207 Kansas state, 289 Iberian Peninsula, 160 Kapthurin Formation Bedded Tuff complex, 207 Ibiza, 154, 160 Karl von Linne, 1 Ignigena,40 Karpathos, 159 Ihering, Hermann von, 2 Katmai Peninsula, 338 Ile Guillou, 308 Kaurite, 145 Île Saint-Paul. See Saint Paul Island Kayampanga Tuff, 207 Ile Verte, 308 KBS Tuff, 207 Imperata aundinacea, 177 Kedong–Olorgesailie, 207 Incamys,13 Kenya, 145, 192, 207, 257 Indian Ocean, 245, 307 Kerguelen archipelago, 308 Indian Ocean dipole, 210 Kerguelen Island, 166 Indo-Australian Plate, 146 Kerguelen Plateau, 243 insect trace fossils, 262 Kermadec Archipelago, 114, 165–166 insectivory, 62 Kibenikhoria, 39, 49 interannual variation, 103–108 Kikuyu, 145 Interatheriidae, 27, 34, 39, 45, 236, 270, 285 Kiwitea, 94 Interatheriinae, 27, 45–46, 298 Koken, Ernst, 4

414 Index

Kokiselei Tuff, 207 Leporinae, 311 Kolhue-Kaike Formation, 256 Leptictis,52 Konso, 214 Leptocheniinae, 57 Konso basin, 202 Lepus, 321 Koobi Fora, 213–214 Lepus americanus, 321 Koobi Fora Formation, 207 Lepus californicus, 321 Kovalevsky, Vladimir Onufrievich, 57 Lepus europaeus, 314 Kow Swamp. See Cohuna Lepus townsendii, 321 kumara, 146 Letrero Formation, 280 Kunzea, 307 linear sedimentation rates (LSR), 203, 215 lithogenic flux, 200, 203–204, 215 La Cancha, 29 Litopterna, 51–52 La Cancha level, 258 llanos, 266 La Cantera, 29 Llanos de la Rioja, 316–317 La Flecha, 40 Loess Plateau of China, 205, 258 La Niña events, 107 Lokochot Tuff, 207 La Pampa Province, Argentina, 266 Lolium,58 La Rioja Province, Argentina, 317 Lolium rigidum, 132 La Venta, 280 Lomogol Tuff, 207 La Victoria Formation, 293 long cell phytoliths, 264 Lachlan River, 136 Los Alerces, 61 Lack, David Lambert, 331 Los Arrayanes, 61 Laetoli, 214 Los Glaciares, 61 Lago Puelo, 61 Lothagam, 213 Lagomorpha, 53 Lower Hutt, 90 Lagostomus maximus, 313 Lower Puesto Almendra Member, 244, 251. Laguna Blanca dust sources, 316–317 See Sarmiento Formation Laguna Blanca Reserve, 315–316 lowest and flattest continent, 120 Lake Bungunnia, 149 Loxodonta, 228 Lake Burley Griffin, 124 Ludwig, T.G., 90 Lake Cargelligo, 136 Lumbrera Formation, 313 Lake Colhue-Huapi, 256 Lushilagus, 310 Lake District, United Kingdom, 118 luxurious forest, 176 Lake Eyre Basin, 134, 138, 144, 301, 303 Lake Malawi, 207 Macauley Island, 166, 170–171, 179–180, 184–189, Lake Nicaragua, 145 331 Lake Taupo, 101 MacFadden, Bruce J., 57 Lake Titicaca, 66 Machlydotherium,13 Lake Turkana, 207 Machupicchu, 66 Lake Tutira, 111, 113, 304, 338 Mackenzie country, 305 land degradation, 299 Macquarie Island, 300, 305, 308 Landcare Research (Lincoln), 169 Macraucheniidae, 52, 55 land-slipping, 94 Macropodidae, 80, 328 Lanin, 61 Macropodidae tooth replacement, 120 larger later-erupting teeth, 120 macrotephra, 202 Las Flores Formation, 256 Madden, Richard H., 26 Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), 149, 194 Madeira Islands, 257 Latania, 306 Magdalena River, 293 later-erupting teeth migrate forward, 120 Mahoe, 177 Laventan SALMA, 313 Main Ethiopian Rift, 200, 202 Laysan Island, 305 Makran coast, 210 Leaf Area Index (LAI), 260 Malbe Tuff, 207 leaf morphology, 252–253 Mallee, 138, 147 Leakey, Meave G., 196 Mallorca, 154, 156–157 Leontinia, 271 Malvinas Current, 240 Leontiniidae, 271 Malvinas Plateau, 241, 248, 276, 338 Leporidae, 54, 57, 160, 309 Manawatu district, North Island, New Zealand, 86

Index 415

Manawatu-Wanganui, North Island, New Zealand, Meridiungulata, 52 99, 338 Mesaxonia, 52 Maori, 146 Meserve, Peter, 64 Mar Chiquita, 317 Mesotheriidae, 13, 36, 40, 284–285 Maralinga, 133 mesowear, 189 Maremma, 154, 158 Messinien Salinity Crisis, 157 Maremmia, 1, 155, 285 Metatheria, 236 Maremmia haupti, 158 Metridiochoerus, 195, 213, 216, 221 Maremmia lorenzi, 158 Metrosideros, 307 marine paleotemperatures, 245–248 Metrosideros kermadecensis. See Pohutukawa marine productivity, 266–270, 276–277 Metrosideros polymorpha. See Pohutukawa Marmota ﬂaviventris, 321 Mexico, valley of, 209 Marsh, Othniel Charles, 42 Microcavia, 313 marsupial. See Marsupialia Microlaena stipoides, 190 Marsupialia, 13, 39, 323 microspherules, 132 mass accumulation rate (MAR), 203 microtephra, 202 Massey Agricultural College, 86 Middle Awash, 200, 214 Masterton, 91, 97 Middle Awash Valley, 207 masticatory muscle mass, 55 middle Cenozoic of Patagonia, 236–238 MAT. See mean annual temperature (MAT) Middle Eocene Climate Optimum, 244–245 matorral, 266 Mikrotia, 160 Matthew, William Diller, 7 Mildura, 136, 147 Maud Rise, 245 mineral composition, 203 Mauriceville, 97 mineral particle consumption, 317–318 Mauritius, 305 Mioclaenidae, 51 Maxschlosseria,49 Misiones Province, 249 Maxschlosseria consumata,49 Mississippi River, 8 Mayoan. See Mayoan SALMA Mitchum, Gerald D., 90 Mayoan SALMA, 313 moas, 146 Mazzoni, Mario Martin, 6, 263 Moiti Tuff, 207 McHenry, Henry M., 197 Molina, Juan Ignacio, Fr., 1 mean annual precipitation (MAP), 73, 251 montane shrubland, 266 mean annual temperature (MAT), 73, 250 Monte León Formation, 278 measurement of crown height, 288–289 Monte León marine transgression, 19 Medicago sativa, 132 monte seco, 266 Medieval Climate Anomaly, 321 Montehermosan SALMA, 19 Medistylus dorsatus,36 Moquegua Department, Peru, 66 Mediterranean, 163, 257, 324, 340 Motukai, 99 Mediterranean climate, 161 Mount Ainslie, 124 Mediterranean eolian proesses, 162–163 Mount Kosiusko, 134 Mediterranean Islands, 154–156, 161 Mount Majura, 124 Mediterranean Sea, 154 mouse, 289 Mediterranean volcanism, 161–162 Moutohora, 307 Megaceroides cretensis, 160 Moyogalpa, plain of, 145 mega-droughts, 321 Mt. Kulal, 205 Megalagus, 310 Mt. Nyiru Range, 205 Megaloceros cazioti, 159 multichambered stomach, 50 Megaloceros sardus, 159 multiple-occurrence regional landslide event Megatherium americanum,1 (MORLE), 338 MEI. See Multivariate ENSO Index Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI), 107 Melanesian Borderlands, 146 Muridae, 63, 160, 300 Melicytus ramiﬂorus, 177 Murray River, 147–148, 330, 338 Mendoza, Pedro de, 57 Murray–Darling, 131 Menindee Lakes, 147 Murray–Darling basin, 124, 144 Meniscotherium,52 Murray–Darling system, 302 Merbein, 136 Murrumbidgee basin, 131 Mericoidodontidae, 57 Murrumbidgee River, 124, 138, 302–303, 338

416 Index

Mus, 288 Notochoerus scotti, 227 Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa Notohippidae, 3, 5, 25, 27, 34, 46, 236, 271, (Wellington), 169 299 Mustersan. See Mustersan SALMA Notohippus, 299 Mustersan SALMA, 25, 251, 277 Notopithecinae, 45, 298 Myoporum, 179 Notopithecus, 270 Myotragus, 1, 154, 285, 330 Notopithecus adapinus,46 Myotragus balearicus, 156 Notostylopidae, 38–39, 49, 236, 271 Mytonolagus, 310 Notostylops, 49, 270 Myxoma, 302, 306, 308–309 Notostylops beds. See Casamayoran SALMA Notostylops murinus, 49, 271 Nabon Basin, 280 Notostylops pendens,49 Nachukui, 213 Notostylops sp., 50 Nachukui Formation, 207 Notoungulata, 13, 25, 236 Ñahuel Huapi, 61 evolving lineages, 41–50 Namidgi National Park, 124 hypsodonty in Toxodontidae, 22–25 Napier region, 100 notoungulate evolution, 19–22 native grass, 88 single-chambered stomach, 50–51 natural grassland, 179 functional and ecological morphology, Navidad Formation, 252 53–54 NCEAS, 80 phylogenetic affinity, 51–53 Neanderthals, 147 notoungulates. See Notoungulata Neotoma lepida, 321 Numidotheriidae, 52 Neotropical loess, 315 NW Indian Ocean monsoon, 201 Nesodon,23 Nyanzachoerus, 195 Nesogoral, 159 Nyanzachoerus syrticus, 227 Neuquen Province, Argentina, 278 Nyanzachoerus syrticus–Notochoerus scotti, Nevada state, 145 227 New Britain, 146 Nyanzachoerus–Notochoerus, 195, 216–218, 221, New Guinea, 145–146 333 New Hebrides, 146 Nyanzachoerus–Notochoerus scotti lineage, 213, New Mexico state, 8 216 New South Wales, 121, 134, 301–302, 329 New World rats and mice. See Sigmodontinae ocean chlorophyll concentrations, 267 (Muridae) Oceania, 145, 330 New Zealand, 248, 250, 257, 285, 339 Ocepeia,52 New Zealand alpine glaciers, 303 Ochotonidae, 160, 309 New Zealand alps, 302 Octodontidae, 19 New Zealand Stock Station Agents Association, 88 octodontids. See Octodontidae Ngauruhoe, 114 ODP Site 1090, 228, 245, 267–268 Ngorongoro, 145 ODP Site 1094, 267 Nicaragua, 257 ODP Site 1128, 270 NIH Image (v1.62/3D), 293 ODP Site 689, 268, 276 Ñirihuau Formation, 262 ODP Site 722, 216 NLLJ. See nocturnal low-level jets ODP Site 748, 270, 277 nocturnal low-level jets, 205 ODP Sites 689 and 690, 245 Norfolk Island, 306 ODP Sites 721 and 722, 198 normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), 261 ODP Sites 721/722, 193 North American Dust Bowl, 320–322 ODP Sites 744 and 738, 243 North Andean Volcanic Zone, 61, 78 Oi-1, 245, 258, 276 North Island of New Zealand, 260, 317, 326 Oldfieldthomasia, 27, 49 North Pacific Decadal Oscillation Index (PDO), Oldfieldthomasia debilitata,49 109 Oldfieldthomasiidae, 49 North Patagonian High Plateau, 242 Olduvai, 207, 214, 231 Nothofagus, 64, 260, 262 Olduvai Tuff 1, 207 Nothofagus forests, 73 Olduvai Tuff 1B, 207 Notochoerus, 195 Olfers, Ignaz von, 1

Index 417

Oligocene, 4 paramo, 266 Oligoryzomys flavescens,67 Paranthropus, 193 Olorgesailie Formation, 195 Paranthropus boisei, 197 Oman, 210 Paranthropus robustus, 194 omnivory, 63 Parastrapotherium, 271 Omo Basin, 214 Parkes, John P., 177 Omo Group, 211 Parkin, Don M., 204 Omo River, 210, 232 parna, 130, 138 Omo River Delta, 211 Parque Nacional Vicente Pérez Rosales, 64 Omotepe Island, Nicaragua, 145 Pascual, Rosendo, 5 open-habitat chloridoid grasses, 264 pasto agrio, 58 open-habitat grasses, 262 pasto blando, 58 orbital timescale, 215 pastos altos y pajonales,58 Oregon state, 145, 257 pastos tiernos, 58 Orellan. See Orellan NALMA Patagonhippus canterensis,48 Orellan NALMA, 310 Patagonhippus dukei,46 Oreopithecus–Maremmia fauna, 158 Patagonia, 4, 237, 324 Orkney Islands, 166 Patagonian Hinge, 39 Ortiz-Jaureguizar, Edgardo, 8 Patagoniidae, 13, 286, 323 Oryctolagus cuniculus, 301, 305, 308–309, 314 Payne wear stage, 174 Oryzomyini, 63 PC. See phytolith counts (PCs) Oschiri fauna, 159 Pearson, Oliver Payne, 66 Osorno Province, Chile, 64 peccary, 51 Otago, South Island, New Zealand, 305 Pedregoso Formation, 19 Ovis, 156, 288 peladares, 316 Ovis aires, 164, 173, 331 Pergamino, 67 Ovis musimon, 308 Pericotoxodon platignathus, 293 Owen Ridge, 198 perikymata, 293 Owen, Sir Richard, 2, 57 periodontal ligaments, 295 Periphragnis,42–43, 272 Pachygazella, 159 Periptychidae, 52 Pacific “Ring of Fire”, 257 periradicular bands, 289 Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), 108, 327 Perissodactyla, 52–53, 160 Pacific Plate, 146 Perito Moreno, 61, 78 Paenungulata, 52 Persian Gulf, 202 pajonales, 58 persistent enamel-forming organ, 295–296 Pakistan, 202 Peru, 66, 257 Palaeolagus, 309 Pezosiren,52 Palazzesi, Luis, 5 Phalaris, 126, 330 paleo-Omo river, 203 Phalaris aquatica, 124, 144 paleoprecipitation, 251 Phalaris staggers, 144 paleosol oxides, 252 Phenacodonta, 52 paleosols and trace fossil associations, 264–265 Phenacodontidae, 52 Paleostylopidae, 52 Phenacodus,52 Palmerston North, 86, 93, 103 Phillip Island, 300, 306 palms, 245, 248, 262, 264 Phosphatherium,52 Palouse, 258 Phylica nitida, 308 Palyeidodon obtusum,23 Phyllotini, 60, 63, 313 Pampa de las Salinas, 317 phytolith abundance, 7 Pampa Formation, 58 phytolith concentrations, 102, 122, 124, 126, 130, Pampahippus,27 165, 180, 189, 319, 326 Pampas, 58, 250 phytolith consumption, 318 Pampas of Argentina, 57 phytolith counts (PCs), 126 Pandanus, 306 phytolith hardness, 132 Panicum chloroleucum, 316, 319 phytolith morphology, 264 Pantodonta, 52 phytolith record, 237, 262–263, 335 papionins. See Theropithecus phytolith-based reconstructions, 260

418 Index

phytoliths, xii, 6, 54, 118, 121, 263 volcanic eruption frequency, 274 soil, 67 wind and marine productivity, 267 tooth wear, 124 premature dental senescence, 93 pig. See Suidae prevalence of hypsodonty, 9 Pilcaniyeu belt, 256 globally, 80 Pinturas Formation, 19 dust storm frequency, 82 Pizzimenti, John, 66 zonal distribution, 81 Plagiarthrus clivus,46 in South America, 59 Pleurostylodon, 43, 270, 272 diet, 70 Plexotemnus, 27, 43 dust storm frequency, 79 Plinian, 161 environmental correlates, 59 Pliny the Younger, 161 in mountain environments, 71 Poa, 58, 179 moisture conditions, 76 Poa litorosa, 180, 189 volcanism, 72 Poaceae, 5, 264, 304 prismatolite, 264 Pohangina, 91, 99 Proadinotherium, 23, 40 Pohangina River, 92 Proadinotherium leptognathum, 23, 36, 271 Pohutukawa, 177 Proadinotherium muensteri, 23, 271 Polar Front, 241, 316 Proargyrohyrax, 34, 41 Poleslide Member, 310 Proboscidea, 52, 160 polyhedral phytoliths, 264 Procaprolagus, 310 Polynesian arrival, 304 Progaleopithecus tournoueri,46 Polynesians, 251 Prohegetotherium sculptum, 36, 45 Polypogon, 179 Prolagus, 160 Polystichum vestitum, 180 Propachyrucos smithwoodwardi,36 Potoco Formation, 283 Prorastomus,52 precocious hypsodonty Prosopis,73 grasses, 5–6 Prosotherium garzoni,36 grasses as sediment traps, 7–8 Protarchaeohyrax, 27, 39, 41, 44 in Metatheria, 37–38 Protarchaeohyrax gracilis,45 mountain-uplift and volcanism, 8–9 Protarchaeohyrax intermedium,45 phytoliths, 6–7 Protarchaeohyrax minor,45 tangled history, 2–5 Proterotheriidae, 52, 55 precocious hypsodonty in Patagonia, 236 Protlipternidae, 52 atmospheric paleotemperatures, 248 Protungulata, 52 southern limit of Alligatoridae, 248 Protungulatum,52 southern limit of palms, 250 Pseudhyrax, 39, 41, 44 climate intimacy, 238 Pseudhyrax eutrachytheroides,45 Drake Passage Pseudoglyptodon,13 deep time climate variability, 244 Pseudohyrax,27 formation of ice, 243 Pseudostylops subquadratus,47 geometry and history, 242 Puelia, 27, 35, 39–40, 271 erosion of the Sarmiento Formation, Puelia coarctatus,39 258 Puelia plicata,39 marine paleotemperatures, 245 Puerto Aysen, 240 paleoprecipitation, 251 Pukekaikoire, 114 Sarmiento Formation Puna, 313 forest versus grassland, 262 Punapithecus,41 geographic area, 277 Puno Department, Peru, 66 grass phytoliths, 263 Punomys,63 grazing morphology, 270 pyroclastic volcanism, 70 paleosols and trace fossils, 264 Pyrotheria, 51–52 sedimentation rates, 276 Pyrotherium, 271 shrublands, 265 Pyrotherium beds. See Deseadan SALMA temperature and precipitation, 273 tephric loessites, 258 Queensland, Australia, 136, 302 vegetation and surface processes, 261 Quehua-Achiri, 280 volcanic activity, 255 questions unanswered, 130–132

Index 419

Rabaul, 146 Riverside, 99 rabbit, 336 Rodentia, 236 calicivirus, 302 rodents, 285, See Rodentia eradication, 299 Romero, E.J., 5 fossil record, 309–311 Rosado Member, 252, 258, 265, 270. See Sarmiento hemorrhagic disease, 302 Formation in Australia, 301–304 Roth, Santiago, 3 in New Zealand, 304–305 Rotorua area, 260 introductions, 299 Round Island, 305 on Carnac Island, 306–307 Royal Cabinet in Madrid, 2 on Ile Saint-Paul, 307–308 Ruahine Range, 91, 304 on Kerguelen Islands, 308 Ruamahanga River valley, 99 on Macquarie Island, 308–309 Ruapehu, 114 on Phillip Island, 306 Rudge, Mike R., 171, 187, 190, 341 on Round Island, 305–306 Rumble Islands, 114 on Whale Island, 307 ruminants, 53 rabbit-like notoungulates, 312–313 Rupricaprinae, 154 rabbits, 284, See Leporidae ryegrass, 86 Raetihi, 91 rainstorm-induced land-sliding, 94 saddle “chloridoid” phytoliths, 264 Rajasthan, 202 Sahara, 163, 258 Rangitikei River, 99 Sahel, 163, 258 Ranui, 99 Saint Helena Island, 165 Raoul Island, 169, 175–177, 184, 331 Saint Paul Island, 307 Rapid Assessment Program, 62 Salar de Antofalla, 317 rats. See Muridae Salar de Arizaro, 316–317 Rattus rattus, 308 Salinas Grandes, 316 Red Sea, 202, 257 Salla, 40, 280 red-clay mantle. See parna Salla fauna, 283 Refugio La Picada, 64 Salta Province, Argentina, 61, 250 regolith landslides, 112 San Jorge Basin, 241, 276, 278 Reguero, Marcelo, 7, 27 San Juan Province, Argentina, 317 Reig, Osvaldo Alfredo, 60 San Julián Formation, 278 reindeer, 166 San Luis Province, Argentina, 250, 266 Reithrodon, 314 Sandy Bay Tephra, 179 Reithrodontomys megalotis, 321 Sanson, Gordon Drummon, 120 relative wear rate, 174 Santa Cruz Formation, 19 Renmark, 147 Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, 278 research method, 124 Santa Cruz stage. See Santacrucian SALMA Reunion Island, 308 Santa Fe Province, Argentina, 250 rhinos (Rhinocerotidae), 53 Santa Rosa, 66, 284 Rhopalostylis baueri. See Raoul Island Santacrucian SALMA, 299 Rhopalostylis sapida, 250 Santiagorothia, 27, 34, 41–42 Rhynchippus equinus,48–49, 271 Sardinia, 154, 158–159, 257 Rhynchippus pumilus, 46, 48 Sardomeryx oschirensis, 159 Rhyphodon, 42, 272 Sarmiento, 240 Rift System, 332 Sarmiento Formation, 29, 238, 244, 250, 255, 258, Rimutaka Range, 189 267, 284, 338 Rio Chico, 51 SAS Institute, 70 Rio Chico del Chubut, 277 Saskatchewan, 310 Rio Chico Group, 256 savanna biome, 262 Rio Deseado, 278 savannas, 262 Rio Loro, 51 Savelli, Carlo, 162 Rio Negro Province, Argentina, 278 Scarabaeinae, 265 Rio Pinturas, 278 Scarritt Pocket, 46, 48, 277 Rio Salado, 57 Scarrittia, 271 Rio Turbio, 5, 262 scattering coefﬁcient, 140 Rio Zeballos Group, 19 Schlosser, Max, 4

420 Index

scientific impact, 122–123 rainfall-induced, 94 Sciuridae, 314 susceptibility, 97–98 Scotamys,13 soil erosion and tooth wear, 92 Scotia Archipelago, 165 soil erosion scars, 114 Scotland, 166 soil ingestion, 7, 54, 90–91, 98, 117, 119, 147, 168, Scott, William Berryman, 2, 4 318 SE Atlantic Ocean, 237 tooth wear, 92, 102 SE dust path, 147–148 soil inputs, 90 seasonal variation, 102–103 soil intake, 89 seasonally dry forests, 266 soil load, 86, 92, 100, 115, 140, 256, 318–319 SeaWiFS, 267 soil loss, 143, 205, 280, 305–306 sedimentation rate, 215, 274–276 soil mineral abrasives, 192 sedimentology, 251–252 soil mineral particle flux, 115, 140, 234 Seggeurius,52 soil mineral transport, 79 semiarid steppes, 238 soil moisture, 67, 92, 134, 136, 140, 257, 320 Ses Fontanelles fauna, 160 soil organic matter, 228 Shamal winds, 202 soil parent material, 61, 67, 71, 94, 108, 114, 138, Shamolagus, 310 144, 162, 164, 209, 252, 257, 299, 306 sheep. See Ovis soil radiocesium, 133 Shockey, Bruce, 27 soil surface, 55, 70, 92, 101, 122 short-grass prairie, 58 bare ground, 265, 305, 319 shrub savanna, 266 soil temperature, 229 shrub steppe, 263, 316 soils shrubland, 180, 260, 265–266 organic peat, 180 shrubland-steppe, 266 Somún Curá plateau, 256 Shungura Formation, 195, 207 source-to-sink sediment cascade, 198–200 Sicily, 257 South America exceptional?, 55–58 Sidi Hakoma Tuff, 208 South Andean Volcanic Zone, 79 Sierra de la Huerta, 317 South Atlantic Ocean, 248 Sierra de San Bernardo, 242 South Australia Sand Drift Act, 301 Sierra Pie de Palo, 317 South Dakota state, 310 Sigmodontinae, 19, 28, 59, 63, 73, 75, 273, 314, 323 South Georgia Island, 166 Sigmodontinae (Muridae), 21, 63, 323 South Pacific Ocean, 237, 248, 331, 338 Silbo Tuff, 207 southeast dust path, 124, 330 Silvilagus,1 Southern Alps, 305 Simpson, George Gaylord, 42 Southern Andean Volcanic Zone, 61, 267 Simpson’s Y Tuff, 6, 29 Southern Andes, 284, 313 Sinai, 258 southern limit of Alligatoridae, 248–250 single-chamber stomach, 50 southern limit of palms, 250 Sinolagomys, 309 Southern Ocean, 166, 237, 243, 245, 338 Sirenia, 52 Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), 135 six farms, 98–100 southern tablelands, 124 sloths, 53, 312 southwest Atlantic Ocean, 238 Smithsonian Volcano Inventory, 66 Southwest Majorca Volcanic Field, 157 smoothing splines, 80, 130, 214–216 Spalletti, Luis, 6 Snowy Mountains, 138, 140 Sparnotheriodontidae, 52 Soay sheep, 166 spatial (geographic) complexity, 202 soil, 55, 70–71, 157, 238 St Kilda archipelago, 166 bare ground. See peladares stable carbon isotopes, 254 oceanic islands, 164 Stanway, 91 organic peat, 166, 189, 308 station data, 62 volcanic ash. See andisol Statview, 70 soil accession, 131, 134, 138, 260, 264, 320 stereotyped grazing morphology, 270 soil carbonate, 124, 229, 264 Stertomys, 160 soil disturbance, 147, 231 Stipa, 58, 316 soil erodibility, 205 Stipa ichu,66 soil erosion, 85, 87, 93, 101, 162, 192, 222, 301 Stirton, Reuben Arthur, 7, 42

Index 421

stocking rate, 89, 117 terrigenous dust ﬂux, 201 stratocladistics, 42 terrigenous sediments, 200–201 Strenulagus, 310 Teruggi, Mario, 6 striae of Retzius, 291 Tethytheria, 52 Strömberg, Caroline A.E., 7 Tetraconodontinae, 195 Stromboli, 161 Theropithecus, 195–196, 219, 233 Stromer von Reichenbach, Ernst Freiherr, Theropithecus brumpti, 195, 213, 219 51 Theropithecus gelada, 196 study site, 123–124 Theropithecus oswaldi, 195, 213, 218, 221, 225, Stylinodontidae, 55 233 sub-Andean megafans, 315 Theropithecus oswaldi darti, 218 Sub-Saharan Africa, 144 Theropithecus oswaldi leakeyi, 195, 213 Sudamerica,55 Theropithecus oswaldi lineage, 195 Sudamericidae, 13 Theropithecus oswaldi oswaldi, 195, 213 Sudan, 205 Thomashuxleya,42–43, 270, 272 Suidae, 195, 226, 330, 333 Thomasomyini, 63 suids. See Suidae threshold of erosion intensity, 219 Suina, 51 Thurley, D.C., 91 Suinae, 195 Thurley, T.G., 97 surface winds, 204–208 Tibet, 258 Surinam, 63 tierra cocida, 58 survey by New Zealand Stock and Station Agents Tierra del Fuego, 314 Association, 100–101 Tillodontia, 52, 55 Sus sondaari, 159 time series analysis, 215–216 suspended sediment yield (SSY), 107, 115 time series data, 216 Suteijun Tuff, 208 Tinguiririca, 34, 45 SW Asian monsoon, 201 Tinguirirican SALMA, 277 Swanport, 147–148 Tiupampa, 51 Swift Current Creek fauna, 310 Toba eruption, 207 Sydney, 306 Tola shrub, 66 Sylvilagus, 314, 321 Tongariro, 114 Tongariro National Park, 189 Tacna Department, Peru, 66 tooth wear, 91, 124–126 Taeniodonta, 55 dust storm frequency, 268 Taihape, 86, 91, 100 tooth wear gradient, 148–150 Tangimoana, 99 Torata, 66 Tanzania, 145, 207, 231, 257 Tournouër, Andrés, 3 Tarata, 66 Toxodon,2 Tarawera, 114 Toxodontia, 51–52 Tardigrada, 13, 323 Toxodontidae, 23, 26, 36, 40, 236, 271, 285, 291, Tasman glacier, 302 296 Tasman Sea, 134, 149, 268, 338 Toxodontinae, 298 Tasmanian Gateway, 242 Trachytherus, 36, 40, 45 Taupo eruption, 304 Transpithecus obtentus,46 Taupo volcanic center, 114 Trauth, Martin H., 200 Tauweru River, 97 tree sloths, 312 Te Awa, 86 Trelew Formation, 19 Te Awa Experimental Station, 118 Tremembé, 284 Te Awa vs Feilding, 93–96 trichome (aculeolita) phytoliths, 264 temperature and precipitation, 273–274 Trifolium subterraneum, 124 temporal complexity, 201–202 Trigonostylopidae, 50 temporal fossa, 54 Trigonostylops, 270 temporal patterns, 101–102 Trithrinax, 250 temporal resolution, 227–228 Trogosinae, 55 temporalis muscle, 54 trophic pyramid, 62 tephric loess, 96, 107, 114 Tsamnichoria,49 tephric loessites, 258–260 Tsamnichoria cabrerai,49

422 Index

Tubulidentata, 52 Volcán Osorno, 64 Tucuman Province, Argentina, 250 Volcán Puyehue-Cordón Caulle, 255 Tukituki River, 100 Volcán Ubinas, 66 Turkana, 145 volcanic activity, 255–257 Turkana Basin, 193, 198, 202, 210, 228, 231, 332, volcanic ash, 114 338 volcanic ash and erosion, 114 Turkana Channel jet, 205 volcanic ash shard count, 215, 223 Turkana low-level jet, 232, 332 volcanic ash shards, 202 Turkana nocturnal low-level jet, 232, 332 volcanic ash soil(s), 71, 94, 114, 153, 209 Turkish Angora goats, 173 volcanic Cascade Range, 145 Tuscan archipelago, 158 volcanic East African Rift System, 145 Tuscan Magmatic Province, 158 volcanic eruptions, 78 Tuscany, 155 Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI), 145 Typha angustifolia, 177 volcanism and surface processes, Typotheria, 5, 51, 55, 286 208–211 Tyrrhenian Sea, 158 Vombatidae, 80 Tyrrhenotragus, 160 Vostok ice core, 267 Vulcano, 161 Uetatus,13 Vulture volcano, 161 UG90–1 Tuff, 207 Uganda, 207 Waddell Sea, 243 Uintamorpha, 52 Wagga Wagga, 134 Uintan. See Uintan NALMA Waipaoa River, 304 Uintan NALMA, 310 Waipawa basin, 100 Uintatheriidae, 52 Waipawa River, 304 K’ U 37 SST, 248 Waipukurau, 98 Ultrapithecus,49 Wairarapa, 338 Ultrapithecus rutilans,49 Wairarapa fault, 94 Ungulata, 52 Wairarapa region, North Island, New Zealand, unilateral hypsodonty, 46 90–91 University of Melbourne, 132 Wairarapa Syndrome, 90–91 University of Padova, 47 Wallaceville Animal Research Center, 97 Upper Hutt, 97 Wallaceville versus the Wairarapa, 98 Upper Puesto Almendra Member, 258 Wargolo Tuff, 207 Uquian SALMA, 57 warmest month mean temperature, 248 Uruguay, 250 Washington state, 145, 257 Utah state, 145 Waterhouse, George Robert, 1 wear stage, 173–175 Vacan SALMA, 277 Wellington, 92 Van Roosmalen, M.G.M., 63 Wellington fault, 94 Vanhof cooling event, 245 Wellington, J., 90 vega, 316 West African savanna, 205 vegetation and surface processes, 260–262 West Turkana, 214 vegetation change, 299 West Wind Drift, 242, 338 VEI. See Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) western Andean margin, 325 Vera Member, 244–245, 252, 258, 265, 270 Western Rift of Kenya, 207 Vermilingua, 1, 323 wet climate erosion, 112–113 Vesuvius, 161 wet climate processes, 141 Victoria, 136 wet deposition, 141 Vicugna, 1, 19, 154, 285, 315–316, 337 Whale Island, 114, 307 Vietnam, 260 Whanganui, 338 Virrenato del Rio de La Plata, 1 White Island, 114 Volcán Calbuco, 64 White River beds, 7 Volcán Chaitén, 255 White River Group, 310 Volcán Concepción, 145 Whitneyan. See Whitneyan NALMA Volcán El Misti, 66 Whitneyan NALMA, 310 Volcán Hudson, 255 Williams, Coley S., 47

Index 423

WMMT. See warmest month mean temperature Xotodontinae, 13, 24 (WMMT) wombat (Vombatidae), 120, 285 Yass River, 302 woodland, 260 woody dicots, 262 Zajicek, Gershorn, 294 Wrangell–St Elias, 209 Zajicek’s proliferon, 294 Wyoming state, 8, 145 Zalambdalestes,52 Zhelestidae, 52 Xenarthra, 13, 296 Zittel, Karl Alfred von, 2, 51 xenarthrans. See Xenarthra Zucol, Alejandro, 6 Xenungulata, 52 xerophilous steppe, 316 δ13C in pedogenic carbonate, 228