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Kanadas Human Security Agenda Institutionalisierung Einer Kanadas Human Security Agenda Institutionalisierung einer politischen Vision Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie dem Fachbereich Gesellschaftswissenschaften und Philosophie der Philipps-Universität Marburg vorgelegt von David Johannes Bosold aus Tübingen 2011 Vom Fachbereich Gesellschaftswissenschaften und Philosophie als Dissertation angenommen am: 11.01.2012 Tag der Disputation / mündlichen Prüfung: 11.01.2012 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Wilfried von Bredow 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Hubert Zimmermann Inhaltsverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis ........................................................................................................... 5 Danksagung ................................................................................................................................ 8 1. Einleitung .............................................................................................................................. 10 2. Forschungsstand .................................................................................................................. 15 2.1 Was ist Human Security? .......................................................................................................... 15 2.2 Die Definition des UNDP ......................................................................................................... 16 2.3 Zwei Dimensionen von Human Security .............................................................................. 20 2.3.1 ‘Freedom from want’ .......................................................................................................... 21 2.3.2 ‘Freedom from fear’ ............................................................................................................ 22 2.4 Wie kann (oder sollte) man Human Security analysieren? ................................................ 23 2.5 Bisherige Forschungsergebnisse ............................................................................................. 26 2.5.1 Kann Human Security (abschließend) definiert werden? ............................................. 27 2.5.2 Kann Human Security gemessen werden? ...................................................................... 28 Tabelle 1: Human Security Indizes................................................................................................. 31 2.5.3 Kann Human Security politisch umgesetzt werden? .................................................... 31 Tabelle 2: Experten-Kommissionen zu Human Security ................................................................ 38 2.5.4 Zusammenfassung der Forschungsergebnisse ............................................................... 38 3. Fragestellung und Forschungsdesign .............................................................................. 40 3.1 Kann Human Security theoretisch unterfüttert werden? .................................................... 40 3.1.1 Die Erweiterung des Sicherheitsbegriffs in den 1980er und 1990er Jahren ................ 40 3.1.2 Human Security Debatten ................................................................................................. 41 3.1.3 Human Security in den Theorien der Internationalen Beziehungen ........................... 43 3.2 Human Security in den IB-Theorien: Widersprüche und Lösungsvorschläge ............... 47 3.2.1 Widersprüchliche Wertungen, verschiedene Untersuchungsgegenstände ................ 48 3.2.2 Die analytischen Ebenen des Human Security Konzepts .............................................. 49 3.3 Human Security und kanadische Außenpolitik ................................................................... 60 3.3.1 Fragestellung und Definition ............................................................................................ 60 3.3.2 Methodisches Vorgehen und Forschungsdesign ............................................................ 62 3.3.3 Aufbau der Arbeit ............................................................................................................... 66 4. Kanadische Außenpolitik und Human Security ........................................................... 68 4.1 Grundkonstanten der kanadischen Außenpolitik ............................................................... 68 4.1.1 Die Beziehungen zu den USA ........................................................................................... 69 4.1.2 Multilateralismus ................................................................................................................ 71 4.1.3 Nationale Einheit, Identitätspolitik und außenpolitische Rollenbilder ....................... 71 4.2 Die Entwicklung der kanadischen Außenpolitik seit den 1990er Jahren ........................ 73 4.2.1 Das ‚Red Book‘ und die Neuausrichtung kanadischer Außenpolitik ......................... 74 4.2.2 ‚Canada in the World‘ ........................................................................................................ 75 4.2.3 Haushaltskonsolidierung und die bedrohte nationale Einheit .................................... 77 Tabelle 3: Kanadische Regierungen und Minister, 1993-2011....................................................... 78 4.3 Die kanadische Human Security Agenda 1995-2010 ............................................................ 79 Tabelle 4: Human Security in Weißbüchern und Veröffentlichungen des DFAIT, 1995-2005 ..... 80 4.3.1 Human Security unter André Ouellet (1995-1996) ......................................................... 81 4.3.2 Human Security unter Lloyd Axworthy (1996-2000) ..................................................... 83 4.3.3 Human Security unter John Manley (2000-2002) ............................................................ 87 4.3.4 Human Security unter Bill Graham (2002-2004) ............................................................. 88 1 4.3.5 Human Security unter Pierre Pettigrew (2004-2006) ...................................................... 89 4.3.6 Human Security unter Peter MacKay (2006-2007), Maxime Bernier (2007-2008), David Emerson (2008) und Lawrence Cannon (2008-2011) ................................................... 91 4.4 Eine erste Bilanz der kanadischen Human Security Agenda ............................................. 95 5. Human Security und interministerielle Zusammenarbeit .......................................... 96 5.1 Politikkoordination in Kanada und die Human Security Agenda ................................... 96 5.1.1 Rollentheoretische Erwartungen ...................................................................................... 96 5.1.2 Außenpolitische Koordinierungsversuche in Kanada 1970-1995 ................................ 97 5.1.3 DFAIT, CIDA und Peacebuilding ..................................................................................... 99 5.2 Die CPI als Ausgangspunkt der Human Security Agenda ............................................... 101 5.2.1 Der CIDA Peacebuilding Fund ....................................................................................... 102 5.2.2 Das Peacebuilding (and Human Security) Program (1997-2000) ............................... 102 5.3 Das Human Security Program (2000-2005) ........................................................................... 105 5.3.1 Die Veränderungen des HSP im Vergleich zum PBP .................................................. 105 5.3.2 Der Einfluss des New Public Management auf CPI, PBP und HSP........................... 109 Tabelle 5: Projekte des HSP 2000-2005 ........................................................................................ 113 5.4 Der Canadian Landmine Fund (1998-2008) .......................................................................... 113 5.4.1 Die Verwaltung des CLF .................................................................................................. 114 5.4.2 Die Finanzierung des CLF ............................................................................................... 115 5.5 Das HSP im Kontext des Whole-of-Government-Ansatzes von START und GPSF (2005-2010) .................................................................................................................................. 117 5.5.1 Die Neuausrichtung des International Assistance Envelope (IAE) ........................... 117 Tabelle 6: Entwicklung des IAE in Millionen Dollar (CDN) nach Ministerium, 1996-2010 ..... 118 Schaubild 1: Anteile des International Assistance Envelope nach Ministerium, 1996-2010 ....... 118 5.5.2 Der 3D-Ansatz und das veränderte Verständnis von Human Security .................... 119 5.5.3 START und der Global Peace and Security Fund (2005-2010) .................................... 120 Schaubild 2: Die Struktur von START ........................................................................................ 121 5.5.4 Das Human Security Program (2005-2007) und Glyn Berry Program (2007-2010) .. 122 Tabelle 7: Themenbereiche des Glyn Berry Program, 2007 .......................................................... 123 5.6 Die Zukunft der Human Security Idee in der GPSF/START-Architektur .................... 124 Übersicht 1: Die Entwicklung der Canadian Peacebuilding Initiative seit 1996 ......................... 126 6. Die ‚Demokratisierung‘ der kanadischen Außenpolitik und neue Konsultationsformen im Rahmen der Human Security Agenda ............................ 127 6.1 Die Öffnung des außenpolitischen Prozesses in Kanada ................................................. 127 6.1.1 Rollentheoretische
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