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Fructose and Lactose Intolerance and Malabsorption Testing: the Relationship with Symptoms in Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders

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Fructose and Lactose Intolerance and Malabsorption Testing: the Relationship with Symptoms in Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics Fructose and lactose intolerance and malabsorption testing: the relationship with symptoms in functional gastrointestinal disorders C. H. Wilder-Smith, A. Materna, C. Wermelinger & J. Schuler Gastroenterology Group Practice, SUMMARY Brain-Gut Research Group, Bern, Switzerland. Background The association of fructose and lactose intolerance and malabsorption with the symp- Correspondence to: toms of different functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID) remains unclear. Prof. C. H. Wilder-Smith, Brain-Gut Research Group, Gastroenterology Aim Group Practice, Bubenbergplatz 11, CH-3011, Bern, Switzerland. To investigate the prevalence of fructose and lactose intolerance (symptom induc- E-mail: [email protected] tion) and malabsorption and their association with clinical gastrointestinal (GI) as well as non-GI symptoms in FGID and the outcome of dietary intervention. Publication data Methods Submitted 18 December 2012 Fructose and lactose intolerance (defined by positive symptom index) and malab- First decision 22 January 2013 fi Resubmitted 19 March 2013 sorption (de ned by increased hydrogen/methane) were determined in 1372 Accepted 20 March 2013 FGID patients in a single centre using breath testing. Results were correlated with EV Pub Online 9 April 2013 clinical symptoms in different FGID Rome III subgroups. The effectiveness of a targeted saccharide-reduced diet was assessed after 6–8 weeks. Results Intolerance prevalence across all FGIDs was 60% to fructose, 51% to lactose and 33% to both. Malabsorption occurred in 45%, 32% and 16% respectively. There were no differences in intolerance or malabsorption prevalence between FGID subgroups. FGID symptoms correlated with symptoms evoked during testing (r = 0.35–0.61. P < 0.0001), but not with malabsorption. Non-GI symptoms occurred more com- monly in patients with intolerances. Methane breath levels were not associated with constipation using several cut-off thresholds. Adequate symptom relief was achieved in >80% of intolerant patients, irrespective of malabsorption. Conclusions Fructose and lactose intolerances are common in FGID and associated with increased non-GI symptoms, but not with specific FGID subtypes. Symptoms expe- rienced during breath testing, but not malabsorption, correlate with FGID symp- toms. Effective symptom relief with dietary adaptation is not associated with malabsorption. Mechanisms relating to the generation of GI and non-GI symptoms due to lactose and fructose in FGID need to be explored further. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37: 1074–1083 1074 ª 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd doi:10.1111/apt.12306 Sugar intolerances in functional GI disorders INTRODUCTION inclusion in this prospective study, except those with evi- Adverse reactions to food are common in the population dence of organic disease, which was assessed by routine and are claimed by up to 67% of individuals with Func- haematology and biochemistry blood testing and also tional Gastrointestinal Disorders (FGID).1 They form stool testing for calprotectin and pancreas elastase deter- part of the Rome III definition of Functional Dyspepsia mined in two stool samples in all patients. Parasite and (FD), and are frequent in Irritable Bowel Syndrome bacterial stool cultures were performed if clinically indi- (IBS).2 Food hypersensitivity is often difficult to confirm, cated. Upper and lower endoscopies with biopsies were but avoidance of specific foods often diminishes symp- required in patients older than 40 years or in patients toms. Possible underlying mechanisms include nutrient with diarrhoea or faecal blood.8 Coeliac disease was maldigestion or malabsorption, chemical or mechanical excluded by antitranglutaminase antibodies or duodenal hypersensitivity, changes in gastrointestinal motility, the biopsies. One consultant gastroenterologist (CWS) per- enteric microbiome, and immune and psychological formed all the medical and dietary history taking and responses. Reliable tests are lacking for several of these physical examinations. The dietary history included two mechanisms and results may be ambiguous, for example, sections: an open question requesting a listing of avoided for tests of malabsorption and allergy. However, there and poorly tolerated foods and then a specific list of the has been recent progress, both in more refined test main fructose, fructooligosaccharide, galactosaccharide, methodology and in interventional studies.3, 4 Although lactose and sorbitol-containing foods as well as the 10 carbohydrate intolerances, defined as symptoms associ- commonest food allergies in Europe. In addition, skin ated with their ingestion, are probably not the cause of rashes, urticaria, rhinitis, headache, imperative defaecatory most FGID, the reduced consumption of fermentable urge, changes in stool consistency related to mealtimes saccharides in patients with malabsorption results in were documented. All patients completed a standardised symptom relief superior to most pharmaceutical treat- questionnaire, which included the specific questions for ments.5, 6 However, the significance of carbohydrate- classification of GI symptoms into FGID groups accord- related symptoms and of malabsorption in FGID ing to the Rome III criteria and additional questions remains unclear, as do the optimal diagnostic tech- regarding allergies, childhood and family history, central niques.7 Furthermore, the common association of GI in- nervous, musculoskeletal and cardiac system symptoms, tolerances with non-GI reactions in FGID remains and the use of polyol-containing sweets and chewing unexplained. gum. Patients were classified into FGID subgroups In this study, the following issues were examined in a according to the Rome III criteria.9 The most prominent large single-centre cohort of successive FGID patients: (i) FGID was chosen for classifying each patient. The study How common are lactose and fructose intolerance and was performed in accordance with the Helsinki Declara- malabsorption during breath testing in FGID and its tion of 1975 as revised in 1983. subgroups? (ii) What is the relationship between clinical symptoms and breath test results? (iii) Are non-GI Breath test protocol symptoms associated with intolerances? and (iv) What is Fructose and lactose breath tests were performed in all the symptomatic outcome of a standardised dietary FGID patients by one laboratory technician (AM). No intervention and is this related to malabsorption? Our antibiotics, colonoscopy or laxatives were permitted hypotheses were that fructose and lactose intolerance within 14 days and a specific low-saccharide diet was would be equally common across all FGID, that symp- adhered to 1 day before the tests. Patients arrived for test- toms generated during breath testing would correlate ing in the morning after fasting overnight and without with the patients’ clinical symptoms and that intolerance having smoked, chewed gum or performed vigorous exer- would be more relevant than only malabsorption in the cise for at least 4 h. Chlorhexidine mouthwash was used diagnosis and dietary treatment outcome of fructose and and teeth were brushed before testing. The breath tests lactose intolerance. We expected a high incidence of were performed in randomised, patient-blinded sequence non-GI symptoms in patients with intolerances. on two separate occasions at least 4 days apart. Breath samples were collected in sealed glass tubes (Quintron MATERIALS AND METHODS Instruments, Milwaukee, WI, USA) before and hourly for All successive patients referred to our gastroenterology 5 h after ingestion of lactose 50 g or fructose 35 g dis- practice by general practitioners between January 2008 solved in 300 mL water. Hydrogen, methane and CO2 and May 2011 for evaluation of FGID were eligible for concentrations were measured within 72 h using the Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37: 1074-1083 1075 ª 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd C. H. Wilder-Smith et al. â Quintron BreathTracker SC (Quintron Instruments). compliance was checked either by direct or telephonic Hourly testing was chosen based on our laboratory pilot interview by the dietician or the gastroenterologist 6– data, where identical qualitative results were obtained as 8 weeks after initiation of the dietary changes. Compli- with sampling every 15 min and concentrations were sta- ance was considered adequate if patients confirmed that ble in the tubes for 3 weeks. Malabsorption was defined as they adhered to the dietary guidelines during at least an increase of >20 ppm in hydrogen or >10 ppm in 50% of the meals consumed.19 methane levels over baseline twice in succession. The numbers of patients with early rises (in the first 60 min) Statistics above the 20 ppm threshold in breath hydrogen concen- Group differences in clinical GI and non-GI symptoms tration following fructose and lactose were calculated for and variables were compared by Kruskall–Wallis or ANO- 7, 10–16 comparison with other published data Intolerance VA tests, as appropriate. Categorical data were compared was defined as an increase of >2 over baseline using a by Chi-squared test or, if between multiple groups, by symptom score index, which was the sum of the intensi- logistical regression. Correlations were analysed using the ties (0 = none, 1 = mild, 2 = intense) of abdominal dis- Spearman–Rank test. A significance threshold of tension or bloating, flatulence, fullness, nausea, diarrhoea, P < 0.05 was adopted. Analysis was performed using abdominal cramps, borborygmi and gastro-oesophageal Statistica 7.1 (StatSoft,
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