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The Political Epistemics of the Rural Poor: Corruption, Coal

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The Political Epistemics of the Rural Poor: Corruption, Coal THE POLITICAL EPISTEMICS OF THE RURAL POOR: CORRUPTION, COAL, CONSERVATISM, AND CONSENT IN CENTRAL APPALACHIA by PHILIP GEORGE LEWIN (Under the Direction of David Smilde) ABSTRACT While a great deal of literature has explored the conditions under which poor and disenfranchised groups mobilize against domination and exploitation, few studies have examined the processes through which such groups “consent” to ostensibly unfavorable arrangements. Those that do typically represent decontextualized veranda accounts that embrace flawed “false consciousness” narratives, reduce the poor’s behavior to misinformation and/or stupidity, and construe political understandings as isolated, independent objects. In order to develop a more theoretically robust explanation of hegemony and consent, this dissertation synthesizes Glaeser’s scholarship on political epistemology, Gramsci’s hegemony theory and Bourdieu’s practice theory in order to develop an approach to the study of “consent” that is rooted in the political understandings of social actors themselves. Drawing from nine months of ethnography, 40 in-depth interviews and a variety of historical methods, I examine three instances in which the rural poor have identified with economic and political actors who appear to harm them. I thus investigate why residents of Shale County, an economically distressed community located in Central Appalachia, exhibit support for officeholders who have openly abused local government; identify with coal mining despite the negative externalities that the industry has imposed upon their community; and vote for Republican politicians who have targeted the economic aid on which they rely for elimination. Departing from existing work, which attributes the politics of the rural poor to culture war, religious extremism, media indoctrination, and false consciousness, my findings suggest that consent in Shale County has taken shape from the way in which “modernization” has unfolded in the county over the past 60 years. INDEX WORDS: Appalachia; Poverty; Rural Sociology; Political Sociology; Modernization; Coal; Conservatism; Hegemony THE POLITICAL EPISTEMICS OF THE RURAL POOR: CORRUPTION, COAL, CONSERVATISM, AND CONSENT IN CENTRAL APPALACHIA by PHILIP GEORGE LEWIN A.B., University of Georgia, 2005 M.A., University of Georgia, 2008 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ATHENS, GEORGIA 2014 © 2014 Philip George Lewin All Rights Reserved THE POLITICAL EPISTEMICS OF THE RURAL POOR: CORRUPTION, COAL, CONSERVATISM, AND CONSENT IN CENTRAL APPALACHIA by PHILIP LEWIN Major Professor: David Smilde Committee: James Dowd Joseph Hermanowicz Pablo Lapegna Electronic Version Approved: Julie Coffield Interim Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia August 2014 iv DEDICATION This dissertation is for “David,” “Bruce,” “Max,” “Maria,” “Alexander,” “Dawn,” “Lauren,” “Amy,” and the many others who graciously welcomed me into their lives during the course of this study. I value and respect all of you immensely, and I hope that this dissertation honors you. Although you may not know it, I continue to grow everyday—as both a person and sociologist—as a result of your friendship and influence. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Conducting this project has at times felt daunting, and without the time and consideration of the heretofore mentioned individuals, it would not have been possible. First and foremost, words cannot describe how grateful I am to the many people who participated in this study. You had little reason to trust me—let alone offer your time, wisdom and friendship—and yet you did, often without reservation. This dissertation, along with my personal growth and betterment, is the result. I am also extremely grateful for the faculty members with whom I have worked since beginning graduate school. I have worked with David Smilde in some form or fashion since 2006. During that time he has adorned many different fanny packs. He has also provided a wealth of valuable input, advice and criticism. Although his measured (but occasionally incredulous) response to my radical politics sometimes stirred frustration, I am a much better sociologist for having received it. The “value free” approach to social science that he imparted has doubtless improved my dissertation. I have no doubt that it will also enhance my work in the years to come. I appreciate the role that he has allowed me to play in the GCHP workshop, which I will very much miss, Qualitative Sociology and the buddying Participation and its Discontents initiative too. I would also be remiss if I did not mention that his humor, easy demeanor, loyal support for the band Kater Mass, and the many interesting people to whom he has introduced me has enriched my time in Athens. I intend to treat him to a PBR tall boy—that I insist that he finishes this time—before departing town. vi I am also grateful to have worked with Jim Dowd, who inspired me to become a sociologist when I first began taking courses with him more than ten years ago. Thoroughly impressed by his theoretical prowess and encyclopedic knowledge of history, my serious engagement with sociology commenced when he began recommending books on the history of social thought to me in the early 2000s. He has remained one of my favorite sociologists and people since that time. I would not have finished my degree if it were not for his consistent support, patience, optimism, and cheerful attitude across multiple classes, projects and bureaucratic blunders on my end (don’t worry, Jim, I will turn in the defense forms on time this go-around). Jim has always advised me to do what I have felt is right, and he has always encouraged the work that I have done, no matter the direction into which it veered. I am grateful for his tutelage. Joe Hermanowicz and Pablo Lapegna have also offered a wealth of knowledge and valuable input throughout this project. Joe instructed some of the most memorable courses that I took during graduate school. I continue to appreciate the role that he played in steering me away from grand theorizing and toward an empirically grounded sociology. By inculcating my appreciation for the Chicago School, symbolic interactionism and “getting the seat of my pants dirty in the field,” he laid the foundation for my orientation to qualitative research. He is a very interesting scholar and man. I was very excited when Pablo joined the faculty three years ago. Reading his emerging research on social movements, environmental justice, and poor people’s mobilization and de-mobilization has very much helped to shape how I think about my own work. I would never have finished this project without the help and support of Linda Renzulli either, who has been a wonderful graduate coordinator. Although not on my committee, Linda vii went out of her way—more than once—in order to ensure that I received the resources that I needed in order to finish this project. She not only helped me to secure the three grants that I used in order to fund my research, but created a research assistantship during the fall of 2012 that made possible the bulk of my field work. She also went out of her way in order to lend advice and provide assistance while I searched for jobs, including attending a practice research presentation at 9:00pm on a Saturday night that I gave in preparation for an interview. Finally, Jay Hamilton from the Department of Journalism and Mass Communication— another non-committee member—instructed one of the most influential courses that I took in graduate school. Not only did he stimulate my intellect and anchor my grounding in social theory, but his deft and unmatched teaching prowess provided a model for my own instruction in the classroom. Despite occasional grumbling, I have immensely enjoyed the time I have spent in Athens over the past ten or so years. Beyond offering their academic input, the following people have made my life here meaningful and wholesome. Thanks first to my best friends and bandmates, Tim Gill and Nick Gomez, who have formed the “scaffolding” of my Athens experience. Over the last five years, Tim and I have taken sociology classes together, shared an office together, published a paper together, recorded two albums together, gone on tour together, attended numerous conferences together, ambled about Cleveland together, engaged in innumerous night machinations together, and have together become woven into the slipknots of many absurd arguments, including the logistics of amplifier placement, how to properly construct a QCA table, and the propriety of “doing the worm” (a complicated—but humbling—dance move). I feel like few if any people know me as fully as Tim. He is like a brother to me. Perhaps I would have finished this dissertation if he had remained in Cleveland, but my time would neither have viii been as wholesome nor the same. Ditto for Aiola Ambo, who has inspired my fake Albanian accent, introduced me to the Greek Orthodox religion and cultivated my love of Breaking Bad and the Walking Dead. Nick is also like a brother to me and one of the most generous people whom I have had the pleasure of knowing. Nick and I have played in two bands together, recorded five albums together (although 2.5 of those albums are so sonically demoralizing that I can no longer bring myself to listen to them), and consumed somewhere in the range of 800 pounds of pizza and Augua Linda together. Nick has also chauffeured me around Athens for most of the past seven years, stored many of my things at his house, helped to move my belongings among the many shacks that I have lived in, served as my personal amp and guitar tech, treated me to many boxes of Cheeze-its, read my papers and attended my job talks, and patiently counseled me through the innumerous strange debacles in which I have managed to become entangled.
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