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APPENDIX 9. ORTHOGRAPHY1 APPENDIX 9. ORTHOGRAPHY1 Footnote: 1. This appendix is adapted Footnote: 1. This appendix is adapted from Trüper and Euzéby 2009. from Trüper and Euzéby 2009. When naming an organism, authors should be aware of the fact that there is no guarantee that all strains of a newly named species or all species of a newly named genus possess the property or properties used for the formation of that name. A. Formation of Compound Names (1) Compound names are formed by (1) Compound names are formed Oren A, Schink B. Use of combining two or more words or word by combining two or more words or Greek in the prokaryotic elements of Latin and/or Greek origin word elements of Latin and/or Classical nomenclature: proposal into one generic name or specific Greek origin into one generic name or to change Principle 3, epithet. In most cases two word specific epithet. In most cases, two Recommendation 6, elements are used (e.g. Thio/bacillus, word elements are used (e.g., Rule 7, Rule 65 and thio/parus), but up to four elements Thio/bacillus, thio/philus) although, as The old example thioparus may be formally Appendix 9 of the may be found (e.g. many as four elements may be found correct but thioparans (as used in Bacillus / International Code of Ecto/thio/rhodo/spira). The (e.g., Ecto/thio/rhodo/spira). A name or Mesobacillus thioparans) is to be preferred, the Nomenclature. Int J Syst combination of word elements follows epithet that combines elements derived Editorial Board changed the example to Evol Microbiol four basic rules: from two or more Greek or Latin words thiophilus, also an epithet used for a Thiobacillus 2020;70:3559-3560. should be formed, as far as practicable, species. in accordance with classical usage. The Oren A, Chuvochina M, combination of word elements follows Schink B. The use of four basic rules: Greek and Latin prepositions and (a) The word stems are to be used, Comment from the Editor-in-Chief of the ICNP: prefixes in compound (a) Except for the last word element except for the last word element. the word ‘stem’ may not be fully correct as in names: proposed only the word stems are to be used. (b) For compound names that many cases the root rather than the stem is used, emendation of Appendix (b) The connecting vowel is -o- when contain a noun or adjective in a non- and these are often not identical. For example, 9 of the International the preceding word element is of final position, the connecting vowel is - the stems of nouns (masculine, neuter) of the Code of Nomenclature Greek origin, it is -i- when the i- if the preceding word element is of second Latin declension end in –o, so this should of Prokaryotes. Int J Syst preceding word element is of Latin Latin origin; -o- if the preceding word give genus names such as “Soloimicrobium” Evol Microbiol origin. Greek is more flexible than Latin element is of Greek origin. Greek is instead of Solimicrobium (from Latin neut. n. 2019;69:1831-1832. about the connecting vowel, and other more flexible than Latin about the solum, genitive soli, grammatical stem: solo-!) or connecting vowels than -o- may be connecting vowel, and other connecting epithets such as equoirhinis instead of equirhinis Oren A, Schink B. used if a precedent is found in Greek. vowels than -o- may be used if a (from Latin masc. n. equus, grammatical stem Further guidelines for precedent is found in Greek. equo-) . Some time ago, Aharon OrenOren wrote the formation of up a draft manuscript on this and discussed it compound specific and Example: Corynebacterium. Example: Corynebacterium. with Bernhard Schink. We decided then to subspecific epithets. A abandon this project as being too technical. If proposal to emend there is interest, the authors can work again on Appendix 9 of the this manuscript. International Code of Compound specific or subspecific Nomenclature of epithets of prokaryotes based on Prokaryotes. Int J Syst localities can be formed by Evol Microbiol concatenating the genitives of the 2019;70:3561-3562. components, if the name of the locality lends itself to translation into Latin. In such names, the basic noun comes first and is followed by the descriptive word, which can be an adjective or a noun. Examples for a noun followed by an adjective: marisnigri, lacusekhoensis; for two nouns: vallismortis, lacuslunae. Binomial names of plants or animals can be treated in a similar way.

Example: Sphingomonas bovisgrunnientis

(c) A connecting vowel is dropped (c) The connecting vowel is dropped when the following word element when the following word element starts starts with a vowel. with a vowel. (d) Hyphens and diacritic signs are not (d) Hyphens and diacritic signs are not allowed (see Rules 12a and 64, allowed (see Rules 12a and 64, respectively). respectively). (2) Exemptions from these regulations (2) Exemptions from these regulations exist only for the following cases: exist only for the following cases: (a) When well-established word (a) When well-established word elements from chemistry or physics are elements from chemistry or physics are used, their use in these sciences must used, their use in these sciences must be followed. be followed. Examples: thio- for sulfur does not lose Examples: thio- for sulfur does not lose For consistency in the use of italic type. the -o- in combinations such as the -o- in combinations such as Thioalkalibacter and thiooxidans Thioalkalibacter and thiooxidans (following the usage in chemistry: (following the usage in chemistry: thioether, thioester); likewise radio- thioether, thioester); likewise radio- would not lose the -o- in combinations would not lose the -o- in combinations such as ‘Radioalkalibacter’ or such as ‘Radioalkalibacter’ or ‘radioegens’ (following the usage in ‘radioegens’ (following the usage in physics: radioactive). physics: radioactive). (b) As in inorganic chemistry the (b) As in inorganic chemistry, the vowels -o and -i are used to indicate vowels -i and -o are used to indicate different oxidation levels of cations different oxidation levels of cations (e.g. ferro, ferri, cupro, cupri, etc.); (e.g. ferri, ferro, cupri, cupro, etc.), they they do not fall under the Greek/Latin do not fall under the Greek/Latin rules ruling for connection vowels when for connection vowels when used in used in prokaryote names. prokaryote names.

Examples: Ferroglobus is an Fe2+ Examples: Ferrimonas is an Fe3+ oxidizer, while Ferrimonas is an Fe3+ reducer, while Ferroglobus is an Fe2+ reducer. oxidizer.

(c) In word components like bio-, geo-, (c) In word components such as Oren A, Chuvochina M, halo-, neo-, macro-, micro-, etc., the allo-, bio-, geo-, halo-, hetero-, iso-, Schink B. The use of connecting vowel -o- may be kept meso-, neo-, macro-, micro-, etc., the Greek and Latin when a component follows that begins connecting vowel -o- may be retained prepositions and with a vowel (for reasons of clarity or when a component follows that begins prefixes in compound of previous usage). with a vowel (for reasons of clarity or names: proposed of previous usage). emendation of Appendix 9 of the International (d) Greek prepositions and prefixes Code of Nomenclature are not followed by a connecting of Prokaryotes. Int J Syst vowel. Evol Microbiol Examples: Metakosakonia, Paracoccus. 2019;69:1831-1832. When Greek prepositions and prefixes that end in a vowel (e.g., epi, kata, meta, para) are attached to word elements that begin with a vowel, the final vowel is elided. Examples: Eperythrozoon, Paralcaligenes, Parendozoicomonas, Vibrio metoecus. Exceptions are the prepositions peri and pro, which do not elide. Example: Fusobacterium periodonticum. Prepositions formed from Greek adjectives (e.g., poly, mega) and adverbs (e.g., exo and eu) also do not elide. Examples: Polyangium, Clostridium polyendosporum. (e) Latin prepositions and prefixes are not followed by a connecting vowel. When Latin prepositions and prefixes that end in a vowel are attached to word elements that begin with a vowel, the final vowel is not elided, conforming to the usage in classical Latin. Adverbs are rarely used in compound words and more extensive use is not encouraged. For Latin adverbs, the connecting vowel -i- may be used; it is dropped if the following word element starts with a vowel. Examples: Paenibacillus, Paenalcaligenes. B. Generic (and Subgeneric) Names B. Generic (and Subgeneric) Names 1) The name of a genus (or subgenus) 1) The name of a genus (or subgenus) is is a Latin noun (substantive) in the a Latin noun (substantive) in the nominative case. If adjectives or nominative case. If adjectives or participles are chosen to form generic participles are chosen to form generic names they have to be transformed names, they have to be transformed into substantives (nouns) and handled into substantives (nouns) and handled as such. In some cases the as such. In some cases, the substantivation has already happened nominalisation has already happened in ‘nominalisaton’ is probably the correct term. in classical Latin (e.g. Serpens). classical Latin (e.g., Serpens). Examples: (i) genuine nouns: Bacillus, Examples: (i) genuine nouns: Bacillus, Streptococcus, Escherichia, Streptococcus, Escherichia, Azotobacter; (ii) substantivated Azotobacter; (ii) substantivised nominalized? adjectives: Ammoniphilus, Halorubrum, adjectives: Ammoniphilus, Halorubrum, Methanosalsum, Rubritepida; (iii) Methanosalsum, Rubritepida; (iii) substantivated participles of the substantivated participles of the nominalized? present: Agarivorans, Myceligenerans, present: Agarivorans, Myceligenerans, Serpens; (iv) substantivated participles Serpens; (iv) substantivised participles nominalized? of the perfect: Amycolata, Aquiflexum, of the perfect: Amycolata, Aquiflexum, Gemmata, Microlunatus, Pectinatus. Gemmata, Microlunatus, Pectinatus. (2) Both Latin and Greek know three (2) Both Latin and Greek know three genders, i.e. contain nouns of genders, i.e., contain nouns of masculine, feminine and neuter masculine, feminine and neuter gender. gender. Adjectives associated with Adjectives associated with nouns follow nouns follow these in gender. For the these in gender. For the correct correct formation of specific epithets formation of specific epithets (as (as adjectives) it is therefore necessary adjectives) it is, therefore, necessary to to know the gender of the genus name know the gender of the genus name or or of its last component, as of its last component. appropriate. Examples for some last components in Examples for some last components in compound generic names are: compound generic names are: (i) of masculine gender: -arcus, - (i) of masculine gender: -arcus, - bacillus, -bacter, -coccus, -ger, -globus, - bacillus, -bacter, -coccus, -ger, -globus, myces, -philus, -planes, -sinus and - -myces, -philus, -planes, -sinus and - vibrio; vibrio; (ii) of feminine gender: -arcula, -cystis, - (ii) of feminine gender: -arcula, -cystis, ella, -ia, -illa, -ina, -musa, -monas, - -ella, -ia, -illa, -ina, -musa, -monas, - opsis, -phaga, -pila, -rhabdus, -sarcina, - opsis, -phaga, -pila, -rhabdus, -sarcina, sphaera, -spira, -spina, -spora, -thrix -sphaera, -spira, -spina, -spora, -thrix and -toga; and -toga; (iii) of feminine or masculine gender: - (iii) of feminine or masculine gender: - cola (-incola); cola (-incola); (iv) of neuter gender: -bacterium, - (iv) of neuter gender: -bacterium, - bactrum, -baculum, -filamentum, -filum, bactrum, -baculum, -filamentum, - -genium, -microbium, -nema, -plasma, - filum, -genium, -microbium, -nema, - spirillum, -sporangium and -tomaculum; plasma, -spirillum, -sporangium and - (v) of masculine or feminine or neuter Oren A, Schink B. tomaculum; gender: -ferax, -fex and -vorax. Formation of names of (v) of masculine or feminine or neuter Names ending in –oides are formed by Note: Nocardiopsis was described as masculine genera of prokaryotes gender: -ferax, -fex and -vorax. adding that suffix to the stem of the and cannot retroactively be changed to feminine. that end on –oides or – preceding word or word element and opsis: A proposal for have the neuter gender. Names ending addenda to Rule 65(2) in –opsis (from Gr. fem. n. opsis aspect, and to Appendix 9 of the appearance) must be treated as International Code of feminine. However, generic names Nomenclature of ending in –oides or –opsis assigned to Prokaryotes. Int J Syst different genders by the authors cannot Evol Microbiol be corrected retroactively. 2016;66:2452-2453. Examples: Bacteroides and Nocardiopsis are masculine;. (3) The gender of a new genus must be (3) The gender of a new genus must be indicated with the etymology given in indicated with the etymology given in the description. the description. C. Specific (and Subspecific) Epithets C. Specific (and Subspecific) Epithets (1) Rule 12c of the Code demands that (1) Rule 12c of the Code demands that specific (or subspecific) epithets must specific (or subspecific) epithets must be treated in one of the three following be treated in one of three following ways: ways: (a) as an adjective that must agree in (a) as an adjective that must agree in gender with the generic name; gender with the generic name; (b) as a substantive (noun) in (b) as a substantive (noun) in apposition apposition in the nominative case; in the nominative case; (c) as a substantive (noun) in the (c) as a substantive (noun) in the genitive case. genitive case. Examples: (a) Staphylococcus aureus Examples: (a) Staphylococcus aureus (adjective: ‘golden’); (b) Desulfovibrio (adjective: ‘golden’); (b) Desulfovibrio gigas (nominative noun: ‘the giant’); (c) gigas (nominative noun: ‘the giant’); (c) Escherichia coli (genitive noun: ‘of the Escherichia coli (genitive noun: ‘of the colum=colon’). colum=colon’). (2) Adjectives and participles as specific (2) Adjectives and participles as specific epithets epithets (a) Latin adjectives belong to the 1st, (a) Latin adjectives belong to the 1st, 2nd or 3rd declension. Those of the 1st 2nd or 3rd declension. Those of the 1st and 2nd declension have different and 2nd declension have different endings in the three genders. In the 3rd endings in the three genders. For declension the situation is more adjectives in the 3rd declension, the complicated, as there are adjectives situation is more complicated, as some that don’t change with gender, others adjectives don’t change with gender, that do and some that are identical in some that do change with gender, and the masculine and feminine gender some that are identical in the masculine and different in the neuter. and feminine gender and different in Table 1 gives some examples. Note the neuter. that comparative adjectives are also Table 1 gives some examples. Note that listed. It is recommended always to comparative adjectives are also listed. It look up an adjective in a dictionary is recommended always to look up an before using it for the formation of a adjective in a dictionary before using it name. for the formation of a name. (b) Participles are treated as if they are (b) Participles are treated as if they are adjectives, i.e. they fall under Rule 12c adjectives, i.e., they fall under Rule 12c (1) of the Code. (1) of the Code. (c) Infinitive (also named ‘present’) (c) Infinitive (also named ‘present’) participles in the singular do not participles in the singular do not change change with gender. According to the with gender. According to the four four conjugations of Latin they end in - conjugations of Latin, they end in -ans ans (first conjugation, e.g. vorans (first conjugation, i.e., vorans devouring, from vorare to devour, voro devouring, from vorare to devour, voro I devour), -ens (second conjugation, I devour), -ens (second conjugation, i.e., e.g. inhibens inhibiting, from inhibere inhibens inhibiting, from inhibere to to inhibit, inhibeo I inhibit), -ens (third inhibit, inhibeo I inhibit), -ens (third conjugation, e.g. exigens demanding, conjugation, i.e., exigens demanding, from exigere to demand, exigo I from exigere to demand, exigo I demand), -iens (third conjugation, e.g. demand), -iens (third conjugation, i.e., faciens making, from facere to make, faciens making, from facere to make, facio, I make), -iens (fourth facio, I make), -iens (fourth conjugation, conjugation, e.g. oboediens obeying, i.e., oboediens obeying, from oboedire from oboedire to obey, oboedio I to obey, oboedio I obey). obey). Note. Knowledge of the ending of the The Editorial Board propose deleting this note: first person singular in the present is based on the examples given it is not clear why decisive. voro and exigo give –ans and –ens, respectively. (d) Perfect participles change their (d) Perfect participles change their endings with gender and are handled endings with gender and are handled like adjectives of the first and second like adjectives of the first and second declension, declension, e.g. aggregatus (masc.), aggregata e.g., aggregatus (masc.), aggregata (fem.), aggregatum (neut.) (fem.), aggregatum (neut.) (aggregated, (aggregated, from aggregare to get from aggregare to get together), flexus, together), flexus, flexa, flexum (bent, flexa, flexum (bent, from flectere to from flectere to bend), latus, lata, bend), latus, lata, latum (carried, from latum (carried, from the irregular verb the irregular verb ferre to carry), ferre to carry), diminutus, diminuta, diminutus, diminuta, diminutum diminutum (smashed, from diminuere (smashed, from diminuere to smash). to smash). (3) Nominative nouns in apposition as (3) Nominative nouns in apposition as specific epithets specific epithets (a) Nominative nouns in apposition (a) Nominative nouns in apposition must make sense to be acceptable. In must make sense to be acceptable. In grammar, apposition means ‘the grammar, apposition means ‘the placing of a word or expression beside placing of a word or expression beside another so that the second explains another so that the second explains and and has the same grammatical has the same grammatical construction construction as the first’; as the first’; i.e. the added nominative noun has an i.e., the added nominative noun has an explanatory specifying function for the explanatory specifying function for the generic name, thus, e.g. Desulfovibrio generic name. Thus, Desulfovibrio gigas gigas may be understood as may be understood as Desulfovibrio Desulfovibrio dictus gigas and dictus gigas and translates as translated as ‘Desulfovibrio, called the ‘Desulfovibrio, called the giant’, which, giant’, which, with reference to the with reference to the unusual cell size unusual cell size of this species, makes of this species, makes sense. sense. (b) All specific epithets ending with the (b) All specific epithets ending with the Latin suffixes -cola (derived from incola, Latin suffixes -cola (derived from ‘the inhabitant, dweller’) and -cida (‘the incola, ‘the inhabitant, dweller’) and - killer’) fulfil the above-mentioned cida (‘the killer’) fulfil the above- requirement. mentioned requirement. (4) Genitive nouns as specific epithets (4) Genitive nouns as specific epithets (a) The formation of specific epithets as (a) The formation of specific epithets as genitive nouns does not pose genitive nouns does not pose problems, problems, as the singular genitive of as the singular genitive of substantives substantives (nouns) is usually given in (nouns) is usually given in dictionaries. dictionaries. (b) If the plural genitive is preferred, as (b) If the plural genitive is preferred, as for example in Lactobacillus plantarum for example in Lactobacillus plantarum (‘of plants’), the declension of the noun (‘of plants’), one has to find out the must be determined, as plural genitives declension of the noun, as plural are different in different declensions genitives are different in different [see F (3)]. declensions [see F (3)]. Examples: Curtobacterium plantarum Examples: Curtobacterium plantarum (first declension); Staphylococcus (first declension); Staphylococcus equorum (second declension); equorum (second declension); Bifidobacterium dentium (third Bifidobacterium dentium (third declension); examples not yet found of declension); examples have not yet the fourth and fifth declensions. been found of the fourth and fifth declensions. D. Formation of Prokaryote Names D. Formation of Prokaryote Names from Personal Names from Personal Names (1) Persons may be honoured by using (1) Persons may be honoured by using their name in forming a generic name their name in forming a generic name or a specific epithet. The Code, or a specific epithet. However, the Code however, strongly recommends recommends strongly refraining from The Editorial Board added species and subspecies Oren A. Proposal to refraining from naming genera (and naming genera, subgenera, species and based on the proposal to add this to change subgenera) after persons that are not subspecies after persons that are not Recommendation 12c Recommendation 12c of connected with bacteriology or at least connected with bacteriology or, at the International Code with natural science (Recommendation least, with natural science Concerning subgenera: see comments elsewhere. of Nomenclature of 10a) and, in the case of specific (Recommendation 10a, 12c). Prokaryotes. Int J Syst epithets, to ensure that, if taken from Evol Microbiol the name of a person, it recalls the 2015;65,4288. name of one who discovered or described it, or was in some way connected with it (Recommendation 12c). (2) It is good practice to ask the person (2) It is good practice to ask the person to be honoured by a scientific name for to be honoured by a scientific name for permission (as long as she/he is alive). permission (if she/he is alive). Authors Authors should refrain from naming should refrain from naming bacteria bacteria after themselves or co-authors after themselves or co-authors in the after each other in the same same publication, as this is considered publication, as this is considered immodest by the majority of the immodest by the majority of the scientific community [see scientific community [see Recommendation 6 (10)]. Recommendation 6 (10)]. (3) Personal names in generic names (3) Personal names in generic names (a) The Code provides two ways to (a) The Code provides three ways to form a generic name from a personal form a generic name from a personal name: either directly by adding the name: (1) directly, by adding the ending Oren A, Chuvochina M, ending -a, -ea, -nia or -ia or as a -a, -ea, -nia or –ia; (2) as a diminutive, Schink B. Formation of diminutive by adding, usually, the by adding, usually, the ending -ella, - compound generic ending -ella, -iella or -nella. Both kinds iella or -nella. Both kinds are always in names based on are always in the feminine gender. the feminine gender. Examples are personal names: a Examples are provided in Table 2. provided in Table 2; (3) by using the proposal for emendation personal name as a word element in a of Appendix 9 of the compound name. Table 3 provides International Code of guidelines for the formation of Nomenclature of compound generic names in which the Prokaryotes. Int J Syst first word element is derived from a Evol Microbiol personal name. 2019;69:594–596. (b) Some personal names in Europe (b) Some personal names in Europe were already Latinized before 1800 were already latinized before 1800 and Latinized? and kept since. If they end in -us, kept since. If they end in -us, replace replace the ending by -a or -ella the ending by -a or -ella (diminutive) (diminutive) respectively (e.g. the respectively (e.g., the name Bucerius name Bucerius would result in ‘Buceria’ would result in ‘Buceria’ or ‘Buceriella’). or ‘Buceriella’). Beware, however, of Beware, however, of Lithuanian names Lithuanian names like Didlaukus, like Didlaukus, Zeikus, etc. These are Latinized? Zeikus, etc. These are not Latinized but not latinized but genuine forms and genuine forms and would receive the would receive the ending -ia according ending -ia according to Table 2. to Table 2. (c) Not more than one person can be (c) It is not recommended to honour About (c) – The Editorial Board proposes making honoured in one generic name or more than one person in one generic this a recommendation. There are a few recent epithet. name or epithet. precedents: Corynebacterium jeikeium, Ruminiclostridium josui, Azospirillum (d) If an organism is named after a (d) If an organism is named after a baldaniorum, Herbinix luporum. Older names are person, the name cannot be person, the name cannot be shortened, Acinetobacter baumannii, Bounagaea, shortened, e.g. ‘Wigglesia’ after e.g., ‘Wigglesia’ after Wigglesworth, Epibacterium scottomollicae, Lechevalieria, Wigglesworth, ‘Stackia’ after ‘Stackia’ after Stackebrandt or Leminorella, Leminorella grimontii, and Stackebrandt or ‘Goodfellia’ after ‘Goodfellia’ after Goodfellow, etc., but Brevibacterium mcbrellneri. Goodfellow, etc., but must appear must appear fully. Personal titles (Sir, fully. Personal titles (Sir, Lord, Duke, Lord, Duke, Baron, Graf, Conte, etc.) are Baron, Graf, Conte, etc.) are not not included in prokaryote names, included in prokaryote names, although they may belong to the name although they may belong to the name according to the laws of the respective according to the laws of the respective country. Prefixes and particles should country. Prefixes and particles should be treated as follows: be treated as follows: (i) The Scottish and Irish patronymic (i) The Scottish patronymic prefixes prefixes ‘Mac’ and ‘Mc’, meaning ‘son ‘Mac’, ‘Mc’ and ‘M’, meaning ‘son of’, of’, should be written ‘mac’ and be should be written ‘mac’ and be united united with the rest of the name (e.g., with the rest of the name (e.g. ‘Macdonellia’ or ‘macdonellii’ after ‘Macdonellia’ or ‘macdonellii’ after MacDonell; ‘Macginleya’ or macginleyi MacDonell; Macginleya or macginleyi after McGinley). after McGinley). (ii) The Irish patronymic prefix ‘O’ (ii) The Irish patronymic prefix ‘O’ should be united with the rest of the should be united with the rest of the name or omitted (e.g., ‘Oconnoria’ or name or omitted (e.g. ‘Oconnoria’ or ‘Connoria’ or ‘oconnorii’ or ‘connorii’ ‘Connoria’ or ‘oconnorii’ or ‘connorii’ after O’Connor). after O’Connor). (iii) A prefix consisting of an article (e.g., (iii) A prefix consisting of an article (e.g. le, la, l’, les, el, il, lo, de), or containing le, la, l’, les, el, il, lo, de), or containing an article (e.g. du, de la, des, del, della, an article (e.g. du, de la, des, del, della, do, da), may be omitted or united to do, da), may be omitted or united to the name (e.g., Rochalimaea after da the name (e.g. Rochalimaea after da Rocha-Lima; Leclercia or ‘leclercii’ after Rocha-Lima; Leclercia or ‘leclercii’ after Le Clerc; Leminorella or leminorii after Le Clerc; Leminorella or leminorii after Le Minor; ‘Loprestia’ or ‘loprestii’ after Le Minor; ‘Loprestia’ or ‘loprestii’ after Lo Presti, Deleya or deleyi after De Ley, Lo Presti, Deleya or deleyi after de Ley, Devosia or ‘devosii’ after De Vos). Devosia or ‘devosii’ after De Vos). (iv) The Dutch prefix ‘van’ and the (iv) The Dutch prefix ‘van’ and the German prefix ‘von’ may be omitted or German prefix ‘von’ may be omitted or united to the name (e.g. Escherichia united to the name (e.g., The name was Escherich, not von Escherich; after von Escherich; Leeuwenhoekia Leeuwenhoekiella after van Leeuwenhoekiella instead of the previous version after van Leeuwenhoek, itersonii after Leeuwenhoek, itersonii after van Leeuwenhoekia (which is a mite!). van Iterson, prowazekii after von Iterson, prowazekii after von Prowazek, Prowazek, ‘Vannielia’ or vannielii after ‘Vannielia’ or vannielii after van Niel; van Niel; ‘Vandertoornia’ or ‘Vandertoornia’ or ‘vandertoornii’ or ‘vandertoornii’ or ‘Toornia’ or ‘toornii’ ‘Toornia’ or ‘toornii’ after van der after van der Toorn, ‘Vandammella’ or Toorn, ‘Vandammella’ or ‘vandammei’ ‘vandammei’ after Vandamme). after Vandamme). (v) The adjective Saint (San, Sankt, Santo, -a, Sveti, etc.) as part of some (v) The adjective Saint (San, Sankt, family names may be omitted or united Santo, -a, Sveti, etc.) as part of some to the name (e.g. ‘Exuperya’ or family names may be omitted or united ‘exuperyi’ after Saint-Exupéry, to the name (e.g., ‘Exuperya’ or ‘Sanmartinia’ or ‘sanmartinii’ after San ‘exuperyi’ after Saint-Exupéry, The Editorial Board replaced a theoretical Martin). santarosai after Santa Rosa. example with a real epithet (genus Leptospira santarosai). (e) Rarely, generic names or specific (e) Rarely, generic names or specific epithets have been formed from epithets have been formed from forenames (first names, given names, forenames (first names, given names, Christian names), i.e. not from the Christian names), i.e., not from the family name. family name. Examples: Erwinia was named after Examples: Erwinia was named after Erwin F. Smith; the first name Arletta Erwin F. Smith; the first name Arletta appears in Staphylococcus arlettae appears in Staphylococcus arlettae (N.L. (N.L. gen. n. arlettae of Arletta, named gen. n. arlettae of Arletta, named after after Arlette van de Kerckhove). First Arlette van de Kerckhove). First names names may be chosen in order to avoid may be chosen in order to avoid rather rather long family names or unusually long family names or unusually long long (hyphenated) double names. (hyphenated) double names. (f) In cases of very frequent family (f) In cases of very frequent family names where the honoured person is names where the honoured person is not easily identifiable, first and family not easily identifiable, first and family name may be contracted without name may be contracted without connecting vowel or hyphenation, but connecting vowel or hyphenation, but otherwise treated like a single family otherwise treated like a single family name. name. Examples: Owenweeksia, Examples: Owenweeksia, Elizabethkingia. Elizabethkingia. (4) Personal names in specific epithets (4) Personal names in specific epithets (a) To form specific epithets from (a) Two possibilities exist to form personal names there are principally specific epithets from personal names: two possibilities: the adjective form the adjective form and the genitive and the genitive noun form. The noun form. The adjective form has no adjective form has no means to means to recognize the sex of the recognize the sex of the honoured honoured person, which, in principle, is person, which, in principle, is not not necessary for nomenclatural necessary for nomenclatural purposes. purposes. The personal names receive The personal names receive appropriate endings according to the appropriate endings according to the gender of the generic name, as gender of the generic name as indicated in Table 4. Thus, an epithet is indicated in Table 3. Thus an adjective formed that has the meaning of epithet is formed that has the meaning ‘pertaining/relating/belonging to... (the of ‘pertaining/relating/belonging to... person)’. (the person)’. (b) When the genitive of a Latinized (b) When the genitive of a Latinized latinized? personal name is formed for a specific personal name is formed for a specific epithet, the sex of the person to be epithet, the sex of the person to be honoured may be taken into honoured may be taken into consideration as indicated in Table 4. consideration, as indicated in Table 5. On the basis of classical, medieval and On the basis of classical, medieval and Neo-Latin usage, any of the forms of Neo-Latin usage, any of the forms of Latinization listed in Table 4 may be Latinization listed in Table 5 may be chosen. As evident from Table 4, the chosen. As evident from Table 5, the formation of specific epithets from formation of specific epithets from personal names as genitive nouns personal names, as genitive nouns, poses certain problems only with poses certain problems only with names ending in -a and -o. names ending in -a and -o. (c) The recommendations and rules for (c) The recommendations and rules for genus names as given above [D (3), (c)– genus names, as given above [D (3), (c)– (f)] are also applicable for specific (f)], are also applicable for specific epithets. Appropriate examples are epithets. Appropriate examples are given there. given there. E. Formation of Prokaryote Names E. Formation of Prokaryote Names from Geographical Names from Geographical Names (1) The formation of prokaryote names (1) The formation of prokaryote names from geographical names has no from geographical names has no geopolitical meaning, i.e. such names geopolitical meaning, i.e., such names cannot be used to express geopolitical cannot be used to express geopolitical claims. claims. (2) Unlike epithets derived from (2) Unlike epithets derived from personal names, epithets on the basis personal names, epithets on the basis of geographical names cannot be of geographical names cannot be formed as substantives in the genitive formed as substantives in the genitive case. They must be adjectives and are case. They must be adjectives and are usually constructed by adding the usually constructed by adding the ending –ensis (masculine or feminine ending –ensis (masculine or feminine gender) or -ense (neuter gender) to the gender) or -ense (neuter gender) to the geographical name in agreement with geographical name and in agreement the latter’s gender. Only if the name of with the latter’s gender. Only if the the locality ends in -a or -e or -en, name of the locality ends in -a or -e or - these letters are dropped before en, are these letters dropped before adding -ensis/-ense (e.g. jenensis from adding -ensis/-ense (e.g., jenensis from Jena, californiensis from California, Jena, californiensis from California, drentensis from Drente, bremensis drentensis from Drente, bremensis from from Bremen). If the locality’s name Bremen). If the locality’s name ends in - ends in -o, the ending becomes - o, the ending becomes -nensis/-nense nensis/-nense (e.g. the name of the (e.g., the name of the Japanese city Japanese city Sapporo: sapporonensis, Sapporo: sapporonensis, sapporonense). sapporonense). (3) Quite a number of localities in the (3) Quite a number of localities in the Old World (Europe, Asia, Africa) have Old World (Europe, Asia, Africa) have classical Greek, Latin or medieval Lati classical Greek, Latin or medieval Lati names and adjectives derived from names and adjectives derived from these: aegyptius (Egypt), africanus these: aegyptius (Egypt), africanus (Africa), arabicus (Arabia), asiaticus (Africa), arabicus (Arabia), asiaticus (Asia), balticus (Baltic Sea), bavaricus (Asia), balticus (Baltic Sea), bavaricus (Bavaria), bretonicus (Brittany), (Bavaria), bretonicus (Brittany), britannicus (Britain), europaeus britannicus (Britain), europaeus (Europe), frisius (Friesland), gallicus (Europe), frisius (Friesland), gallicus (France), germanicus (Germany), (France), germanicus (Germany), graecus (Greece), hellenicus (Hellas, graecus (Greece), hellenicus (Hellas, classical Greece), helveticus classical Greece), helveticus (Switzerland), hibernicus (Ireland), (Switzerland), hibernicus (Ireland), hispanicus (Spain), hungaricus hispanicus (Spain), hungaricus (Hungary), ibericus (Spain/Portugal, the (Hungary), ibericus (Spain/Portugal, the Iberian peninsula), indicus (India), Iberian peninsula), indicus (India), italicus (Italy), mediterraneus italicus (Italy), mediterraneus (Mediterranean Sea), persicus (Persia, (Mediterranean Sea), persicus (Persia, Iran), polonus (Poland), rhenanus Iran), polonus (Poland), rhenanus (Rhineland), romanus (Rome), (Rhineland), romanus (Rome), saxonicus (Saxony), etc. Later, Neo- saxonicus (Saxony), etc. Neo-Latin Latin names were also given to many names were given also to many other other non-European parts of the world, non-European parts of the world, so so adjectives like americanus adjectives like americanus (America), (America), antarcticus (Antarctica), antarcticus (‘southern’ in classical Latin) australicus (Australia), cubanus (Cuba), (Antarctica), australicus (Australia), mexicanus (Mexico), japonicus (Japan), cubanus (Cuba), mexicanus (Mexico), etc. were introduced. Wherever such japonicus (Japan), etc. were introduced. older adjectives exist they may be used Wherever such older adjectives exist as specific epithets to indicate they may be used as specific epithets to geographical origins. indicate geographical origins. (4) European and Mediterranean cities (4) European and Mediterranean cities and places of classical times may have and places of classical times may have had quite different names than today, had quite different names than today, e.g. Lucentum (Alicante, Spain), e.g., Lucentum (Alicante, Spain), Argentoratum (Strasbourg, France), Argentoratum (Strasbourg, France), Lutetia (Paris, France), Traiectum Lutetia (Paris, France), Traiectum (Utrecht, Netherlands), Ratisbona (Utrecht, Netherlands), Ratisbona (Regensburg, Germany), Eboracum (Regensburg, Germany), Eboracum (York, UK), Londinium (London, UK) and (York, UK), Londinium (London, UK) and Hafnia (København, Denmark), which Hafnia (København, Denmark), which lead to the respective adjectives lead to the respective adjectives lucentensis, argentoratensis, lucentensis, argentoratensis, lutetiensis, lutetiensis, traiectensis, ratisbonensis, traiectensis, ratisbonensis, eboracensis, eboracensis, londiniensis and hafniensis londiniensis and hafniensis. but, alternatively, the Neo-Latin Alternatively, the Neo-Latin adjectives adjectives of the modern names may of the modern names may be used: also be used: alicantensis, alicantensis, strasbourgensis, strasbourgensis, parisensis, parisensis, utrechtensis, utrechtensis, regensburgensis, regensburgensis, yorkensis, yorkensis, londonensis, londonensis, kobenhavnensis, kobenhavnensis, respectively. respectively. (5) Many localities (mostly lakes, rivers, (5) Many localities (mostly lakes, rivers, seas, islands, capes, rocks, mountains seas, islands, capes, rocks, mountains or valleys, but also some cities and or valleys, but also some cities and towns) have names that consist of two towns) have names that consist of two words, usually an adjective and a words, usually an adjective and a substantive (noun) (e.g. Deep Lake, substantive (noun) (e.g., Deep Lake, Black Sea, Red River, Rio Grande, Long Black Sea, Red River, Rio Grande, Long Island, Blue Mountain, Baton Rouge, Island, Blue Mountain, Baton Rouge, Santa Cruz, Saint Germain, Sankt Santa Cruz, Saint Germain, Sankt Georgen, etc.) or two substantives (e.g. Georgen, etc.) or two substantives (e.g., Death Valley, Lake Windermere, Loch Death Valley, Lake Windermere, Loch Ness, Martha’s Vineyard, Ayers Rock, Ness, Martha’s Vineyard, Ayers Rock, Woods Hole, Cape Cod, Monte Carlo, Woods Hole, Cape Cod, Monte Carlo, etc.). The formation of specific epithets etc.). The formation of specific epithets from such localities’ names may pose a from the names of such localities may problem, as the use of the adjectival pose a problem, as the use of the suffix -ensis, -ense may lead to rather adjectival suffix -ensis, -ense may lead strange looking or awkward to rather strange looking or awkward constructions, such as ‘deeplakensis’ or constructions, such as ‘deeplakensis’ or ‘bluemountainense’, although they ‘bluemountainense’, although they would be formally correct. If a name of would be formally correct. If the name a locality lends itself to translation into of a locality lends itself to translation Latin, specific epithets may as well be into Latin, specific epithets may be formed as genitive substantives of the formed, as well as genitive substantives two components and concatenating of the two components and them without hyphenation, like the concatenating them without existing ones lacusprofundi (of Deep hyphenation, such as the existing Lake), marisnigri (of the Black Sea), lacusprofundi (of Deep Lake), marisnigri marismortui (of the Dead Sea) or, of (of the Black Sea), marismortui (of the two nouns, vallismortis (of Death Dead Sea) or, of two nouns, vallismortis Valley). (of Death Valley). See also Section A (1) (b) above. Note. In Latin the basic noun comes Note. In Latin, the basic noun comes first, the determining word (adjective first, the determining word (adjective or or noun) second. noun) second. (6) The inclusion of articles (such as (6) The inclusion of articles (such as, the, el, o, il, le, la, a, de, der, die, das, the, el, o, il, le, la, a, de, der, die, das, den, het or their plurals the, los, las, os, den, het or their plurals the, los, las, os, as, les, ils, gli, le, de, die,s’, etc.) as they as, les, ils, gli, le, de, die, ‘s, etc.) as they are used for locations in several are used for locations in several languages (e.g. La Paz, El Ferrol, El languages (e.g., La Paz, El Ferrol, El Alamein, Le Havre, The Netherlands, Alamein, Le Havre, The Netherlands, Die Schweiz, Den Haag, s’ Die Schweiz, Den Haag, ‘s Hertogenbosch, Los Angeles, etc.) Hertogenbosch, Los Angeles, etc.) should be avoided. Articles would should be avoided. Articles would unnecessarily elongate names without unnecessarily elongate names without adding information. adding information. F. Formation of Names for F. Formation of Names for Prokaryotes Prokaryotes Living in Association or Living in Association or Symbiosis with Symbiosis with Other Biota Other Biota (1) For the formation of names for (1) For the formation of names for prokaryotes that live in association or prokaryotes that live in association or symbiosis with plants, fungi, animals or symbiosis with plants, fungi, animals or other prokaryotes it is important to other prokaryotes, it is important to know the exact meaning of the know the exact meaning of the nomenclatural name of such a partner nomenclatural name of such a partner and how it was formed (adjective, and how it was formed (adjective, genitive noun, etc.). genitive noun, etc.). (2) The easiest way of forming such (2) The easiest way of forming such specific epithets is the use of the specific epithets is the use of the genitive case of the generic name of genitive case of the generic name of the the associated organism in question, associated organism in question, e.g., e.g. suis, equi, bovis, muscae, muris, suis, equi, bovis, muscae, muris, aquilae, falconis, gypis, elephantis (of aquilae, falconis, gypis, elephantis (of the pig, horse, cow, fly, mouse, eagle, the pig, horse, cow, fly, mouse, eagle, falcon, vulture, elephant), or fagi, falcon, vulture, elephant), or fagi, quercus (4th declension genitive, quercus (4th declension genitive, spoken with long u), castaneae, spoken with long u), castaneae, aesculi, aesculi, rosae, liliae (of the beech, oak, rosae, liliae (of the beech, oak, chestnut, horse chestnut, rose, lily). chestnut, horse chestnut, rose, lily). (3) Alternatively the genitive of the (3) Alternatively, the genitive of the plural is recommendable, especially if plural is recommended, especially if several species of the associated several species of the associated (usually) eukaryotic genus house the (usually) eukaryotic genus house the prokaryote species in question. To prokaryote species in question. To form form the plural genitive one needs to the plural genitive, one needs to know know the stem and declension of the the stem and declension of the word. word. The following examples may be The following examples may be of of some assistance: assistance: (a) 1st declension: -arum (muscarum, (a) 1st declension: -arum (muscarum, of of flies, rosarum, of roses); flies, rosarum, of roses); (b) 2nd declension: -orum (equorum, of (b) 2nd declension: -orum (equorum, of horses, pinorum, of pines); horses, pinorum, of pines); (c) 3rd declension (consonant stems): - (c) 3rd declension (consonant stems): - um (leonum, of lions, leguminum, of um (leonum, of lions, leguminum, of legumes); legumes); (d) 3rd declension (vocal and mixed (d) 3rd declension (vocal and mixed stems): -ium (felium, of cats, stems): -ium (felium, of cats, ruminantium, of ruminants); ruminantium, of ruminants); (e) 4th declension: -um (quercum, of (e) 4th declension: -um (quercum, of oaks); oaks); (f) 5th declension: -rum (scabierum, of (f) 5th declension: -rum (scabierum, of different forms of scabies, a skin different forms of scabies, a skin desease). desease). Note. Be aware of irregular forms such Note. Be aware of irregular forms such as bos (the cow), genitive bovis, plural as bos (the cow), genitive bovis, plural genitive boum; canis (the dog), genitive genitive boum; canis (the dog), genitive canis, plural genitive canum. Use canis, plural genitive canum. Use dictionaries. dictionaries. G. Names Originating from Languages G. Names Originating from Languages Other than Latin or Greek Other than Latin or Classical Greek (1) As the Code defined Latin or, (1) As the Code defined Latin or, better, Oren A, Schink B. Use of better, Neo-Latin as the language of Neo-Latin as the language of Greek in the prokaryotic prokaryote nomenclature, names prokaryote nomenclature, names nomenclature: proposal should not be taken from other should not be taken from other to change Principle 3, languages as long as they may be languages as long as they may be Recommendation 6, constructed from Latin or Greek word constructed from Latin or Classical Rule 7, Rule 65 and stems [Recommendation 6 (3)]. Greek word stems [Recommendation 6 Appendix 9 of the (3)]. International Code of Only Latin gender endings are Nomenclature. Int J Syst Only Latin gender endings are permitted. Greek endings must be Evol Microbiol permitted. Greek endings must be transformed into Latin endings. 2020;70:3559-3560. transformed into Latin endings. Example: The formation of the epithet Example: The formation of the epithet simbae from the East African Swahili simbae from the East African Swahili word simba, lion, for a Mycoplasma word simba, lion, for a Mycoplasma species was not necessary because the species was not necessary because in corresponding Latin epithet leonis (of this genus the corresponding Latin the lion) had not been used in this epithet leonis (of the lion) had not genus. been used before. (2) When it becomes unavoidable to (2) When it becomes unavoidable to use a word from another language the use a word from another language the word stem must be identified before word stem must be identified before Latinization. Latinization. latinization? Example: The Arabic word ‘alkali’ (al- Example: The Arabic word ‘alkali’ (al- qaliy, the ashes of saltwort) from which qaliy, the ashes of saltwort) from which the element kalium (K; English, the element kalium (K; English, potassium) received its name. As the -i potassium) received its name. Since the at the end of the word belongs to the -i at the end of the word belongs to the stem it is wrong to speak and write of stem, it is wrong to speak and write, of alcalophilic instead of alkaliphilic alcalophilic, instead of alkaliphilic microbes. microbes. (3) Typical usages of the other (3) Typical usages of other languages language should not be carried over should not be carried over into Latin. into Latin. Example: The English suffix -philic (e.g. Example: The English suffix -philic (e.g., hydrophilic: friendly to water, water- hydrophilic: friendly to water, water- loving) is an English transformation of loving) is an English transformation of the Latin -philus, -a, -um (originating the Latin -philus, -a, -um (originating from Greek philos, friendly). Therefore from Greek philos, friendly). Therefore, the ending -philicus must be avoided the ending -philicus must be avoided and -philus be used instead. and -philus should be used instead. (4) National foods or fermentation (4) National foods or fermentation products (e.g. sake, tofu, miso, yogurt, products (e.g., sake, tofu, miso, yogurt, kvas, kefir, pombe, pulque, aiva, etc.) kvas, kefir, pombe, pulque, aiva, etc.) often do not have equivalent Latin often do not have equivalent Latin names and if typical micro-organisms names, although microorganisms may found in them or causing their be named after such foods or food fermentations are described, they may products if found in them or cause be named after them. These names fermentations, they may be named cannot be used unaltered just as after them. These names cannot be specific epithets in the form of used unaltered just as specific epithets nominative substantives in apposition. in the form of nominative substantives They are properly Latinized by forming in apposition. They are properly a neuter substantive from them by latinized by forming a neuter Latinized or latinized? adding -um (e.g. sakeum, tofuum, substantive by adding -um (e.g., kefirum, pombeum, etc.) and the use of sakeum, tofuum, kefirum, pombeum, the genitive of that (ending -i) in the etc.) and the use of the genitive of that specific epithet (e.g. sakei, tofui, kefiri, (ending -i) in the specific epithet (e.g., pombei, etc.). sakei, tofui, kefiri, pombei, etc.). H. Formation of Prokaryote Names H. Formation of Prokaryote Names from Names of Elements and from Names of Elements and Compounds Used in Chemistry and Compounds Used in Chemistry and Pharmacy Pharmacy (1) The vast majority of names of (1) The vast majority of names of chemicals are Latinized as neuter chemicals are latinized as neuter nouns Latinized? nouns of the 2nd declension with of the 2nd declension with nominatives nominatives ending -um, genitives in -i. ending -um, genitives in -i. The The following groups belong in this following groups belong in this category: category: (a) Most of the chemical elements with (a) Most of the chemical elements with the exception of carbon (L. carbo, the exception of carbon (L. carbo, carbonis) phosphorus (L. phosphorus, carbonis) phosphorus (L. phosphorus, phosphori) and sulfur (L. sulfur, sulfuris) phosphori) and sulfur (L. sulfur, sulfuris) have the ending -(i)um with the have the ending -(i)um with the genitive genitive ending in -(i)i; nitrogen may ending in -(i)i; nitrogen may also be also be called azotum besides called azotum besides nitrogenium, nitrogenium, calcium may also be calcium may also be called calx called calx (genitive calcis). (genitive calcis). (b) Names of chemical and biochemical (b) Names of chemical and biochemical compounds ending in -ide (including compounds ending in -ide (including anions), -in, -ane, -ene, -one, -ol (only anions), -in, -ane, -ene, -one, -ol (only non-alcoholic compounds), -ose non-alcoholic compounds), -ose (sugars), -an (polysaccharides) and -ase (sugars), -an (polysaccharides) and -ase (enzymes) are Latinized by adding the (enzymes) are latinized by adding the Latinized? ending -um or by replacing the -e at the ending -um or by replacing the -e at the end by -um as appropriate. end by -um as appropriate. (c) Acids are named by acidum (L. (c) Acids are named by acidum (L. neuter noun, acid), followed by a neuter noun, acid), followed by a descriptive neuter adjective, e.g. descriptive neuter adjective, e.g., sulfurous acid acidum sulfurosum, sulfurous acid acidum sulfurosum, sulfuric acid acidum sulfuricum, acetic sulfuric acid acidum sulfuricum, acetic acid acidum aceticum. acid acidum aceticum. (2) The second largest category of (2) The second largest category of chemicals are treated as neuter nouns chemicals are treated as neuter nouns of the 3rd declension: These are those of the 3rd declension: These end in -ol ending in -ol (the alcohols), -al (the alcohols), -al (aldehydes), -er (aldehydes), -er (ethers, esters) and -yl (ethers, esters) and -yl (organic (organic radicals); Latinization does not radicals); latinization does not change Latinization? change their names at the end, their names at the end, whereas the whereas the genitive is formed by genitive is formed by adding -is. adding -is. (3) Anions ending in -ite and -ate are (3) Anions ending in -ite and -ate are treated as masculine nouns of the 3rd treated as masculine nouns of the 3rd declension. The English ending -ite is declension. The English ending -ite is Latinized to -is, with the genitive -itis, latinized to -is, with the genitive -itis, Latinized? e.g. nitrite becomes nitris, nitritis. The e.g., nitrite becomes nitris, nitritis. The English ending -ate is Latinized to -as, English ending -ate is latinized to -as, with the genitive -atis, e.g. nitrate with the genitive -atis, e.g., nitrate becomes nitras, nitratis. becomes nitras, nitratis. (4) Only a few chemicals have names (4) Only a few chemicals have names that are Latinized in the 1st declension that are latinized in the 1st declension Latinized? as feminine nouns, ending in -a with a as feminine nouns, ending in -a with a genitive in -ae. Besides chemicals that genitive in -ae. Besides chemicals that always had names ending in -a (like always had names ending in -a (like urea), these are drugs found in classical urea), these are chemicals found in and medieval Latin, such as gentian classical and medieval Latin, such as (gentiana) and camphor (camphora), gentian (gentiana) and camphor and further modern drugs, whose Latin (camphora), as well as modern drugs, names were formed by adding -a, like wherein the Latin names were formed the French ergot becoming ergota in by adding -a, such as the French ergot, Latin. An important group of this becoming ergota in Latin. An important category are alkaloids and other group of this category are alkaloids and organic bases, such as nucleic acid other organic bases, such as nucleic bases and amino acids with English acid bases and amino acids with English names ending in -ine. In Neo-Latin this names ending in -ine. In Neo-Latin this ending is -ina, with the genitive -inae. ending is -ina, with the genitive -inae. Examples: betaina, -ae; atropina, -ae; Examples: betaina, -ae; atropina, -ae; adenina, -ae; alanina, -ae. adenina, -ae; alanina, -ae. (5) Names of pharmaceutical and (5) Names of pharmaceutical and chemical products or their registered chemical products or their registered or or unregistered trade names are unregistered trade names are latinized Latinized? Latinized following the instructions following the instructions given above. given above. (6) For their use in prokaryote generic (6) The word stems and genitives of names and specific epithets, word latinized chemical names are the basis Latinized? stems and genitives of Latinized for their use in prokaryote generic chemical names are the basis. In names and specific epithets. In principle they are then treated like any principle, they are then treated like any other word elements. other word elements. I. Arbitrary Names I. Arbitrary Names (1) The basis for arbitrary names are (1) The basis for arbitrary names are Oren A, Garrity GM, Rules 10a and 12c of the Code: ‘genus Rules 10a and 12c of the Code: ‘genus Schink B, Ventura S. names or specific epithets may be names or specific epithets may be ‘Localimania’ revisited: taken from any source and may even taken from any source and may even be guidelines for the be composed in an arbitrary manner’. composed in an arbitrary manner’. They formation of specific They must, however, be treated as must, however, be treated as Latin. epithets for names of Latin. Often they are vocalized Often they are vocalized abbreviations prokaryotes based on abbreviations or contractions of or contractions of names. Examples: names of institutions or names. Examples: Cedecea, Afipia, Cedecea, Afipia, Kordia, Kribbella, their acronyms. A Kordia, Kribbella, Waddlia and Waddlia and Desemzia, that were proposal for emendation Desemzia, that were derived from the derived from the acronyms CDC of Appendix 9 to the acronyms CDC (Centers for Disease (Centers for Disease Control), AFIP International Code of Control), AFIP (Armed Forces Institute (Armed Forces Institute of Pathology), Nomenclature of of Pathology), KORDI (Korea Ocean KORDI (Korea Ocean Research and Prokaryotes. Int J Syst Research and Development Institute), Development Institute), KRIBB (Korean Evol Microbiol KRIBB (Korean Research Institute of Research Institute of Bioscience and 2017;67:1618–1619. Bioscience and Biotechnology), WADDL Biotechnology), WADDL (Washington (Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory) Laboratory) and DSMZ (Deutsche and DSMZ (Deutsche Sammlung von Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen), Zellkulturen), respectively. Another respectively. Another example is example is Simkania (contracted from Simkania (contracted from the name the name Simona Kahane). Examples Simona Kahane). Examples for arbitrary for arbitrary specific epithets are specific epithets are (Burkholderia) (Burkholderia) unamae, derived from unamae, derived from the acronym the acronym UNAM (Universidad UNAM (Universidad Nacional Nacional Autónoma de México), Autónoma de México), (Brevundimonas) nasdae, derived from (Brevundimonas) nasdae, derived from the acronym NASDA (National Space the acronym NASDA (National Space Development Agency of Japan), and Development Agency of Japan), and (Flavobacterium) micromati derived (Flavobacterium) micromati derived from the abbreviation MICROMAT from the abbreviation MICROMAT (MICROMAT project ‘Biodiversity of (MICROMAT project ‘Biodiversity of Microbial Mats in Antarctica’). Microbial Mats in Antarctica’). Arbitrary specific epithets based on acronyms, e.g., of names of research institutions, universities, etc. are preferentially formed as substantives (nouns) in the genitive case. Use of adjectives with -(i)anus, -(i)ana, (i)anum endings is possible, as well. The ending -ensis/-ense, prescribed for geographical locations must be avoided in such cases. (2) When proposing arbitrary names or (2) When proposing arbitrary names or epithets, authors should aim at short, epithets, authors should aim at short, elegant, easily spelled and pronounced elegant, easily spelled and pronounced ones. ones. Note. With arbitrary genus names the Note. With arbitrary genus names, the gender must also be indicated. gender must also be indicated. REFERENCES5 REFERENCES5 Footnote: 5. This list of literature is Footnote: 5. This list of literature is intended to be informative and helpful, intended to be informative and helpful, but is not an official part of Appendix 9. but is not an official part of Appendix 9. Buchanan RE. Chemical terminology Buchanan RE. Chemical terminology and microbiological nomenclature. Int J and microbiological nomenclature. Int Syst Bacteriol 1994;44:566–590. Bull Bacteriol Nomencl Taxon 1960;10:16-22; Reprinted: Int J Syst Bacteriol 1994;44:588–590.

MacAdoo TO. Nomenclatural literacy. MacAdoo TO. Nomenclatural literacy. In: Goodfellow M and O’Donnell AG In: Goodfellow M and O’Donnell AG (eds). Handbook of New Bacterial (eds). Handbook of New Bacterial Systematics. Systematics. London: Academic Press; 1993. pp. London: Academic Press; 1993. pp. 339–358. 339–358.

Oren A, Schink B. Formation of names of genera of prokaryotes that end on – oides or –opsis: A proposal for addenda to Rule 65(2) and to Appendix 9 of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2016;66:2452–2453.

Oren A, Schink B. Use of Greek in prokaryotic nomenclature: proposal to change Principle 3, Recommendation 6, Rule 7, Rule 65 and Appendix 9 of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2020;70:3559–3560.

Oren A, Schink B. Further guidelines for the formation of compound specific and subspecific epithets. A proposal to emend Appendix 9 of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2020;70:3561– 3562.

Oren A, Vandamme P, Schink B. Notes on the use of Greek roots in the genus and species names of prokaryotes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2016;66:2129–2140.

Oren A, Garrity GM, Schink B, Ventura S. ‘Localimania’ revisited: guidelines for the formation of specific epithets for names of prokaryotes based on names of institutions or their acronyms. A proposal for emendation of Appendix 9 to the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2017;67:1618–1619.

Oren A, Chuvochina M, Schink B. The use of Greek and Latin prepositions and prefixes in compound names: proposed emendation of Appendix 9 of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2019;69:1831–1832.

Oren A, Chuvochina M, Ventura S. Formation of compound generic names based on personal names: a proposal for emendation of Appendix 9 of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2019;69:594–596.

Trüper HG. Help! Latin! How to avoid Trüper HG. Help! Latin! How to avoid the most common mistakes while the most common mistakes while giving giving Latin names to newly discovered Latin names to newly discovered prokaryotes. prokaryotes. Microbiologia 1996;12:473–475. Microbiologia 1996;12:473–475.

Trüper HG. How to name a Trüper HG. How to name a prokaryote? prokaryote? Etymological Etymological considerations, proposals considerations, proposals and practical and practical advice in prokaryote advice in prokaryote nomenclature. FEMS Microbiol Rev nomenclature. FEMS Microbiol Rev 1999;23:231–249. 1999;23:231–249.

Trüper HG. Etymology in nomenclature Trüper HG. Etymology in nomenclature of procaryotes. In: Boone DR, of procaryotes. In: Boone DR, Castenholz RW and Garrity GM. (eds) Castenholz RW and Garrity GM. (eds) Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2nd edn, vol. 1, New Bacteriology, 2nd edn, vol. 1, New York: York: Springer; 2001. pp. 89–99. Springer; 2001. pp. 89–99.

Trüper HG. The use of Neolatin in Trüper HG. The use of Neolatin in biological nomenclature. biological nomenclature. Neulateinisches Jahrb J Neo-Latin Lang Neulateinisches Jahrb J Neo-Latin Lang Lit 2004;6:318–327. Lit 2004;6:318–327.

Trüper HG. Is ‘localimania’ becoming a Trüper HG. Is ‘localimania’ becoming a fashion for prokaryote taxonomists? fashion for prokaryote taxonomists? Int Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2005;55:1753. J Syst Evol Microbiol 2005;55:1753.

Trüper HG. Neo-Latinists worldwide Trüper HG. Neo-Latinists worldwide willing to help microbiologists. Int J willing to help microbiologists. Int J Syst Syst Evol Microbiol 2007;57:1164– Evol Microbiol 2007;57:1164–1166. 1166. Trüper HG, Euzéby JP. International Trüper HG, Euzéby JP. International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes. Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes. Appendix 9: Orthography. Int J Syst Appendix 9: Orthography. Int J Syst Evol Evol Microbiol 2009;59:2107–2113. Microbiol 2009;59:2107–2113.

For future consideration, the Editorial Board may think again about inconsistencies in the use of -i- as connecting vowel e.g. in species epithets that are in fact noun phrases rather than nouns: (Candidatus) audaxviator, marismortui, marisrubri, marisflavi, aquaemaris which are used instead of a compound noun built by concatenating roots (mortimaris, rubrimaris, flavimaris etc). Examples that were discussed by the nomenclature reviewers of the IJSEM in recent months: aegraelactucae (of diseased lettuce) and musaesoli (of banana soil).

New version of Table 1:

Table 1. Examples of Latin adjectives

Masculine Feminine Neuter English translation 1st and 2nd declension bonus* bona bonum good aureus* aurea aureum golden miser misera miserum wretched piger pigra pigrum fat, lazy ruber rubra rubrum red pulcher pulchra pulchrum beautiful 3rd declension puter putris putre rotten celer celeris celere rapid facilis* facilis facile easy facilior facilior facilius easier maior maior maius more minor minor minus less simplex simplex simplex simple egens† egens egens needy *Most common types. †Infinive (present) participle used as adjective

Table 2. Ways to form generic names from personal names

Personal Person Direct formation Person Diminutive formation name ending in Add Example Diminutive Example ending ending -a da Rocha -ea Rochalimaea Shiga drop a, add Shigella Lima -ella -e Benecke -a Beneckea Bruce -lla Brucella Hoppe -ia Hoppeia -i Nevski -a Nevskia Terasaki -ella Terazakiella -o Beggiato -a Beggiatoa Seino -nella Seinonella Kozako -nia Kozakonia -u Simidu -ia Simiduia Shimazu -ella Shimazuella -y Euzéby -a Euzebya Bergey -ella Bergeyella -er Buchner -a Buchnera Stanier -ella Stanierella Lister -ia Listeria Turner -iella Turneriella Any Nocard -ia Nocardia Klebs -(i)ella Klebsiella consonant De Vos -ia Devosia Salmon -(i)ella Salmonella Escherich -ia Escherichia Sneath -(i)ella Sneathiella

The Editorial Board changed hypothetical examples given in the previous version of the Code to ‘real’ names with standing in the nomenclature.

Table 3. Formation of compound generic names in which the first word element is derived from a personal name. Existing generic names with standing in nomenclature are printed in italic type; hypothetical names provided as examples are in roman type. (m) and (f) refer to names of male and female persons, respectively. gen. = genitive.

Ending of Examples of names and latinized equivalents Examples of compound names name -a Ōhara (m)  Oharaeus, gen. Oharaei Oharaeibacter (or Oharaus, gen. Oharai) Oharaisarcina (or Oharaius, gen. Oharaii) Oharaiispirillum Volta (m)  Voltaus, gen. Voltai Voltaimonas Johanna (f)  Johanna, gen. Johannae Johannicoccus Mateka (f)  Matekaia, gen. Matekaiae Matekaiibacterium Julia (f)  Juliaea, gen. Juliaeae Juliaeirhabdus -e, -é Pace (m)  Paceus, gen. Pacei Paceibacter Curie (f)  Curiea, gen. Curieae Curieibacterium -i Terasaki (m)  Terasakius, gen. Terasakii Terasakiispira Yabuuchi (f)  Yabuuchia, gen. Yabuuchiae Yabuuchiispira -o Augusto Franco-Mora (m)  Franco, gen. Franconibacter Franconis (m) Alternative: Franco  Franconius, gen. Franconii Franconiimonas Cato (f)  Catonia, gen. Catoniae Catoniispirillum -u Le Testu (m)  Letestuius, gen. Letestuii Letestuiinema (more correct than Plateau-Quénu (f)  Quenuia, gen. Quenuiae Letestuinema) Quenuiibaculum -y Ráthay (m)  Rathayus, gen. Rathayi Rathayibacter Betty (f)  Bettya, gen. Bettyae Bettyisarcina -er Rubner (m)  Rubnerus, gen. Rubneri Rubneribacter Geitler (m)  Geitlerus, gen. Geitleri Geitlerinema Koehler (f)  Koehlera, gen. Koehlerae Koehlerimicrobium Any other Rummel (m)  Rummelius, gen. Rummelii Young Rummeliibacillus letter (m)  Youngius, gen. Youngii Youngiitalea Young (f)  Youngia, gen. Youngiae Youngiibacter

Oren A, Chuvochina M, Schink B. Formation of compound generic names based on personal names: a proposal for emendation of Appendix 9 of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2019;69:594–596.

Table 4. Formation of specific epithets from personal names in the adjective form1

1Names in quotation marks are hypothetical examples.

Ending of Example Add the endings for gender Examples name family name Masculine Feminine Neuter consonant Brock -ianus -iana -ianum Thermus brockianus Colwell Alteromonas colwelliana Clostridium Pasteur pasteurianum -a Migula -nus -na -num Aneurinibacillus migulanus Loya Thalassomonas loyana -e Love -anus -ana -anum Porphyromonas loveana -i Palleroni -anus -ana -anum Pseudomonas palleroniana Li Cyclobacterium lianum -o ‘Guerrero’ -anus -ana -anum ‘guerreroanus’ -u ‘Manescu’ -anus -ana -anum ‘manescuanus’ -y Olley -anus -ana -anum Shewanella olleyana

This table was updated by using as much as possible examples of names with standing in the nomenclature.

Table 5. Formation of specific epithets from personal names as genitive nouns4

3Names in quotation marks are hypothetical examples.

Ending of Add for Example female Add for Example male person name female person male -a -e (1st Yano Ikuya, -e Volta, voltae declension) yanoikuyae (classic) -eae Pamela Lee Oxley, -i Oshima, oshimai pameleae -iae Mateka, ‘matekaiae’ -ei Mukohata, mukohataei -ii Vora, voraii -e, -é -ae Curie, curieae -i Beveridge, beveridgei -i -ae Yabuuchi, yabuuchiae -i Giovannoni, giovannonii -o -niae Cato, catoniae -nis Hirano, hiranonis -u -iae Plateau-Quénu, -ii Brisou, brisouii quenuiae -y -ae Olley, olleyae -i De Ley, deleyi -as drop -as, add - Thomas, ‘thomae’ drop -as, Cosmas, ‘cosmae’ ae add -ae -iae Liceras de Hidalgo, -ii Chagas, chagasii liceasiae -er -ae Miller, millerae -i Stutzer, stutzeri any other -iae Gordon, gordoniae -ii Pfennig, pfennigii letter

This table was updated by using as much as possible examples of names with standing in the nomenclature.