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A Shift in Dharma

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A Shift in Dharma A Shift in Dharma Changes in Conceptualisations of Faith Among Second-Generation Hindus in Oslo By Ram E. Gupta A thesis presented to the Department of Culture Studies, University of Oslo, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Cand.Philol. degree in History of Religion Autumn semester 2002 (Reprint Edition) 2 ABSTRACT This is a study of a Hindu community in diaspora. Based on analysis of fieldwork data that was collected among second-generation North Indian Hindus in the city of Oslo, the thesis identifies various tendencies among informants that are described as changes in their conceptualisation of religion. The thesis argues that these changes amount to a convergence with conceptualisations of religion that are common in their Norwegian host society. The way that informants think about religion, in other words, appears to be approaching the way that many Norwegians think about religion. One of the conclusions drawn from this observation is that although informants retain a clear sense of Hindu identity in terms of observable praxis and self-understanding, their concept of the category of religion displays structural similarities with concepts of religion found in Western European thought. The transition between different types of conceptualisation is analysed as a shift between the Hindu notion of dharma, and Western conceptualisations of religion, such they are found in e.g. the traditions of Protestantism, and which are influential in Norway. While discussing this shift, the Hindu notion of dharma is proposed as a yardstick for important aspects of conceptualisations of religion among Hindus. The justification for doing so is taken from the argument that the notion of dharma is a supplier of assumptions and premises for concepts of religion that are common among Hindus. The thesis provides several examples from the field data of shifts between dharma and Western European conceptualisations of religion. In this respect the thesis documents an important aspect of change in a diaspora Hindu community. The thesis can be viewed or downloaded via WWW from the Oslo University Digital Library. See URL: www.digbib.uio.no [Search terms: Ram Gupta, a shift in dharma, hinduism, hinduisme, migration studies, migrasjonsstudier, innvandring, history of religion, religion studies, religionshistorie, Oslo, Norway, Norge]. 3 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Special gratitude goes to my patient and ever-supportive primary adviser and friend, Professor Pamela G. Price, University of Oslo. Without her scientific professionalism and considerable personal attention - who knows what the fate of this project might have been? Congratulations, Pamela! Without my informants, of course, this thesis could not have been completed. Thank you for your time and interest, each of you! I also thank Professor Knut A. Jacobsen, University of Bergen, for important scholarly input, especially during the initial planning stages of the project. The project has been supported with a financial grant from Osloforsking, a grant jointly managed by the City of Oslo and the University of Oslo. Above all I thank Rolf my brother, and my parents Inger and Vinay, for their love and support. The following is a list of more people and institutions that have contributed to this project in ways both large and small, some of them in ways they are quite unaware of: Agnar Berle, Agnethe E. Steineger, Anis Md. Pervez, Anita Jarl, Anita Rathore, Anne Birgitte Nilsen, Arild Engelsen Ruud, Arne S. Gjone, Birgitt Haugeberg, Darshana Bhogilal, Elie Wardini (typesetting, ++), Astri and Ella Ghosh, Ella Marie Jacobsen, Erik Thorstensen, Espen Håland, Professor Georg von Simson, Glenn Haugeberg, Gro Bjerkvoll, Helene Wilberg (my boss), Hilde Skjeflo, Jens Naglestad, Katy Halvorsen, Professor Knut Kjelstadlie, Knut Olav Tveit, Macintosh PowerBook 160 (always there), Marie Naglestad, Morten Gundersen, Nguyen Tran, Per Arne Holman, PUBN, The Faculty of Arts ($), Thomas Tsigaridas, Vinod K. Gupta, Wael Phillip Gallab. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract.......................................................................................................................................1 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................5 Table of Contents........................................................................................................................6 PART 1: FRAMEWORK 1 Preliminaries ...................................................................................................................10 1.1 Theme and Problem of Thesis..................................................................................10 1.2 Structure of the Thesis..............................................................................................11 1.3 Definition of Terms Used.........................................................................................12 1.4 A Note on Spellings..................................................................................................13 1.5 Earlier Research........................................................................................................13 1.6 Indians in Norway ....................................................................................................13 1.7 How many Hindus? ..................................................................................................14 2 Method of Fieldwork......................................................................................................17 2.1 Two Fieldwork Phases..............................................................................................17 2.2 Selecting informants .................................................................................................17 2.3 Presentation of Fieldwork 2 Informants ...................................................................18 2.4 Meeting My Informants............................................................................................22 2.5 Conducting the Interviews........................................................................................23 3 Method of Interpretation and Analysis ........................................................................27 3.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................27 3.2 Presentation of Interpretational Framework.............................................................27 3.3 Method of Textual Analysis .....................................................................................32 3.4 Remarks on Hermeneutics........................................................................................34 4 Dharma and Western Religion......................................................................................37 4.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................37 4.2 What is Dharma? ......................................................................................................37 4.3 Examples of Translation from The Bhagavadgita....................................................38 4.4 Deciphering Dharma.................................................................................................39 4.5 Meanings of Dharma ................................................................................................40 4.6 Some Ramifications of Dharma ...............................................................................42 4.7 How Important Is Dharma? ......................................................................................44 6 4.8 The Western Concept of Religion ............................................................................48 4.9 Conceptualisation of Religion in the Development of Christianity and in Language........................................................................................................48 4.10 Conceptualisation of Religion under Secularisation and Modernity........................50 4.11 Features of Protestantism..........................................................................................52 4.12 Conclusion................................................................................................................52 PART 2: ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 5 We Hindus and I.............................................................................................................56 5.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................56 5.2 The Role of the Collective........................................................................................57 5.3 The Individual...........................................................................................................68 5.4 Conclusion................................................................................................................72 6 Who Can Be A Hindu?...................................................................................................73 6.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................73 6.2 Can A Norwegian Become A Hindu? ......................................................................74 6.3 More obstacles to conversion ...................................................................................81 6.4 Can a Hindu Convert? ..............................................................................................84
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