The Experiences of Female Major League Baseball Fans
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University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 5-2012 Life in the Stands: The Experiences of Female Major League Baseball Fans Kelly Lynn Balfour [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Other Sociology Commons Recommended Citation Balfour, Kelly Lynn, "Life in the Stands: The Experiences of Female Major League Baseball Fans. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2012. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/1264 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Kelly Lynn Balfour entitled "Life in the Stands: The Experiences of Female Major League Baseball Fans." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Kinesiology and Sport Studies. Joy T. DeSensi, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Lars Dzikus, Rob Hardin, Allison Anders Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Life in the Stands: The Experiences of Female Major League Baseball Fans A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Kinesiology and Sport Studies The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Kelly Balfour May 2012 ii Copyright © 2012 by Kelly Balfour All rights reserved. iii Dedication First off, this work is dedicated to all my friends and family who supported me through this process. I would also like to dedicate this to my committee, Dr. Joy DeSensi, Dr, Lars Dzikus, Dr. Rob Hardin, and Dr. Allison Anders, for the time and effort you put forth over the past year. iv Abstract Females have long been overlooked as sports fans in our society, especially female fans of men’s professional sports leagues (MLB, NFL, NHL, NBA). There is a vast amount of research available as to what motivates females to attend sporting events, but not on their experience of being a sports fan. Professional sport organizations are now beginning to acknowledge the female fans in their marketing and team apparel. The purpose of the proposed research study is to understand the experience of females who self-identify as fans of Major League Baseball (MLB). Ten female fans of MLB were interviewed and asked to discuss their experiences, positive and negative, of being a MLB fan. A thematic analysis of the interview transcripts brought to light four main themes. The four main themes were: (a) gender logic surrounding sport, (b) female views, (c) fan atmosphere, and (d) total experience. Each of these themes is discussed in detail with the use of participant’s stories to develop a greater understanding of each theme. v Table of Contents Chapter 1.............................................................................................................................................1 Statement of Problem ........................................................................................................2 Purpose Statement .............................................................................................................5 Research Questions............................................................................................................5 Significance.........................................................................................................................6 Theories employed in research on female fans................................................................7 Delimitations/Limitations..................................................................................................9 Definition of terms .............................................................................................................9 Organization.....................................................................................................................11 Chapter 2.......................................................................................................................................... 12 Defining Sport ..................................................................................................................12 Defining Fan .....................................................................................................................13 Subcultures .......................................................................................................................15 Gender...............................................................................................................................19 Fan Motivations ...............................................................................................................23 Emotional Attachment.....................................................................................................29 Social Theories .................................................................................................................33 Hegemony .............................................................................................................33 Feminist Theory.....................................................................................................36 Chapter Summary ...........................................................................................................40 Chapter 3.......................................................................................................................................... 41 Positionality ......................................................................................................................41 Constructivism ...........................................................................................................42 Race............................................................................................................................42 Gender........................................................................................................................43 Geographic location...................................................................................................44 Class...........................................................................................................................45 Scholar .......................................................................................................................46 Sports fan ...................................................................................................................47 Influence of my positionality on my study, participants, and interpretation of data .47 Research Design ...............................................................................................................49 Participants................................................................................................................49 Institutional Review Board, Confidentiality, Risks and Benefits.............................50 Design .......................................................................................................................51 Interviews..................................................................................................................53 Data Analysis............................................................................................................53 Validity .....................................................................................................................55 Limitations ................................................................................................................57 Chapter Summary ................................................................................................................. 58 vi Chapter 4.......................................................................................................................................... 59 Participant Profiles .............................................................................................................. 59 Presentation of Data ............................................................................................................ 63 Theme 1: Gender logic surrounding sport..................................................................63 Theme 2: Female views..............................................................................................70 Theme 3: Fan atmosphere ..........................................................................................77 Theme 4: Total experience .........................................................................................84 Conclusion .....................................................................................................................................101 Chapter 5........................................................................................................................................104 Implications ..........................................................................................................................104 Recommendations..............................................................................................................109