JOURNAL OF

Volume 81 May 2007 No. 9

SPOTLIGHT

Articles of Significant Interest Selected from This Issue by 4387–4388 the Editors

MINIREVIEW Herpesvirus Interference with Major Histocompatibility Emmanuel J. Wiertz, Robert 4389–4396 Complex Class II-Restricted T-Cell Activation Devlin, Helen L. Collins, and Maaike E. Ressing

STRUCTURE AND ASSEMBLY Polybasic KKR Motif in the Cytoplasmic Tail of Nipah Hector C. Aguilar, Kenneth A. 4520–4532 Virus Fusion Protein Modulates Membrane Fusion by Matreyek, Daniel Y. Choi, Claire Inside-Out Signaling Marie Filone, Sophia Young, and Benhur Lee Proteins Associated with Culex nigripalpus Omaththage Perera, Terry B. 4585–4590 Nucleopolyhedrovirus Occluded Virions Green, Stanley M. Stevens, Jr., Susan White, and James J. Becnel Crystal Structure of the Dengue Virus RNA-Dependent RNA Thai Leong Yap, Ting Xu, Yen- 4753–4765 Polymerase Catalytic Domain at 1.85-Angstrom Resolution Liang Chen, Helene Malet, Marie- Pierre Egloff, Bruno Canard, Subhash G. Vasudevan, and Julien Lescar Mutational Evidence of Internal Fusion Loops in Herpes Brian P. Hannah, Ekaterina E. 4858–4865 Simplex Virus Glycoprotein B Heldwein, Florent C. Bender, Gary H. Cohen, and Roselyn J. Eisenberg

GENOME REPLICATION AND REGULATION OF VIRAL GENE EXPRESSION tRNA Isoacceptor Preference prior to Retrovirus Gag-Pol Matthew T. Palmer, Richard 4397–4404 Junction Links Primer Selection and Viral Translation Kirkman, Barry R. Kosloff, Peter G. Eipers, and Casey D. Morrow Distinct RNA Elements Confer Specificity to Flavivirus RNA Hongping Dong, Debashish Ray, 4412–4421 Cap Methylation Events Suping Ren, Bo Zhang, Francesc Puig-Basagoiti, Yuko Takagi, C. Kiong Ho, Hongmin Li, and Pei- Yong Shi Deamination-Independent Inhibition of Hepatitis B Virus David H. Nguyen, Suryaram 4465–4472 Reverse Transcription by APOBEC3G Gummuluru, and Jianming Hu Role of the Hydrophilic Channels of Simian Virus 40 Weiping Wang, David Manna, and 4510–4519 T- Helicase in DNA Replication Daniel T. Simmons Participation of Rab5, an Early Endosome Protein, in Michelle Stone, Shuaizheng Jia, 4551–4563 Hepatitis C Virus RNA Replication Machinery Won Do Heo, Tobias Meyer, and Kouacou V. Konan Guanidine Hydrochloride Inhibits Mammalian Kenneth E. Murray and Max L. 4572–4584 Orthoreovirus Growth by Reversibly Blocking the Synthesis Nibert of Double-Stranded RNA

Continued on following page Continued from preceding page

Analysis of Hepatitis C Virus Superinfection Exclusion by Torsten Schaller, Nicole Appel, 4591–4603 Using Novel Fluorochrome Gene-Tagged Viral George Koutsoudakis, Stephanie Kallis, Volker Lohmann, Thomas Pietschmann, and Ralf Bartenschlager Nodavirus RNA Replication Protein A Induces Membrane Priscilla M. Van Wynsberghe, Hau- 4633–4644 Association of Genomic RNA Ren Chen, and Paul Ahlquist Both Linear and Discontinuous Ribosome Scanning Are Jenny L. Anderson, Adam T. 4664–4676 Used for Translation Initiation from Bicistronic Human Johnson, Jane L. Howard, and Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 env mRNAs Damian F. J. Purcell Relative Fitness and Replication Capacity of a Cristina Villena, Julia G. Prado, 4713–4721 Multinucleoside Analogue-Resistant Clinical Human Maria Carmen Puertas, Miguel Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolate with a Deletion of A´ ngel Martı´nez, Bonaventura Codon 69 in the Reverse Transcriptase Coding Region Clotet, Lidia Ruiz, Neil T. Parkin, Luis Mene´ndez-Arias, and Javier Martinez-Picado Live Covisualization of Competing Adeno-Associated Virus Daniel L. Glauser, Regina Strasser, 4732–4743 and Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 DNA Replication: Andrea S. Laimbacher, Okay Molecular Mechanisms of Interaction Saydam, Nathalie Cle´ment, R. Michael Linden, Mathias Ackermann, and Cornel Fraefel Determination of the Ex Vivo Rates of Human David C. Thomas, Yegor A. 4798–4807 Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcription by Voronin, Galina N. Nikolenko, Using Novel Strand-Specific Amplification Analysis Jianbo Chen, Wei-Shau Hu, and Vinay K. Pathak Model for T-Antigen-Dependent Melting of the Simian Virus Anuradha Kumar, Gretchen 4808–4818 40 Core Origin Based on Studies of the Interaction of the Meinke, Danielle K. Reese, Beta-Hairpin with DNA Stephanie Moine, Paul J. Phelan, Ame´lie Fradet-Turcotte, Jacques Archambault, Andrew Bohm, and Peter A. Bullock Induction of in Drosophila melanogaster gypsy Christophe Terzian, Michel Henry, 4900–4903 Retroelements by Modulation of Intracellular Andreas Meyerhans, Simon Wain- Deoxynucleoside Triphosphate Pools In Vivo Hobson, and Jean-Pierre Vartanian

GENETIC DIVERSITY AND EVOLUTION Phenotypic and Genotypic Comparisons of Human T-Cell Michael S. Mitchell, Ellen T. 4422–4428 Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptases from Bodine, Shawn Hill, Gerald Infected T-Cell Lines and Patient Samples Princler, Patricia Lloyd, Hiroaki Mitsuya, Masao Matsuoka, and David Derse Positive Selection of Hepatitis Delta Antigen in Chronic Shen-Yung Wang, Jaw-Ching Wu, 4438–4444 Hepatitis D Patients Tzen-Yuh Chiang, Yi-Hsiang Huang, Chien-Wei Su, and I-Jane Sheen Extensive Intrasubtype Recombination in South African Christine M. Rousseau, Gerald H. 4492–4500 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype C Learn, Tanmoy Bhattacharya, David Infections C. Nickle, David Heckerman, Senica Chetty, Christian Brander, Philip J. R. Goulder, Bruce D. Walker, Photini Kiepiela, Bette T. Korber, and James I. Mullins Detection and Genetic Characterization of Group A Tung Gia Phan, Pattara Khamrin, 4645–4653 Rotavirus Strains Circulating among Children with Acute Trinh Duy Quang, Shuvra Kanti Gastroenteritis in Japan Dey, Sayaka Takanashi, Shoko Okitsu, Niwat Maneekarn, and Hiroshi Ushijima

Continued on following page Continued from preceding page

Clade-Specific Differences between Human S. Gnanakaran, Dorothy Lang, 4886–4891 Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Clades B and C: Diversity Marcus Daniels, Tanmoy and Correlations in C3-V4 Regions of gp120 Bhattacharya, Cynthia A. Derdeyn, and Bette Korber

VIRUS-CELL INTERACTIONS Production of Infectious Hepatitis C Virus of Various Takanobu Kato, Takuya 4405–4411 Genotypes in Cell Cultures Matsumura, Theo Heller, Satoru Saito, Ronda K. Sapp, Krishna Murthy, Takaji Wakita, and T. Jake Liang Herpes Simplex Virus Infection Induces Phosphorylation James B. Morris, Helmut 4429–4437 and Delocalization of Emerin, a Key Inner Nuclear Hofemeister, and Peter O’Hare Membrane Protein Switching the Substrate Specificity of the Two-Component Sergey A. Shiryaev, Boris I. 4501–4509 NS2B-NS3 Flavivirus Proteinase by Structure-Based Ratnikov, Alexander E. Aleshin, Mutagenesis Igor A. Kozlov, Nicholas A. Nelson, Michal Lebl, Jeffrey W. Smith, Robert C. Liddington, and Alex Y. Strongin Prion Infection of Muscle Cells In Vitro Wendy M. Dlakic, Eric Grigg, and 4615–4624 Richard A. Bessen Human Rhinovirus Type 54 Infection via Heparan Sulfate Is Abdul Ghafoor Khan, Johannes 4625–4632 Less Efficient and Strictly Dependent on Low Endosomal pH Pichler, Anke Rosemann, and Dieter Blaas Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus LANA Protein Jianyong Liu, Heather Martin, Meir 4722–4731 Downregulates Nuclear Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Activity Shamay, Crystal Woodard, Qi-Qun and Consequently Blocks Differentiation Tang, and S. Diane Hayward Bluetongue Virus Entry into Cells Mario Forzan, Mark Marsh, and 4819–4827 Polly Roy Persistence of Cyprinid Herpesvirus 3 in Infected Cultured Arnon Dishon, Maya Davidovich, 4828–4836 Carp Cells Maya Ilouze, and Moshe Kotler Epstein-Barr Virus Transcription Activator Rta Upregulates Cheng-Hsun Ho, Chen-Fang Hsu, 4837–4847 Decoy Receptor 3 Expression by Binding to Its Promoter Pei-Fen Fong, Shyh-Kuan Tai, Shie- Liang Hsieh, and Chi-Ju Chen Rab 5 Is Required for the Cellular Entry of Dengue and Manoj N. Krishnan, Bindu 4881–4885 West Nile Viruses Sukumaran, Utpal Pal, Herve Agaisse, James L. Murray, Thomas W. Hodge, and Erol Fikrig Role for Actin in the Polarized Release of Rotavirus Agne`s Gardet, Michelyne Breton, 4892–4894 Germain Trugnan, and Serge Chwetzoff Interaction of Tsg101 with Marburg Virus VP40 Depends on Shuzo Urata, Takeshi Noda, 4895–4899 the PPPY Motif, but Not the PT/SAP Motif as in the Case Yoshihiro Kawaoka, Shigeru of Ebola Virus, and Tsg101 Plays a Critical Role in the Morikawa, Hideyoshi Yokosawa, Budding of Marburg Virus-Like Particles Induced by VP40, and Jiro Yasuda NP, and GP

CELLULAR RESPONSE TO INFECTION Bax Is Activated during Rotavirus-Induced Apoptosis Sandra Martin-Latil, Laurence 4457–4464 through the Mitochondrial Pathway Mousson, Arnaud Autret, Florence Colbe`re-Garapin, and Bruno Blondel Adenovirus E4 ORF3 Protein Inhibits the - Amanda J. Ullman, Nancy C. Reich, 4744–4752 Mediated Antiviral Response and Patrick Hearing

Continued on following page Continued from preceding page

TRANSFORMATION AND ONCOGENESIS A New Crucial Protein Interaction Element That Targets the Sang-Hyuk Chung, Kristopher K. 4787–4797 Adenovirus E4-ORF1 Oncoprotein to Membrane Vesicles Frese, Robert S. Weiss, B. V. Venkataram Prasad, and Ronald T. Javier

GENE DELIVERY Adenovirus-Platelet Interaction in Blood Causes Virus Daniel Stone, Ying Liu, Dmitry 4866–4871 Sequestration to the Reticuloendothelial System of the Liver Shayakhmetov, Zong-Yi Li, Shaoheng Ni, and Andre´ Lieber

VACCINES AND ANTIVIRAL AGENTS Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1: Resistance to Danielle Perez-Bercoff, Se´bastien 4540–4550 Nucleoside Analogues and Replicative Capacity in Primary Wurtzer, Se´verine Compain, Henri Human Macrophages Benech, and Franc¸ois Clavel Stability of a Receptor-Binding Active Human J. Billington, T. P. Hickling, G. H. 4604–4614 Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Recombinant gp140 Trimer Munro, C. Halai, R. Chung, G. G. Conferred by Intermonomer Disulfide Bonding of the V3 Dodson, and R. S. Daniels Loop: Differential Effects of Protein Disulfide Isomerase on CD4 and Coreceptor Binding Comparative Seroprevalence and Immunogenicity of Six Peter Abbink, Angelique A. C. 4654–4663 Rare Serotype Recombinant Adenovirus Vectors Lemckert, Bonnie A. Ewald, Diana from Subgroups B and D M. Lynch, Matthew Denholtz, Shirley Smits, Lennart Holterman, Irma Damen, Ronald Vogels, Anna R. Thorner, Kara L. O’Brien, Angela Carville, Keith G. Mansfield, Jaap Goudsmit, Menzo J. E. Havenga, and Dan H. Barouch

PATHOGENESIS AND IMMUNITY Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) Infection Influences L. E. Pereira, F. Villinger, N. 4445–4456 the Level and Function of Regulatory T Cells in SIV- Onlamoon, P. Bryan, A. Cardona, Infected Rhesus Macaques but Not SIV-Infected Sooty K. Pattanapanysat, K. Mori, S. Mangabeys Hagen, L. Picker, and A. A. Ansari Rotavirus NSP1 Inhibits Expression of Type I Interferon by Mario Barro and John T. Patton 4473–4481 Antagonizing the Function of Interferon Regulatory Factors IRF3, IRF5, and IRF7 The Nasal Cavity Is a Route for Prion Infection in Hamsters Anthony E. Kincaid and Jason 4482–4491 C. Bartz Resistance to Chronic Wasting Disease in Transgenic Mice Kimberly Meade-White, Brent 4533–4539 Expressing a Naturally Occurring Allelic Variant of Deer Race, Matthew Trifilo, Alex Prion Protein Bossers, Cynthia Favara, Rachel Lacasse, Michael Miller, Elizabeth Williams, Michael Oldstone, Richard Race, and Bruce Chesebro Analysis of Hepatitis C Virus Hypervariable Region 1 Gabriella Bianchettin, Claudia 4564–4571 Sequence from Cryoglobulinemic Patients and Associated Bonaccini, Romina Oliva, Anna Controls Tramontano, Agostino Cividini, Milvia Casato, Giampaolo Merlini, Enrico Silini, and Mario U. Mondelli Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Nef Alleles Elena Priceputu, Zaher Hanna, 4677–4693 Show Major Differences in Pathogenicity in Transgenic Mice Chunyan Hu, Marie-Chantal Simard, Patrick Vincent, Steffen Wildum, Michael Schindler, Frank Kirchhoff, and Paul Jolicoeur

Continued on following page Continued from preceding page

Natural Mutations in the Receptor Binding Domain of Li Liu, Qing Fang, Fei Deng, 4694–4700 Spike Glycoprotein Determine the Reactivity of Cross- Hanzhong Wang, Christopher E. Yi, Neutralization between Palm Civet Coronavirus and Severe Lei Ba, Wenjie Yu, Richard D. Lin, Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Taisheng Li, Zhihong Hu, David D. Ho, Linqi Zhang, and Zhiwei Chen Developmental Regulation of Human Cytomegalovirus Ekaterina Maidji, Olga Genbacev, 4701–4712 Receptors in Cytotrophoblasts Correlates with Distinct Hsin-Ti Chang, and Lenore Pereira Replication Sites in the Placenta Primary CD4؉ T-Cell Responses Provide both Helper and Georgina J. MacArthur, A. Douglas 4766–4775 Cytotoxic Functions during Epstein-Barr Virus Infection Wilson, Martin A. Birchall, and and Transformation of Fetal Cord Blood B Cells Andrew J. Morgan Maintenance of Nef-Mediated Modulation of Major C. M. Noviello, S. L. Kosakovsky 4776–4786 Histocompatibility Complex Class I and CD4 after Sexual Pond, M. J. Lewis, D. D. Richman, Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 S. K. Pillai, O. O. Yang, S. J. Little, D. M. Smith, and J. C. Guatelli Involvement of the Oncoprotein c-Myc in Viral Telomerase Marina Shkreli, Ginette Dambrine, 4848–4857 RNA Gene Regulation during Marek’s Disease Virus- Denis Soubieux, Emmanuel Kut, Induced Lymphomagenesis and Denis Rasschaert PrPSc in Salivary Glands of Scrapie-Affected Sheep Marta Vascellari, Romolo Nonno, 4872–4876 Franco Mutinelli, Michela Bigolaro, Michele Angelo Di Bari, Erica Melchiotti, Stefano Marcon, Claudia D’Agostino, Gabriele Vaccari, Michela Conte, Luigi De Grossi, Francesca Rosone, Francesco Giordani, and Umberto Agrimi Role of the CD8؉ Dendritic Cell Subset in Transmission Shneh Sethi, Kristen M. Kerksiek, 4877–4880 of Prions Thomas Brocker, and Hans Kretzschmar Lytic and Latent of the Human Florian Bihl, Murli Narayan, John 4904–4908 Gammaherpesviruses Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated V. Chisholm III, Leah M. Henry, Herpesvirus and Epstein-Barr Virus Induce T-Cell Todd J. Suscovich, Elizabeth E. Responses with Similar Functional Properties and Brown, Tania M. Welzel, Daniel E. Memory Phenotypes Kaufmann, Tauheed M. Zaman, Sheila Dollard, Jeff N. Martin, Fred Wang, David T. Scadden, Kenneth M. Kaye, and Christian Brander

AUTHOR’S CORRECTION Betanodavirus B2 Is an RNA Interference Antagonist That Beau J. Fenner, Rekha Thiagarajan, 4909 Facilitates Intracellular Viral RNA Accumulation Hui Kheng Chua, and Jimmy Kwang

Cover photograph (Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.): Live covisualization of competing adeno-associated virus (AAV) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) DNA replication. Replicating AAV DNA containing lac operator sequences was visualized by binding of a red fluorescent protein fused to lac repressor protein (red), while the replication of HSV-1 DNA containing tetracycline operator sequences was visualized by binding of enhanced yellow fluorescent protein fused to the tetracycline repressor DNA binding domain (green). AAV and HSV-1 DNA replication occurred in spatially separate nuclear compartments, which were often found in juxtaposition. Blue, Hoechst stain; scale in micrometers. (See related article on page 4732.)