Ingersoll Rand Presents HVAC Systems for Zero Energy Ready

January 23, 2019

Rachel Romero – National Renewable Energy Laboratory Matt Biesterveld – Trane Wayne Kraft – Ingersoll Rand

1 Housekeeping

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3 Agenda

• Ingersoll Rand Speakers o Matt Biesterveld – Trane o Wayne Kraft – Ingersoll Rand • Conclusion and Q&A Creating comfortable, sustainable and efficient environments that advance the quality of life across the globe NEVER STOPPING. NEVER SETTLING. HVAC Systems for Zero Energy Ready

Solar Decathlon Webinar 1/23/2019 Part 1

HVAC Equipment Overview and Selection

Wayne Kraft, Ph.D. Ingersoll Rand Residential HVAC & Supply

3 What we will be covered

1. HVAC Overview 2. Equipment Types 3. Driving Efficiency through HVAC Design 4. Comfort, Humidity Control 5. IAQ: Ventilation 6. Sizing and Selecting Equipment 7. References

4 Agenda What is a typical system

Vapor-Compression Cycle (Cooling) Split System Packaged System Condenser Qcond Warm air air to outside Evaporator PH Condenser

erant Compressor Expansion Device PL refrig W comp Air Handler

Qevap Qcomp Cold air Heat Pump to space air

Evaporator Separate indoor and outdoor Equipment located outside contains For a heat pump the cycle can be reversed equipment (heat exchangers) evaporator and condenser, connects to provide space cooling or heating connected by refrigerant lines to the house via air ducts

5 HVAC Overview Technologies

Methods of transferring heat to/away from a building

Image source: McQuiston, Parker, & Spitler. Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning: Analysis and Design water Evaporative cooler Outside air

Exhaust warm air Air-sourced

Cool supply air Exhaust warm air

Ground-sourced OR Evaporative Water-sourced (Cooling only)

Most common in Can extend heat pump Practical for cooling Residential applications operation to colder climates in dry climates

6 HVAC Overview Technologies Methods of transferring cooling/heating capacity throughout a building Ducts (Air) Ductless (Refrigerant / Water)

Indoor Supply Registers Indoor Unit Unit Air Refrigerant/ Water Plenum Branch Outdoor Unit 2 or 3 pipes Outdoor AH Indoor Indoor Unit Unit Unit Refrigerant Delivering capacity to a zone through Delivering capacity to a zone through refrigerant or water, conditioned air supplied to each space with indoor equipment located in each zone to transfer to air in each space • Capacity can be modulated within the building to each zone • Variable air volume – zoning, Variable refrigerant flow, Variable water flow

7 HVAC Overview Performance Terminology

Btu/hr Capacity Ton = rate of heat transfer to melt 1 Ton of ice in 24 hrs

퐵푡푢 퐶표표푙푖푛푔 퐶푎푝푎푐푖푡푦 ( ) ℎ푟 퐸퐸푅 = measured at 1 set of conditions EER – Energy Efficiency Ratio 퐼푛푝푢푡 푃표푤푒푟 (푊)

퐶푎푝푎푐푖푡푦 퐶푂푃 = same units for both, COP = EER / 3.412 COP – Coefficient of Performance 퐼푛푝푢푡 푃표푤푒푟

SEER – Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio Representative efficiency for cooling over a range of outdoor conditions, including cyclic losses

HSPF – Heating Seasonal Performance Factor Representative efficiency for heating over a range of outdoor conditions, including cyclic losses

8 HVAC Overview What equipment to choose from (ducted)

Packaged (Heat Pump or AC/Furnace) Heat Pump Air Conditioner AC Coil

Air Handler Furnace Advantages: Disadvantages: • Low first cost • May require larger installed capacity • Simple operation • Duct static pressure drop requires additional fan power • Zones can have independent equipment and operation • Distribution losses of ducts if not • Can achieve uniform comfort throughout home located inside the conditioned space • Integrated mechanical ventilation • May require floor space for indoor • Tenant utility metering simple equipment

9 Equipment Types What equipment to choose from (ductless) Minisplit

Outdoor Indoor Unit Unit Multisplit VRF: Variable Refrigerant Flow

Indoor Indoor Indoor Indoor Unit Unit Unit Unit 2 lines Outdoor Outdoor Unit Unit 2 or 3 lines Indoor Indoor Indoor Indoor Unit Unit Unit Unit Advantages: Disadvantages: • Smaller space requirements • Higher first cost than ducted equipment • Avoids duct losses and space for them • Challenge to maintain uniform temperature across small zones • Flexibility and modularity • Challenge for distributed ventilation air

10 Equipment Types What equipment to choose from

Ground-source / Water-source heat pumps Hydronic / Radiant (Geothermal heat pumps)

Image from Inspectapedia.com Advantages: Advantages: • Heat pump application in colder climates • Flexible heat source • High efficiencies, consistent performance during very hot • Radiant heating can provide unique comfort by and very cold outdoor temperatures controlling surface temperatures

Disadvantages: Disadvantages: • High first cost (installation of ground loop) • For Residential, radiant cooling is problematic in • Need space for ground installation humid climates; need separate latent system • Performance dependent on soil type • For Residential, radiant cooling uncommon

11 Equipment Types Typical Max Equipment Efficiencies

Ducted Air Source Heat Pump Ductless Air Source Mini Split

22 SEER / 12.0 HSPF 38 SEER / 15.0 HSPF

Ductless Air Source Multi Split Ground-source / Water-source heat pump

24 SEER / 10.5 HSPF 40 EER / 8.0 COP Not rated at part loads as ground temp remains relatively consistent

12 Equipment Types How to drive efficiency through equipment selection and control • Variable capacity systems (variable speed compressors) • Reduce cycling losses, high part load efficiencies, improved comfort • Minimize distribution losses within the home • Ducts in conditioned space or ductless solutions • Controls selection • Scheduling, occupancy detection, remote access, smart recovery features • Thermal storage (more common in Commercial applications) • Economizers – when possible introduce outside air to meet space loads rather than operating cooling equipment

13 Driving Efficiency through HVAC Design Comfort: Humidity Control Options ACCA Proper equipment selection, sizing, and duct design • Load calculations and equipment selected with additional consideration of latent loads • Part load equipment selection should meet both temperature and humidity comfort

What solutions are currently available? • Thermostats with humidity sensing • Indoor equipment with variable speed indoor blowers • Advanced equipment controls for humidity • Supplemental dehumidification accessories • Whole house dehumidifiers, ventilation dehumidifiers

14 HVAC Recommendations Humidity Control Recommendations Goal: Year-round Indoor Relative Humidity <60% For homes with a HERS score of 50 or less in hot-humid climates

Climate Zone 1A - Miami 2A - Orlando 2A - Houston 3A - Atlanta 4A - Nashville 5A - Indianapolis • High-efficiency HVAC • High-efficiency HVAC • High-efficiency HVAC equipment equipment equipment • Multi-stage Outdoor Unit • Advanced Thermostat & • Advanced Thermostat • Multi-stage Indoor Blower Equipment Controls & Equipment Controls • Variable Speed Outdoor • Variable Speed Unit Outdoor Unit • Variable Speed Indoor • Variable Speed Indoor Blower Blower • Supplemental Dehumidification

15 HVAC Recommendations But What About IAQ Introduction of Ventilation Requirements ASHRAE 62.2 (Residential), 62.1 (Commercial) • Requirements for whole house ventilation and local exhaust fan ventilation • Concern that this would result in large increases in high humidity excursions • Studies have shown this not to be the case* NZE-ready Homes & IAQ

• Homes with envelope air tightness < 5 ACH50 are so tight that mechanical ventilation is required per ASHRAE 62.2

*Walker and Sherman, 2007, Humidity Implications for Meeting Residential Ventilation Requirements, LBNL-62182 Rudd et al., 2013, Energy Efficient and Cost Assessment of Humidity Control Options for Residential Buildings, ASHRAE 1449-RP Martin, 2014, Impact of Residential Mechanical Ventilation on Energy Cost and Humidity Control, DOE/GO-102014-4290

16 Ventilation: Healthy Indoor Environments IAQ Options Ventilation air duct Air vented with damper /control to outdoors

ERV/HRV

Air leaks Air leaks through through building building envelope envelope negative pressure home positive pressure home neutral pressure home EXHAUST VENTILATION SUPPLY VENTILATION BALANCED VENTILATION PROGRAMMED BATHROOM FANS W/ OR W/O DEHUMIDIFICATION ENERGY RECOVERY VENTILATION Advantages: Advantages: Advantages: • Low first cost • Adequate dehumidification • Improved energy efficiency • No ductwork needed • Ventilation air distribution • Ventilation air distribution Disadvantages: • Contaminant filtration • Contaminant filtration • Appliance backdrafting Disadvantages: Disadvantages: • May introduce contaminants • Requires ductwork • Requires ductwork • Lack of humidity control • Moderate cost & complexity • High cost & complexity

17 Ventilation Recommendations How do I select a system

• Load calculation for design days • Includes solar gains, infiltration loads, ACCA internal loads, conduction loads, ventilation load

• Evaluated at fixed outdoor conditions

• Cooling: 1% Tdb , Heating: 99% Tdb • Average load procedure gives peak load for structure as a whole • If zoning solutions used, a peak load procedure is used for each zone

• Must consider sensible (temperature) and Image Source: ACCA Manual J latent (moisture) loads

18 Sizing and selecting equipment Where to find more information

ASHRAE Handbooks (Example Chapters) • 2017 ASHRAE Handbook – Fundamentals • Chapter 9: Thermal Comfort • Chapter 17: Residential Cooling and Heating Load Calculations • Chapter 36: Moisture Management in Buildings • 2016 ASHRAE Handbook – Systems and Equipment • Chapter 1: HVAC System Analysis and Selection • Chapter 2: Decentralized Cooling and Heating • 2015 ASHRAE Handbook – HVAC Applications • Chapter 1: Residences ACCA (Air Conditioning Contractors of America) Manuals • Manual J – Residential Load Calculations, Manual N – Commercial • Additional manuals give practical guidance for applying HVAC systems

19 References 1. Efficient building HVAC design includes decisions for both selecting and application of equipment solutions

2. In addition to efficient, HVAC equipment should be designed to provide a healthy and comfortable environment KEY 1. Should consider indoor air quality (ventilation and filtration) TAKEAWAYS 2. Should consider indoor humidity and solutions 3. Should consider distribution of cooling and heating capacity to spaces and how that influences comfort

3. Load calculations are necessary to ensure that HVAC solutions selected meet the needs of the spaces to be conditioned

20 Part 2

Building Energy Modeling & Analysis

Matt Biesterveld Ingersoll Rand Commercial HVAC

21 Creating comfortable, sustainable and efficient environments that advance the quality of life across the globe

CONCLUSION AND Q&A

5 Share the Excitement With #SolarDecathlonDesign

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We look forward to seeing your team progress!

6 Thank You to Our 2019 Design Challenge Sponsors!

Host Sponsors: Thank You to Our 2019 Design Challenge Sponsors!

Education Sponsors: Join us for the next webinar! • Prepare Your Progress Report • February 6, 2019 at 3 p.m. EST • Register today! • Recorded and available on the Groups.io Project Site

9 QUESTIONS?

For competition questions: [email protected] [email protected]

For general questions: [email protected] THANK YOU!

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