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Single Zone VAV Discover How to Save Money, Reduce Energy Consumption and Lower Sound Levels

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Single Zone VAV Discover How to Save Money, Reduce Energy Consumption and Lower Sound Levels Dening Quality. Building Comfort. Single Zone VAV Discover how to save money, reduce energy consumption and lower sound levels. What is single zone VAV? ingle zone VAV, or single zone variable air volume, is an HVAC application in which the HVAC unit varies the airflow at constant temperature to provide space temperature control. A constant volume HVAC unit suppliesS constant airflow with variable temperature to provide temperature control. In the cooling mode, to meet ventilation requirements, the fan operates continuously and the compressor cycles on and off to meet the space cooling load. The fan and compressor operate at full capacity until the temperature drops to a set lower limit below the setpoint; then the compressor turns off. The compressor turns on again at full capacity once the space temperature increases to a set upper limit above the setpoint. The on/off nature of the constant volume unit causes the temperature to constantly fluctuate above and below the room setpoint temperature. In a single zone VAV unit, a variable speed fan controls the amount of airflow provided to the space by modulating the fan motor speed based on the difference between the actual space temperature and the temperature setpoint. The modulating compressor uses the temperature of the supply air leaving the unit to determine how much refrigerant flow is needed to maintain the supply air temperature setpoint. Packaged Single Zone VAV System Variable Cooling Frequency Drive Outdoor Coil Air Intake Filters Return Air Damper Variable Supply Capacity Air Sensor Compressor Exhaust Air Zone Return Supply Thermostat Air Air The fan and compressor continue to modulate to precisely meet the desired space temperature. For part load conditions, the single zone VAV unit will operate at a lower fan speed for a greater amount of time, saving valuable energy and providing the space with more constant temperature and humidity control. HVAC systems generally operate at part load conditions for a majority of the year, and during these part load conditions the operation of a single zone VAV system provides many benefits. First, a single zone VAV system will operate at a lower fan speed than a constant volume system, resulting in less fan energy consumption. Second, with the modulation capabilities of both the fan and compressor a single zone VAV system can provide precise temperature control and additional passive dehumidification. Third, the modulation capabilities of the compressor reduce the amount of compressor on/off cycling, reducing wear on the compressor and providing greater energy savings than hot gas bypass systems. Fourth, lower fan speeds reduce the amount of sound produced by the supply fan. Finally, with the entire modulating control for part load operation provided within the HVAC unit, a single zone VAV system is simple to install, set up and maintain. 2 Single zone VAV is used for areas where the occupancy or space cooling needs vary throughout the day such as classrooms, conference rooms, assembly halls, auditoriums, libraries, hospitals, supermarkets, convenience stores, restaurants, churches, health clubs, museums, office buildings, manufacturing facilities, lodgings, retail buildings, warehouses, etc. AAON is leading the industry in single zone VAV technology with both variable speed fans and variable capacity compressors which have a wide range of modulation capabilities that adapt to full and part load conditions. Benefits of single zone VAV include a more comfortable indoor environment with precise space temperature control and improved humidity control, significant energy savings, less wear on the compressor, a reduction in fan noise and simple installation and maintenance. Single Zone VAV - Required by Energy Standards ingle zone variable air volume is required in two of the most prominent national energy standards, ANSI/ ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2010 and ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 189.1-2009. Following are excerpts fromS the ASHRAE standards showing the requirement for Single Zone Variable-Air-Volume applications. Standard 90.1-2010 Purpose: The purpose of this standard is to provide minimum requirements for the energy- efficient design of buildings except low-rise residential buildings. ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2010. Section 6.4.3.10 Single Zone Variable-Air-Volume Controls. HVAC systems shall have variable airflow controls as follows: a. Air handling and fan-coil units with chilled-water cooling coils and supply fans with motors greater than or equal to 5 hp shall have their supply fans controlled by two-speed motors or variable-speed drives. At cooling demands less than or equal to 50%, the supply fan controls shall be able to reduce the airflow to no greater than the larger of the following: 1. One half of the full fans speed, or 2. The volume of outdoor air required to meet the ventilation requirements of Standard 62.1. b. Effective January 1, 2012, all air-conditioning equipment and air-handling units with direct expansion cooling and a cooling capacity at AHRI conditions greater than or equal to 110,000 Btu/h that serve single zones shall have their supply fans controlled by two-speed motors or variable-speed drives. At cooling demands less than or equal to 50%, the supply fan controls shall be able to reduce the airflow to no greater than the larger of the following: 1. Two-thirds of the full fan speed, or 2. The volume of outdoor air required to meet the ventilation requirements of Standard 62.1. Standard 189.1-2009 Purpose: The purpose of this standard is to provide minimum requirements for the siting, design, construction, and plan for operation of high performance, green buildings to: a. Balance environmental responsibility, resource efficiency, occupant comfort and well being, and community sensitivity, and b. Support the goal of development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. 3 ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 189.1-2009. Section 7.4.3.7 Controls. The following requirements shall apply: a. DX systems with a capacity greater than 65,000 Btu/h (19 kW) shall have a minimum of two stages of cooling capacity. b. Air handling and fan-coil units with chilled-water cooling coils and supply fans with motors greater than or equal to 5 hp shall have their supply fans controlled by two-speed motors or variable-speed drives. At cooling demands less than or equal to 50%, the supply fan controls shall be able to reduce the airflow to no greater than the larger of the following: 1. One half of the full fans speed, or 2. The volume of outdoor air required to meet the ventilation requirements of ANSI/AHSRAE Standard 62.1. c. All air-conditioning equipment and air-handling units with direct expansion cooling and a cooling capacity at AHRI conditions greater than or equal to 110,000 Btu/h (32.2 kW) that serve single zones shall have their supply fans controlled by two-speed motors or variable speed drives. At cooling demands less than or equal to 50%, the supply fan controls shall be able to reduce the airflow to no greater than the larger of the following: 1. Two-thirds of the full fan speed, or 2. The volume of outdoor air required to meet the ventilation requirements of ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1. d. All DX and chilled-water VAV units shall be equipped with variable-speed fans that result in less than 30% power at 50% flow. Energy Savings ne of the main advantages of varying the fan speed is energy savings. It takes less energy to run a Ofan at lower rotational speeds. The fan law that relates fan input horsepower to fan rotational speed is: 5 3 D2 rpm2 t2 HP21= HP :: : c D1 m c rpm1 m t1 where D is the fan diameter, is the air density, HP is the input horsepower, and rpm is the fan rotational speed. This law says that, assuming the diameter and air density do not change, the fan power input is proportional to the cube of the fan rotational speed: 1 1 5 3 3 D2 rpm2 t2 rpm2 HP21==HP :: ::& HP21HP c D1 m ccrpm1 mmt1 rpm1 4 torque airflow brake horsepower For the same fan diameter and air 100% conditions, cutting the fan rotational 90% speed in half cuts the required 80% 70% input horsepower by eight! This law 60% is illustrated graphically in Figure 50% 1, where brake horsepower is the 40% amount of input power needed for the 30% given fan rotational speed. 20% 10% 0% A single zone VAV unit also saves 0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100 energy due to reduced cycling losses fan speed (rpm) in the compressor. When power is Figure 1: Brake Horsepower, Torque, and Airflow as a Percentage of Full first applied to a motor, the current is Capacity versus Fan Speed significantly higher for a short period of time until the motor reaches its normal operating current. This initial inrush current can be as much as twenty times the normal operating current. Fans and compressors consume significantly more power when the motor is first turned on than at steady state operation. This initial inrush does no useful work but is required to take the motor from a stopped state to a state of motion. In addition to the inrush current, the compressor also loses energy during on/off cycling due to the work the compressor does to initiate the flow of refrigerant through the compressor. As the compressor is turned on, a pressure difference is created from the suction to the discharge of the compressor to start the flow of refrigerant. It takes more work to initially create this pressure difference and start the refrigerant flow than it does to maintain the refrigerant flow during reduced load.
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