Universidade De Lisboa Faculdade De Belas-Artes

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Universidade De Lisboa Faculdade De Belas-Artes UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE BELAS-ARTES O PESO NO DESENHO: PERCEPÇÃO, METÁFORA E SUBSTÂNCIA José Domingos Fazenda Coelho de Andrade Rego Doutoramento em Belas-Artes (Especialidade de Desenho) Orientadora Professora Catedrática Maria João Gamito 2013 I II Sumário Esta tese trata do peso como força perceptível no desenho, não prescindindo de convocar várias disciplinas artísticas e reflectindo a condição actual do desenho enquanto fenómeno expandido. O facto de o peso aludir à massa dos corpos e acedermos a esse atributo através do tacto, suscita-nos uma reflexão sobre a excessiva valorização da componente visual no desenho, indagando as potencialidades e virtudes de uma relação háptica com o real. A primeira questão tratada prende-se com a percepção do peso, plástico e visual, esclarecendo de que modo os autores modernos o encararam e estabelecendo as bases para novas experiências e representações. O peso enquanto metáfora guia-nos na segunda parte deste trabalho, recenseando as questões filosóficas, religiosas e mitológicas que lhe surgem associadas e evidenciando o facto da força da gravidade se constituir como realidade estruturante da nossa relação com o mundo. Por último, produzimos uma reflexão sobre a substância dos desenhos, a sua natureza material, tentando perceber como essas qualidades físicas promovem uma experiência sensível e uma procura sobre as potencialidades e os limites do nosso próprio corpo. A exposição que acompanha esta tese parte das grandes questões aqui enunciadas, tendo como preocupação central mostrar obras em que o peso origina a tensão criadora, convidando-nos a participar subjectivamente nesse encontro, com a totalidade daquilo que somos. Palavras-chave: peso, desenho, percepção, metáfora, substância Abstract This paper is a research on the concept of weight as a perceptible force in drawing. Summoning several other artistic disciplines, it is a reflection on the present-day status of drawing as an expanded phenomenon. Because weight is allusive to the mass of a body and we have access to this attribute through touch, we question the excessive valuation of drawing’s visual component while querying the possible virtues and potential of a haptic relation with reality. The first problem we address is the perception of weight, being it plastic or visual, investigating how modern authors have dealt with it, laying the foundations for new experiences and representations. The concept of weight as metaphor guided us through the second part of this paper; charting the philosophical, religious and mythological problems that usually are associated with it, while highlighting the fact that the force of gravity constitutes itself as a structuring reality of our relationship with the world. Finally, we analysed the substance of drawing, its physical nature. Our goal was to understand how these physical properties capacitate a sensible experience, while promoting an exploration of the limits and potential of our body. The exhibition accompanying this thesis is spawn from all these great problems. Its central concern is to show artwork in which weight produces the creative tension, inviting the viewer to subjectively participate in this encounter with the totality of who we are. Keywords: weight, drawing, perception, metaphor, substance III IV À memória da minha irmã Hermínia Rego (1961-2011) de quem guardo tantas saudades. Agradecimentos A meus pais, alunos e amigos, em particular, Carlos Travassos, Catarina Leitão, Inês Nogueira Rodrigues, Leonor Nazaré, Nuno Marque Mendes, Rodrigo Silva e Rui Serra, sem os quais nada faria sentido . À Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia pelo apoio concedidoà elaboração desta tese, durante o ano de 2010. À Professora Pintora Maria João Gamito, pelo imenso amor ao conhecimento e às pessoas. V VI Índice Geral Introdução_1 Parte I – Percepção 1.0 – Peso visual_11 1.1 – O peso sugerido pelo gesto e pelas marcas do desenho_26 1.2 – O peso sugerido pelo claro-escuro_39 Parte II – Metáfora 2.0 – O desafio da gravidade_49 2.1 – Das questões religiosas e mitológicas da queda_56 2.2 – Das representações de anjos e outros seres voadores_62 2.3 – O voo do pássaro: mapas e paisagens_ 81 2.4 – Do chão para a parede_93 Parte III – Substância 3.0 – A substância dos desenhos: corpo, acaso e gravidade_113 3.1 – Paisagens em potência_116 3.2 – Castelos no ar_124 3.3 – O peso dos corpos no espaço_129 3.4 – O desenho e a observação directa dos referentes: entre o peso do real e a leveza do gesto_148 3.5 – Da substância no desenho actual_164 3.5.1– Apagamento_165 3.5.2 – Obscuridade_174 3.5.3 – Matéria_188 VII Parte IV – (A)pesar de tudo 4.0 – (Re)visões_203 4.1 – Para uma leitura de (A)pesar de tudo_216 4.1.1 – A metáfora do peso_219 4.1.2 – O peso como substância_227 5.0 – Conclusão_235 6.0 – Bibliografias_251 6.1 – Bibliografia de catálogos_251 6.2 – Bibliografia geral_254 6.3 – Publicações periódicas _262 6.4 – Outras fontes_262 6.5 – Sítios na Internet _262 7.0 – Anexo de imagens_265 8.0 – Índice de imagens_ 363 VIII Introdução A tese que aqui apresentamos é constituída por uma componente teórica, consubstanciada no trabalho escrito e por uma exposição com o título (A)pesar de tudo. As obras dessa mostra recorrerão a diferentes práticas, preferencialmente o desenho, mas também a fotografia e a instalação, funcionando como parte integrante das investigações, tanto quanto a pesquisa teórica desenvolvida, mas evitando a colagem ilustrativa aos assuntos tratados. Por definição, os objectos tridimensionais possuem massa, volume e forma. A massa é definida pelo peso e densidade e a tradução visual dessa realidade física acontece através de recursos gráficos capazes de evocar experiências a que acedemos pelo tacto e pelo toque. Também o volume, ou seja, o espaço que os objectos ocupam na realidade, tal como as formas, dão pistas que possibilitam a apreensão e expressão do peso: um objecto maior, à partida, sugere mais peso do que um mais pequeno, o mesmo se passando com uma forma irregular em relação a uma forma regular. No entanto, é pela experiência física e pelo conhecimento, que se buscam as melhores soluções para traduzir visualmente a gravidade. A questão de fundo a tratar nesta tese parte do peso no desenho para questionar a valorização do visual nesta disciplina, integrando nessa análise as possibilidades e vantagens de uma relação háptica e dinâmica com a realidade. O peso permite ao desenhador e, noutra perspectiva ao espectador, ganharem uma consciência acrescida da sua própria ligação ao solo, aos diferentes materiais e às possibilidades que resultam da experiência física do espaço. Neste sentido, a metáfora do peso no desenho permite enquadrar um vasto número de obras que evocam a queda e, indirectamente, os limites e possibilidades do corpo. O peso como substância no desenho implica o entendimento da matéria como elemento participante no sentido das obras, como coisa viva que proporciona a revelação de forças inconscientes, viabilizando possibilidades expressivas que resultam de acasos e “acidentes favoráveis”1. O significado do peso nos fenómenos artísticos visuais contemporâneos foi sendo enriquecido, progressivamente, à medida que novos regimes visuais foram 1 Jean Dubuffet. 1 emergindo. O desenho contemporâneo encontra-se num território de cruzamento, como fenómeno expandido. Assim, as práticas de artistas como Richard Serra, Bruce Nauman, Rauchenberg, Bas Jan Ader, Kentridge, revestem-se da maior importância no que respeita às questões fundamentais desta tese. O peso é tratado como um valor por Richard Serra, sendo o elemento unificador de toda a sua obra, quer na escultura quer no desenho. Veja-se a este propósito a exposição Weight & Measure Drawings (1994), onde a tradicional fragilidade do papel suporta massas de óleo que aludem ao peso da matéria. Bruce Nauman refere com frequência que desenhar é equivalente a pensar, e a prática sistemática desta disciplina ilumina os múltiplos caminhos da sua obra. O peso é um tema recorrente nos seus trabalhos, mas valerá a pena assinalar, entre outros, trabalhos, Failing to Levitate in the Studio, de 1966, onde essa preocupação é expressa de forma directa, mas também Slow Angle Walk (1968). Robert Rauchenberg tratou a questão do peso e da gravidade explorando diferentes linguagens. Pensemos, a esse propósito, nas performances que produziu, por exemplo Elgin Tie (1964), ou Erased de Kooning Drawing (1953), obra de De Kooning, apagada meticulosamente, reduzida a um vestígio matérico. Essa perda do peso da matéria, através do apagamento e posterior transfiguração em imagem com movimento é o que liga a obra do artista sul-africano Kentridge ao gesto radical de Rauchenberg. O binómio peso / leveza é inseparável e, nessa medida, acções como a de Yves Klein no Le Saut dans le Vide (1960), têm que ser consideradas, ou nessa linha de preocupação, as explorações sobre o conceito de queda do holandês Bas Jan Ader. Do que ficou referido, infere-se que o peso no desenho contemporâneo extravasou as problemáticas mais associadas à percepção que interessaram Kandinsky, Klee, Rothko ou Arnheim. O objectivo central deste trabalho consiste em identificar e analisar novas formas de percepcionar e de nos relacionarmos com o desenho, desenvolvidas na arte moderna e contemporânea, livres dos limites da gravidade e libertas da busca de equilíbrio como princípio inquestionável. Explorar as questões que, a propósito destas novas possibilidades, se colocam ao desenho, enquanto disciplina ordenadora do visto, do pensado e do imaginado, será outro
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