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Endoscopy in Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish ENDOSCOPY IN BIRDS, REPTILES, AMPHIBIANS AND FISH Michael J. MURRAY Bernd SCHILDGER Michael TAYLOR 2 Endoscopy in Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish Endoscopy in Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish 3 Important notes: Endoscopy in Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish Medical knowledge is ever changing. As new Michael J. Murray, DVM, U.S.A. research and clinical experience broaden our Bernd Schildger, DVM, Switzerland knowledge, changes in treat ment and therapy Michael Taylor, DVM, Canada may be required. The authors and editors of the material herein have consulted sources believed to be reliable in their efforts to pr ovide Correspondence address of the author: information that is complete and in accord with the standards accept ed at the time of Michael J. Murray, DVM publication. However, in view of the possibili ty Avian and Exotic Clinic of Monterey Peninsula of human error by the authors, editors, or 2 Harris Court Suite A-1 publisher, or changes in medical knowledge, Monterey, CA 93940 neither the authors, editors, publisher, nor Phone: +1 8 31-6 47-11 47 any other party who has been involved in Fax: +1 8 31-3 73-44 82 the preparation of this booklet, warrants that the information contained herein is in every Bernd Schildger, DVM respect accurate or complete, and they are Tierpark Dählhölzli, Director not responsible for any errors or omissions Tierparkweg 1 or for the results obtained from use of such CH-3005 Bern, Switzerland information. The information contained within Phone: +41 3 13 57 15 15 this booklet is intended for use by doctors Fax: +41 3 13 57 15 10 and other health care professionals. This material is not intended for use as a basis for Michael Taylor, DVM treatment decisions, and is not a substitute for Service Chief, Avian / Exotic Animal Medicine professional consultation and/or use of peer- University of Guelph, Canada reviewed medical literature. Veterinary Teaching Hospital Some of the product names, patents, and Guelph, Ontario, re gistered designs referred to in this booklet N2G 2W1, Canada are in fact registered trademarks or proprietary Phone: +1 5 19-8 24 41 20 names even though specific reference to this Fax: +1 5 19-7 63 12 76 fact is not always made in the text. Therefore, the appearance of a name without designation as proprietary is not to be construed as a All rights reserved. representation by the publisher that it is in the 1st edition 1999 public domain. © 2015 GmbH The use of this booklet as well as any P.O. Box, 78503 Tuttlingen, Germany implementation of the information contained Phone: +49 (0) 74 61/1 45 90 within explicitly takes place at the reader’s Fax: +49 (0) 74 61/708-529 own risk. No liability shall be accepted and no E-Mail: [email protected] guarantee is given for the work neither from the publisher or the editor nor from the author No part of this publication may be translated, reprinted or reproduced, trans- or any other party who has been involved in mitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, now known or the preparation of this work. This particularly applies to the content, the timeliness, the hereafter invent ed, including photocopying and recording, or utilized in any correctness, the completeness as well as information storage or retrieval system without the prior written permission of to the quality. Printing errors and omissions the copyright holder. cannot be completely excluded. The publisher as well as the author or other copyright holders Editions in languages other than English and German are in preparation. For up-to- of this work disclaim any liability, particularly date information, please contact GmbH at the address shown above. for any damages arising out of or associated with the use of the medical procedures Design and Composing: mentioned within this booklet. GmbH, Germany Any legal claims or claims for damages are excluded. Printing and Binding: In case any references are made in this Straub Druck + Medien AG booklet to any 3rd party publication(s) or links Max-Planck-Straße 17, 78713 Schramberg, Germany to any 3rd party websites are mentioned, it is made clear that neither the publisher nor the author or other copyright holders of this booklet endorse in any way the content of said 06.15-03 publication(s) and/or web sites referred to or linked from this booklet and do not assume any form of liability for any factual inaccuracies or breaches of law which may occur therein. Thus, no liability shall be accepted for content within the 3rd party publication(s) or 3rd party websites and no guarantee is given for any other work or any other websites at all. ISBN 978-3-89756-851-8 2 Endoscopy in Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish Endoscopy in Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish 3 Contents 1.0 Endoscopy in Birds ................. 7 2.0 Endoscopy in Reptiles 1.1 Introduction ........................ 7 and Amphibians .................... 31 1.2 Anesthesia ......................... 8 2.1 Introduction ........................ 31 1.3 Anatomy........................... 8 2.2 Anatomy........................... 32 1.4 Indications ......................... 9 2.3 Indications ......................... 34 1.5 Endoscopic Technique ............... 9 2.4 Anesthesia ......................... 34 1.5.1 Examination of the Major Air Sacs 2.5 Endoscopic Techniques............... 36 and Coelom ........................ 9 2.5.1 Endoscopic Examination of the 1.5.2 Endodocumentation ................. 10 Pleuroperitoneal Cavity ............... 36 1.5.3 Non Invasive Endoscopy in Birds ....... 11 2.5.2 Non Invasive Endoscopic Techniques.... 38 1.5.3.1 Oropharynx ........................ 11 2.6 Endoscopic Examination of the 1.5.3.2 Trachea............................ 12 Pleuroperitoneal Cavity ............... 40 1.5.3.3 Esophagus and Ingluvies.............. 12 2.6.1 The pleuroperitoneal cavity . 40 1.5.3.4 Proventriculus, Ventriculus ............ 13 2.6.2 Heart.............................. 41 1.6.1 Major Air Sacs and Coelom............ 14 2.6.3 Lungs ............................. 42 1.6.2 Lungs ............................. 16 2.6.4 Liver .............................. 44 1.6.3 Liver .............................. 17 2.6.5 Spleen ............................ 46 1.6.4 Heart and Pericardial Sac ............. 18 2.6.6 Stomach and Intestines............... 47 1.6.5 Spleen ............................ 19 2.6.7 Gonads............................ 48 1.6.6 Gastrointestinal Tract................. 20 2.6.8 Kidneys ........................... 50 1.6.7 Kidney ............................ 21 2.6.9 Bladder............................ 52 1.6.8 Gonads............................ 22 2.6.10 Fat Bodies ......................... 53 1.6.9 Ureters ............................ 24 2.7 Non Invasive Endoscopy in Reptiles ..... 54 1.6.10 Adrenal Glands ..................... 25 2.7.1 Tracheoscopy, Pneumonoscopy........ 54 1.7 Non Invasive Endoscopy in Birds ....... 26 2.7.2 Oesophagoscopy, Gastroscopy ........ 54 1.7.1 Oral Cavity . 26 2.8 Endoscopy in Amphibians............. 55 1.7.2 Trachea............................ 27 2.9 Literature .......................... 56 1.7.3 Esophagus, Ingluvies, Proventriculus and Ventriculus ......... 27 1.8 Literature .......................... 28 3.0 Endoscopy in Fish .................. 59 3.1 Introduction ........................ 59 3.2 Anatomy........................... 59 3.3 Indications ......................... 60 3.4 Anesthesia ......................... 61 3.5 Endoscopic Technique ............... 63 3.6 Samples of Endoscopic Features of Fish.. 67 3.7 Literature .......................... 75 Acknowledgements .................. 75 Recommended Endoscopes and Instruments Video Documentation Systems and Accessories for Endoscopy in Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish............... 77 Extracts from the following catalog: VETERINARY ENDOSCOPY – SMALL ANIMALS – including section: TELEPRESENCE – IMAGING SYSTEMS Accessories for Illumination, Documentation and Data Storage 6 Endoscopy in Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish Endoscopy in Birds 7 Endoscopy in Birds Michael TAYLOR, DVM Service Chief, Avian / Exotic Animal Medicine University of Guelph, Canada Veterinary Teaching Hospital Guelph, Ontario, N2G 2W1, Canada Phone: +1-5 19-8 24 41 20 Fax: +1-5 19-7 63 12 76 e-mail: [email protected] 6 Endoscopy in Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish Endoscopy in Birds 7 1.0 Endoscopy in Birds 1.1 Introduction Fine diameter rigid endoscopes have been used for diagnostic purposes in birds since the late 1970‘s. During the decade of the 1980‘s this technology began to be employed with greater vigour by veterinarians in zoological and private practice. The value of a minimally traumatic procedure that allowed excellent visualization of internal structures even in very small patients soon became evident to many practitioners. Enhanced diagnostic sampling procedures were slower to develop. Avian medicine has seen spectacular growth in its knowledge base over the past fifteen years. Rigid endoscopes were first employed in birds to visualize the gonads for purposes of sex identification in those species where external characteristics were difficult or impossible to rely upon. As private and public captive br eeding programs began to flourish the need for reliable sex identification services drove the early clinical applications of endoscopic technology (HARRISON 1978, MACDONALD 1982 and JONES 1984). The superior resolution and light transmission characteristics of even the earliest rod lens endoscopes made them far superior to other optical systems
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