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Differential Diagnosis and Treatment of Hearing Loss JON E Differential Diagnosis and Treatment of Hearing Loss JON E. ISAACSON, M.D., and NEIL M. VORA, M.D., Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania Hearing loss is a common problem that can occur at any age and makes verbal communication difficult. The ear is divided anatomically into three sections (external, middle, and inner), and pathology contributing to hearing loss may strike one or more sections. Hearing loss can be cat- egorized as conductive, sensorineural, or both. Leading causes of conductive hearing loss include cerumen impaction, otitis media, and otosclerosis. Leading causes of sensorineural hear- ing loss include inherited disorders, noise exposure, and presbycusis. An understanding of the indications for medical management, surgical treatment, and amplification can help the family physician provide more effective care for these patients. (Am Fam Physician 2003;68:1125-32. Copyright© 2003 American Academy of Family Physicians) ore than 28 million Amer- tive, the sound will be heard best in the icans have some degree of affected ear. If the loss is sensorineural, the hearing impairment. The sound will be heard best in the normal ear. differential diagnosis of The sound remains midline in patients with hearing loss can be sim- normal hearing. Mplified by considering the three major cate- The Rinne test compares air conduction gories of loss. Conductive hearing loss occurs with bone conduction. The tuning fork is when sound conduction is impeded through struck softly and placed on the mastoid bone the external ear, the middle ear, or both. Sen- (bone conduction). When the patient no sorineural hearing loss occurs when there is a longer can hear the sound, the tuning fork is problem within the cochlea or the neural placed adjacent to the ear canal (air conduc- pathway to the auditory cortex. Mixed hear- tion). In the presence of normal hearing or ing loss is concomitant conductive and sen- sensorineural hearing loss, air conduction is sorineural loss. Evaluation TABLE 1 A thorough history and a careful physical Questions for Evaluating Hearing Loss examination are essential to the diagnosis and treatment of hearing loss. Pertinent questions When did your hearing loss begin? to ask patients are listed in Table 1. Was your hearing loss sudden, or has your hearing The physical examination begins with visu- slowly been getting worse? alization and palpation of the auricle and peri- Does your hearing loss involve one or both ears? auricular tissues. An otoscope should be used Have you been having ringing in your ear, fullness to examine the external auditory canal for in your ear, dizziness, ear drainage, or ear pain? cerumen, foreign bodies, and abnormalities of Is there a history of hearing loss in your family? the canal skin. The mobility, color, and surface What is your job? What is the noise level in your workplace? anatomy of the tympanic membrane should Do you have a history of ear infections, ear injury, be determined (Figure 1).A pneumatic bulb is or straining to hear? required to accurately assess the tympanic Do you have a history of stroke, diabetes, or heart membrane and the aeration of the middle ear. disease? Weber’s test is performed by softly striking a What medicines are you currently taking? See page 1039 for 512-Hz tuning fork and placing it midline on Have you received any intravenous antibiotics, definitions of strength- the patient’s scalp, or on the forehead, nasal diuretics, salicylates, or chemotherapy? of-evidence levels. bones, or teeth. If the hearing loss is conduc- SEPTEMBER 15, 2003 / VOLUME 68, NUMBER 6 www.aafp.org/afp AMERICAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN 1125 Semicircular canals Stapes Incus Malleus . Facial nerve . Cochleovestibular . nerve . Carotid artery Tympanic . membrane . Jugular vein Cochlea Eustachian tube ILLUSTRATIONS BY CHRISTY KRAMES FIGURE 1. Anatomy of the ear. better than bone conduction. Therefore, words understood at 40 dB above the speech sound is still heard when the tuning fork is reception threshold. placed adjacent to the ear canal. In the pres- ence of conductive hearing loss, bone conduc- Conductive Hearing Loss tion is better than air conduction, and the EXTERNAL EAR sound is not heard when the tuning fork is Complete occlusion of the ear canal by placed adjacent to the canal. cerumen is a frequent cause of conductive Whispering softly into the patient’s ear or hearing loss. Cotton-tipped applicators are holding a softly ticking wristwatch close to the notorious for worsening cerumen impaction. ear can be helpful in making a gross evalua- Warm water (body temperature) irrigation is tion of hearing. a safe method of removing cerumen in Once the ear has been examined and initial patients who have no history of otitis media, hearing tests have been done, the head and perforation of the tympanic membrane, or neck are examined, and the cranial nerves are otologic surgery. Use of an otoscope and a evaluated. curette allows cerumen to be removed under Formal audiography is more sensitive and direct vision. The distance to the tympanic specific than a tuning fork examination and membrane must be kept in mind, because thus is essential in most patients with hearing otoscopes do not allow for depth perception. loss. Audiograms objectively measure hearing A variety of softening preparations are avail- levels and compare them with standards able if cerumen is too firm to remove. Aque- adopted by the American National Standards ous-based preparations, including docusate Institute in 1969.1 Normal hearing levels are sodium, sodium bicarbonate, and hydrogen 20 dB or better across all frequencies. The peroxide, are effective cerumenolytics.2,3 audiogram measures air conduction and bone Foreign bodies in the external auditory conduction and presents them graphically canal also can cause unilateral conductive across the hearing frequencies. Audiographi- hearing loss. These foreign bodies can be cally demonstrated conductive hearing loss removed by irrigation or with a curette. If the results in the air line falling below the bone object is not impacted or hygrostatic, warm line, creating an air-bone gap. water irrigation probably should be attempted Speech testing should be performed using first. If this approach is not effective, the for- standard word lists. The speech reception eign body can be removed with an instrument threshold is the sound level at which 50 per- if the patient is cooperative. If the patient is cent of presented words are understood. The uncooperative, removal in an operating room speech recognition score is the percentage of may be necessary. 1126 AMERICAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN www.aafp.org/afp VOLUME 68, NUMBER 6 / SEPTEMBER 15, 2003 Hearing Loss Otitis externa is an infection of the skin of the external auditory canal. Patients with oti- tis externa experience pain on manipulation of the pinna or tragus, and their ear canal is edematous and filled with infectious debris. Conductive hearing loss may occur if swelling and debris occlude the canal. The most com- mon pathogens in otitis externa are Pseudo- monas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.4 Treatment involves debridement of the canal, followed by the application of ototopical drops. In patients with severe otitis externa, a wick is placed in the ear for two to three days figure 2. Otoscopic view of osteoma of the to ensure delivery of the medication. Oral external auditory canal, showing tympanic antibiotics that are effective against P. aerugi- membrane (short arrow) and an osteoma (long arrow). nosa and S. aureus are helpful in patients with severe infection. The conductive hearing loss resolves after the inflammation subsides. Exostoses and osteomas are benign bony growths of the external auditory canal that interfere with normal cerumen migration, leading to occlusion and conductive hearing loss. Exostoses are multiple and bilateral, and are found adjacent to the tympanic mem- brane. Patients with exostoses often report a history of cold-water swimming. Osteomas are single and unilateral, and are found at the bony-cartilaginous junction (Figure 2).If symptomatic, exostoses and osteomas are removed surgically, but this is rarely necessary. Uncommon causes of external auditory FIGURE 3. Otoscopic view of perforation of canal obstruction include cysts and tumors. the tympanic membrane (white arrow) and Sebaceous cysts, fibromas, papillomas, adeno- myringosclerosis (yellow arrow). mas, sarcomas, carcinomas, and melanomas also have been reported. If a malignancy is scopic examination and debridement are suspected, prompt biopsy is indicated. essential. Ototopical antibiotics (ofloxacin [Floxin]) are necessary, and oral antibiotics MIDDLE EAR may be helpful. An accurate assessment of the Middle ear pathology may lead to conduc- patient’s tympanic membrane and hearing tive hearing loss. Perforations of the tympanic can be made only when the ear is dry. membrane cause hearing loss by reducing the Traumatic perforations of the tympanic surface area available for sound transmission membrane can occur because of water acci- to the ossicular chain (Figure 3).The main dents, barotrauma, explosions, penetrating causes of tympanic membrane perforations injury, or temporal bone fractures. Small per- are chronic otitis media and trauma. In forations (less than 2 mm) often heal sponta- patients who have had chronic otitis media neously.5 In the acute setting, blood may with tympanic membrane perforation, oto- obstruct the ear canal and prevent visualiza- SEPTEMBER 15, 2003 / VOLUME 68, NUMBER 6 www.aafp.org/afp AMERICAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN 1127 Otitis media is the most common cause of conductive hear- Removed native ing loss in children. stapes . tion of the membrane. Ototopical antibiotics and precautions to keep the ear dry are rec- Stapes piston prosthesis ommended. If the perforation or hearing loss persists beyond two months, the patient should be referred for consideration of surgi- cal correction. Trauma also can cause ossicu- lar injury or hemotympanum presenting as hearing loss. Otitis media is the most common cause of 6 conductive hearing loss in children.
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