DOCSLIB.ORG

Back Matter (PDF)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Back Matter (PDF) Index Note: Figures are shown in italic font and tables in bold Aasiaat domain 217, 229–232 back-arc basin 1, 81, 102 accretionary orogen 1, 2, 79–85, 90, 132 intra-oceanic arc 9, 10, 11,14–17 circum-Pacific 35–45 magma 20, 21, 30, 349 Mona Complex 55–72 type 37, 40, 41 accretionary wedge 215, 229 upper mantle 21–26 Gobi Altai orogen 364, 377 back-scattered electron imaging 179 adakite 279, 280 banded iron formation 4 African rift valley 91, 99 Brazil 265, 274 Alaska-type arc 36, 38, 39–41, 43 China 236, 238, 241 Alborz strike-slip system 336, 340 geochemistry 224–226 Aleutian arc 22, 24,29 Greenland 217, 220, 228 alluvial fan 389, 390, 393 Barrovian hydration events 87 faulted 368, 370, 371, 373 basement uplift, North China craton 250–251, 255 Alpine–Himalaya system 329 basin and range, Gobi Altai 365, 377, 382 Altaid Tectonic Collage 117 batholiths 82, 289, 291–292 Altaids (Central Asian Orogenic Belt) 35, 36, Benioff thrust/plate 83, 85, 102, 103, 104 42–44, 45 biochemical cycles 395 Amasia 82 Bitlis–Zagros suture 330 Ampandandrava, diopsidites 157 blueschist 38, 82, 83, 95, 98, 102, 351 amphibole 199 Khanda Block 130–131, 133–134 mineral analyses 203, 205–206 Blueschist Unit 57, 58, 61, 63, 67, 69,72 amphibolite-facies, Nagssugtoqidian 217–221 Bogd Fault system 362, 367, 370, 371, 375, 380–382 Anatolian faults 329, 331, 332, 334, 337, 339 boninites 17, 21, 29 Andean margin 305, 317–318, 320, 321, 322 boron-fluid evolution 2, 139–157 Andean-type arcs 7–10, 211, 349, 172–173 composition and transport 140, 156–157 Andrahomana pegamatite 144, 148, 152–154, 157 Bouguer anomaly, megamullion 101, 102 Anglesey, ocean plate stratigraphy 1–2, 61–63, Brazil, diopsidite 156 67,70 Brazil, Precambrian terranes 4, 263–282 Anglesey–Lleyn 55–72 anorthositic complex 3–4, 197–211, 254, 272 calc-alkaline magmatism, Kohistan arc 349–350, crystallization history 206 353–355 melt composition 207–208 Caldeira˜o shear belt 269, 277–278 mineral analyses 201, 202, 203 caldera, submarine 14 petrogenesis 209 Canada, diopsidites 156 Anshan complex 236–237 Caraı´ba complex 268, 270–274, 278–281 Antarctica, phlogopites 157 carbonate 79, 80, 119, 133 anti-continent/crust 93, 95, 96 carbonatites 106, 253 anti-plate tectonics 78 cathodoluminescence 179, 181, 182 apatite, Khanda Block 122 Cenozoic cooling 395 Arabia–Eurasia collision 329–341 Cenozoic deformation, Pakistan 351–353 arc systems 1, 36–40 Cenozoic orogenic belt 329 accretion rate 181 Central Asian Orogenic Belt 2, 117–134, 181, 187 circum-Pacific 35–45 Japanese terranes 127–128, 133 development 302, 316, 322 Jiamusi Block 130–133 magma composition 208–209 Khanka Block 118, 119–121 transition with continental margins 40–42 Mongolia 361–382 trench deposits 228–229 Chalt Volcanic Group 292, 303, 310, 317, 322, 349 arc–arc collision 42, 85–86 chemistry see geochemistry arc–back-arc associations 240 chert 55–60, 64, 69, 70 Archaean convection 96 Chilas Complex 291, 293, 295, 305, 309, 349 Archaean craton, China 235–255 age and origin 311–314, 316, 322 Archaean geotherms 94, 96, 97 deformation and metamorphism 297–299 Archaean mantle processes, Greenland 3, 197–211 CHIME analyses 127, 128 Archaean orogen 95, 96–98 chromite 198–199, 267 Archaean terrane, Brazil 263 mineral analyses 200, 201, 204–205 Archaean–Proterozoic boundary 244–245 chromitite 3–4, 197–211 arrested orogens 90–92, 110 analytical methods 199–200 Asia, tectonic map 43 petrography 198–199 atmospheric circulation and tectonics 395 chrondrites 307 410 INDEX climate change 6, 391, 393–397, 402 eclogite 80, 95, 98, 107, 108 CO2 vapour flux 3, 11, 99 metamorphism 354 Coedana granite 57, 58, 72 regressed 247–249 coesite 80, 83, 84, 95, 108, 345 equilibrium-line altitude 395–396 collision tectonics 5 Equutiit Killiat schist 219, 221–224, 228 Arabia–Eurasia 329–341 geochemistry 222–223, 224, 225, 226 Archaean 242 geochronology 226–228 Brazil 265, 279–280 metamorphosed rocks 228 circum-Pacific 35–45 Erguna Block 118 continent–continent 100–101 escape structures 333, 334, 337, 339 Eurasia 314–321, 330–331 evaporite 373 Europe–Africa 101 exhumation of orogens 82–85, 354 India–Asia 354, 355 rate of 84–85 Indo-Eurasia 361, 365, 371, 382 extant orogens 90, 91,92 Madagascar 139 extension 79 Kohistan 287 and dyke swarms 163 collision type orogens 79–82, 83, 85–87, 90 Mesozoic 365–366, 376 Columbia supercontinent 188, 253, 255 extrusive flow model 398–399 concealed orogens 90, 91,92 continental crust, growth 29–30, 263 Fiskenæsset anorthositic complex 3, 197–211 continental evolution 1–6, 236 fission track data, Gobi Altai 364, 370, 374, 382, 399 continental reactivation, geochronology 188 flower structure 369, 371, 377 convection and subduction 102–105 fluid circulation 105–106, 109–110 convergence rate 330–332, 335, 338 forearc, intra-oceanic arc systems 11, 12–13, 26, 28 cooling, dating 184, 354 development 26–29, 37, 81 copper ore 246, 364 upper mantle and crust 21–26, 30 cordierite 274 Cordillera-type arc 35, 36, 37, 39, 40–41, 43 gabbro norite 349, 350, 353 core-mantle boundary 78, 90, 91, 108 Gangdese batholith 349 cratonization, China 239–245 Garhwal earthquake 400, 402 crust 183, 185, 322 Gavia˜o Block 266, 267, 280 composition 172, 305, 314 geobarometry 2 generation 210–211 geochemistry 20, 349, 350 growth 29, 237–239 Brazil 268–271, 272–276 intra-oceanic arc 21–26 chromitites 197–211 seismic structure 299–301, 366, 308–309 intra-oceanic arc systems 17–21 crustal thickness 86, 90, 98 mafic dyke swarm 165, 166, 168–172, 174 Arabia–Eurasia 339, 346, 355 Nagssugtoqidian orogen 222–223, 224, 224–226 intra-oceanic arc 9, 12, 13, 14, 20, 22, 26, 39 North China craton 239–241, 243–244, 246–247, Kohistan 299, 308, 322 253–254 Curac¸a´ orogen 264–267 Tranomaro Belt 145–149, 153 geochronology 3, 179–189 dating techniques 179 Brazil 264–265, 267–279 Dead Sea Fault System 329, 332 dating techniques 179 Deep Sea Drilling Programme 71 Kohistan arc 347–348 deformation, Quaternary 370 Nagssugtoqidian orogen 226–228 dehydration reaction 102, 108 North China craton 236–2251, 255 delamination 11, 57, 71, 315 geomorphology and tectonics 4, 373–376 density and seismic velocity 300 geophysical relief 396 diamond 80, 84, 95, 182 geothermal gradient 24, 26, 83, 84, 95, 102 diopside 143, 144, 145 Arab–Eurasia 313, 317 diopsidites 140, 142–156 Kohistan arc 353 Dir Group 292, 297, 303, 318, 322 geothermometry 2, 88, 89, 93–108 dunite 22, 24, 289 ghost orogens 2, 86, 90, 91, 93, 110 duplex 56, 57, 60, 61, 72 glacial buzz-saw model 395, 397 dyke swarm, mafic glacial erosion and uplift 395–397 Brazil 265 glacial lake outburst floods 393, 402 China 2–5, 163–174, 242–244, 251–252 glacial record 389, 391–394, 395 Kohistan 314 gneiss protolith 184–187 gneiss, Brazil 263–273, 281 earthquakes 102, 103, 108 gneiss, west Greenland 210 Arabia–Eurasia 331, 332, 336 Gobi Altai orogen 4–5, 361–382 Gobi Altai 366, 376, 381, 382 basement 361–364 Himalayan–Tibetian orogen 400–402 Cenozoic reactivation 361, 366 INDEX 411 deformation 370–373 intra-oceanic arc systems (IOAS) 7, 345, 350 events 379–380 definition 8–10 faulting 366–370, 376 early development 26–30 geomorphology 373–376 magma 13, 17–21 Mesozoic basins 364–366 upper mantle and crust 21–26 volcanism 363, 376 sediments 10, 14–17, 18 Gobi–Tien Shan Fault system 362, 367, 380, 381 structure 10–14 Godzilla mullion 102 trace elements 19–20, 21 Gondwana 82, 83, 131, 133, 188, 289, 333 inversion, 376, 377 Gondwana, borosilicates 2, 155 iron quadrangle 264 grandidierite 143–145, 150, 152–154, 156, 157 island arc 35–45, 363 granite–greenstone terrane 98 see also under Kohistan granitoid 123, 269, 278–279 isostatic relief 396 granulite 79, 87, 93, 98, 155 isotope geochemistry 180–181, 184, 187, 363 Brazil 267, 268–269, 272, 278, 279, 281 parameters 300, 303–305 Khanda Block 118, 123, 130, 131, 133 plate tectonics 188–189 Kohistan 294–295, 305, 313 Itabuna orogen 264–267 North China craton 247–251 Izu arc 12, 14, 21 gravity survey 389 Izu–Bonin–Mariana arc 7, 29, 38, 86 Greenland, anorthositic complex 3, 4, 197–211 Greenland, grandidierite 157 Jacobina group 277, 280 Greenland, Precambrian 197–211, 213–232 Jaglot Group 291, 299, 303, 310, 314, 322 greenstone belt Japan, age of orogens 81–82 Brazil 263–267, 270–277 Japan, cold orogen 102–105 North China craton 236, 239–240, 242, 254 Japan-type arc 36, 37, 38–41, 43–44 Guguan volcano 18 Jiamusi Block 118–119, 132 Gulf of California, oceanic crust 41 Jijal Complex 289, 293–297, 299, 301, 305, 306 Gwna Group 57–59, 61, 68, 70, 72 age and origin 311–314, 322, 348 juvenile crust 5, 9, 27,29–30 harzburgite 4, 21, 22, 24, 29, 30, 95 growth 180–182 chemistry 12, 208, 209 Khanda Block 117 Khanka 121 North China craton 237 Kohistan 289, 351 juvenile magma 276, 363 Hattian Bala landslide 400, 401 heavy minerals 184, 226 Kamila Amphibolites 289, 291, 295–297, 299, 348, 349 Hebei terrane 240–242 age 293, 294, 322 Heilongjiang Complex 118, 119, 121–123 geochemistry 301, 304, 305, 307–313 metamorphism 130–131, 133–134 Kashmir earthquake 400, 402 Hida Block 127, 128, 133 Kazakhstan 42, 43 hillslope angle, Himalayas–Tibet 398 Kermadec arc 14 Himalayan tectonics 100, 298, 329, 346 Khanda Block, China 2, 117–134 review 287–322 age 121, 123, 124–125 Himalayan–Tibetian orogen, landscape development geological setting 120 389–402 and Japanese terranes 127–128, 133–134 climate and topography 6, 395–400 and Jiamusi terrane 130–133 extreme events 400–402 khondalite series 130, 245, 247, 249–250 glaciations 391–393 kimberlite 95, 98, 106, 189 literature review 389–390 Kohistan batholith 289, 291–293, 303, 322, 349–350
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Agricultural Value-Chains Assessment Report April 2020.Pdf
    1 2 ABOUT THE EUROPEAN UNION The Member States of the European Union have decided to link together their know-how, resources and destinies. Together, they have built a zone of stability, democracy and sustainable development whilst maintaining cultural diversity, tolerance and individual freedoms. The European Union is committed to sharing its achievements and its values with countries and peoples beyond its borders. ABOUT THE PUBLICATION: This publication was produced within the framework of the EU Green Agriculture Initiative in Armenia (EU-GAIA) project, which is funded by the European Union (EU) and the Austrian Development Cooperation (ADC), and implemented by the Austrian Development Agency (ADA) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Armenia. In the framework of the European Union-funded EU-GAIA project, the Austrian Development Agency (ADA) hereby agrees that the reader uses this manual solely for non-commercial purposes. Prepared by: EV Consulting CJSC © 2020 Austrian Development Agency. All rights reserved. Licensed to the European Union under conditions. Yerevan, 2020 3 CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................................................................ 5 1. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND ..................................................................................................... 6 2. OVERVIEW OF DEVELOPMENT DYNAMICS OF AGRICULTURE IN ARMENIA AND GOVERNMENT PRIORITIES.....................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Plate Tectonics Earthquakes in Christchurch and Northern Japan in 2011 and the Haiti Earthquake in 2010 Caused Massive Destruction and Loss of Life
    PROOFS 5 PAGE PLATE TECTONICS Earthquakes in Christchurch and northern Japan in 2011 and the Haiti earthquake in 2010 caused massive destruction and loss of life. What caused these and other earthquakes and volcanic eruptionsUNCORRECTED in the Earth’s history? From space, the Earth looks very peaceful, but movements of the Earth’s surface can cause huge changes. Did you know that the highest place on the Earth, Mount Everest, was once under the sea? It has been pushed up by movements of the Earth’s surface. Similar fossil specimens and rock types have been found on opposite sides of vast oceans. How can this be explained? TECTONIC PLATES 5.1 Looking at a map of the world it is easy to see why people started wondering if the continents once fitted together like a giant jigsaw puzzle. The distribution of some plants and animals and even fossil species cannot be explained unless the continents had drifted apart over time. These continents have slowly moved across the face of the planet, separating and potentially isolating populations. Whilst these organisms have adapted to their new unique environmental conditions, the rocks that were formed when the continents were joined have remained the same. Students: » •outline how the theory of plate tectonics changed ideas about the structure of and changes in the Earth’s surface » •relate continental drift to convectionPROOFS currents and gravitational forces ACTIVITY AT PLAPAGETE BOUN DARIES 5.2 As the huge tectonic plates move across the surface of the Earth, they collide, grind past one another or slowly pull away from each other.
    [Show full text]
  • Development Project Ideas Goris, Tegh, Gorhayk, Meghri, Vayk
    Ministry of Territorial Administration and Development of the Republic of Armenia DEVELOPMENT PROJECT IDEAS GORIS, TEGH, GORHAYK, MEGHRI, VAYK, JERMUK, ZARITAP, URTSADZOR, NOYEMBERYAN, KOGHB, AYRUM, SARAPAT, AMASIA, ASHOTSK, ARPI Expert Team Varazdat Karapetyan Artyom Grigoryan Artak Dadoyan Gagik Muradyan GIZ Coordinator Armen Keshishyan September 2016 List of Acronyms MTAD Ministry of Territorial Administration and Development ATDF Armenian Territorial Development Fund GIZ German Technical Cooperation LoGoPro GIZ Local Government Programme LSG Local Self-government (bodies) (FY)MDP Five-year Municipal Development Plan PACA Participatory Assessment of Competitive Advantages RDF «Regional Development Foundation» Company LED Local economic development 2 Contents List of Acronyms ........................................................................................................................ 2 Contents ..................................................................................................................................... 3 Structure of the Report .............................................................................................................. 5 Preamble ..................................................................................................................................... 7 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 9 Approaches to Project Implementation ..................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • TYPHUS EXANTHÉMATIQUE. TYPHUS. Amérique : America : Asie : Asia
    — 420 Dernière période, ' t^^iode. précédente. ijdiest pértod. Prebious, period. D ate C. D. C. D. I n d e f r a n ç a i s e ; F r e n c h I n d i a ; Terr, de Karikal 26.VII-1.VIII 32 18 — — Karikal Terr. In d e p o r t u g a is e . P o r t u g u e s e I n d i a ; Velim 19-25.VII 1 — 1 !— Velim 5-ll.V II ■---- ----- 1 , 1 I r a k 2-8.V11I 4 — __ — I raq Li-wa de Muntafik » 3 — — — Muntaflq Liwa J a p o n : O saka 23-29.V1II 5 — 3 - — J a p a n : O saka T u r q u i e 1-31.V11 16 1 21 — T u r k e y VUayets: Kars » 1 1 — — Vilayets : Kars Ismid » 1 — — — Izmid Bitiis » 2 ___ — — Bitiis Sivas » I l — 21 — Sivas Europe ; Europe : F r a n c e 1-31.V11 36 63 — F r a n c e Dép. : Aube » 1 — — — Dept. : Aube Bouches-du-Rhône » 1 ----- 1 — Bouches-du-Rhône {varioloïde') » (varioloid) Dép. ; Eure » 14 54 — Dept. : Eure Nord » 20 — -----■ — Nord P o r t u g a l 1-30.VI 39 3 24 5 * P o r t u g a l T u r q u i e (Terr, en Europe) T u r k e y (European lerr.) ; Vilayet: Stamboul 1-31.VII . 1 — — — Vilayet: Istanbul * Chiffre corrigé. — Corrected figure.
    [Show full text]
  • Study: Americas, Asia Will Join to Form a Supercontinent Around the North
    Study: Americas, Asia will join to form a supercontinent around the North Pole A new study by Yale University scientists predicts that Asia and the Americas will merge into a supercontinent, Amasia, in 50 million to 200 million years. Talia RalphFebruary 8, 2012 16:16 Scientists from Yale University have predicted that the earth's land masses will join in a new supercontinent called Amasia. (Gabriel Bouys/AFP/Getty Images) In 50 million to 200 million years, Asia and the Americas will merge and form a supercontinent reminiscent of Pangaea, according to a new study by Yale University scientists. The study, published in Nature journal, predicts that Africa and Australia will join together as well. This shift in geography is expected to be the next joining of the Earth's land masses since 300 million years ago, when the continents were thought to have merged into a supercontinent called Pangaea, BBC News reported. Researchers have long thought that this new continent, often referred to as Amasia, would form either in the same location as Pangaea (over the Atlantic near present-day Africa) or on the other side of the earth near the equator, the New York Times reported. However, thw study suggests that Amasia will actually form over the Arctic Ocean. More from GlobalPost: Giant asteroid to hurtle closer to Earth than moon “The fusion of North and South America together will close the Caribbean Sea and meet Eurasia at the present-day North Pole,” Ross Nelson Mitchell, a geologist at Yale University and one of the study's researchers, told the Times.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Register June 10,1999 Thursday 1 II Federal Register / Vol
    6±10±99 Vol. 64 No. 111 Thursday Pages 31105±31484 June 10, 1999 federal register 1 VerDate 26-APR-99 19:19 Jun 09, 1999 Jkt 183247 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4710 Sfmt 4710 E:\FR\FM\10JNWS.XXX pfrm01 PsN: 10JNWS II Federal Register / Vol. 64, No. 111 / Thursday, June 10, 1999 The FEDERAL REGISTER is published daily, Monday through SUBSCRIPTIONS AND COPIES Friday, except official holidays, by the Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration, PUBLIC Washington, DC 20408, under the Federal Register Act (44 U.S.C. Subscriptions: Ch. 15) and the regulations of the Administrative Committee of Paper or fiche 202±512±1800 the Federal Register (1 CFR Ch. I). The Superintendent of Assistance with public subscriptions 512±1806 Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 is the exclusive distributor of the official edition. General online information 202±512±1530; 1±888±293±6498 Single copies/back copies: The Federal Register provides a uniform system for making available to the public regulations and legal notices issued by Paper or fiche 512±1800 Federal agencies. These include Presidential proclamations and Assistance with public single copies 512±1803 Executive Orders, Federal agency documents having general FEDERAL AGENCIES applicability and legal effect, documents required to be published Subscriptions: by act of Congress, and other Federal agency documents of public Paper or fiche 523±5243 interest. Assistance with Federal agency subscriptions 523±5243 Documents are on file for public inspection in the Office of the Federal Register the day before they are published, unless the issuing agency requests earlier filing.
    [Show full text]
  • Colonialism, Maasina Rule, and the Origins of Malaitan Kastom
    Colonialism, Maasina Rule, and the Origins of Malaitan Kastom Pacific Islands Monograph Series 26 Colonialism, Maasina Rule, and the Origins of Malaitan Kastom David W. Akin Center for Pacific Islands Studies School of Pacific and Asian Studies University of Hawai‘i, Mānoa University of Hawai‘i Press • Honolulu © 2013 University of Hawai‘i Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America 18 17 16 15 14 13 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Akin, David, [date–] author. Colonialism, Maasina rule, and the origins of Malaitan kastom / David Akin. pages cm. — (Pacific islands monograph series ; 26) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8248-3814-0 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Malaita Province (Solomon Islands)—Politics and government. 2. Malaita Province (Solomon Islands)—Social life and customs. 3. Self-determination, National—Solomon Islands. I. Title. II. Series: Pacific islands monograph series ; no. 26. DU850.A684 2013 995.93’7—dc23 2013008708 Maps by Manoa Mapworks, Inc. University of Hawai‘i Press books are printed on acid-free paper and meet the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Council on Library Resources. Design by University of Hawai‘i Press Design & Production Department Printed by Sheridan Books, Inc. To Ma‘aanamae, Sulafanamae, and Saetana ‘Ola moru siria lo‘oo, fu‘u wane. and Kisini CENTER FOR PACIFIC ISLANDS STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I Terence Wesley-Smith, Director PACIFIC ISLANDS MONOGRAPH SERIES Tarcisius Kabutaulaka, General Editor Jan Rensel, Managing Editor EDITORIAL BOARD Hokulani Aikau Alex Golub David Hanlon Robert C Kiste Jane Freeman Moulin Puakea Nogelmeier Lola Quan Bautista Ty Kāwika Tengan The Pacific Islands Monograph Series is a joint effort of the University of Hawai‘i Press and the Center for Pacific Islands Studies, University of Hawai‘i.
    [Show full text]
  • Strategic Foreign Assistance Transitions a Report of the Csis Project on Prosperity and Development Strategic Foreign Assistance Transitions Enhancing U.S
    Strategic Foreign Assistance Transitions Assistance Foreign Strategic a report of the csis project on prosperity and development Strategic Foreign Assistance Transitions enhancing u.s. trade and cooperation relations with middle-income countries 1800 K Street, NW | Washington, DC 20006 Project Director and Tel: (202) 887-0200 | Fax: (202) 775-3199 Principal Author E-mail: [email protected] | Web: www.csis.org Daniel F. Runde Runde Project Adviser Johanna Mendelson Forman Lead Author Amasia Zargarian Contributing Author Ilona Teleki June 2012 ISBN 978-0-89206-723-7 CSIS Ë|xHSKITCy067237zv*:+:!:+:! CHARTING our future Blank a report of the csis project on prosperity and development Strategic Foreign Assistance Transitions enhancing u.s. trade and cooperation relations with middle-income countries Project Director and Principal Author Daniel F. Runde Project Adviser Johanna Mendelson Forman Lead Author Amasia Zargarian Contributing Author Ilona Teleki June 2012 CHARTING our future About CSIS—50th Anniversary Year For 50 years, the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) has developed practical solutions to the world’s greatest challenges. As we celebrate this milestone, CSIS scholars continue to provide strategic insights and bipartisan policy solutions to help decisionmakers chart a course toward a better world. CSIS is a bipartisan, nonprofit organization headquartered in Washington, D.C. The Center’s 220 full-time staff and large network of affiliated scholars conduct research and analysis and de- velop policy initiatives that look into the future and anticipate change. Since 1962, CSIS has been dedicated to finding ways to sustain American prominence and prosperity as a force for good in the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Neo-Tethys Geodynamics and Mantle Convection
    Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences Neo -Tethys geodynamics and mantle convection: from extension to compression in Africa and a conceptual model for obduction Journal: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences Manuscript ID cjes-2015-0118.R1 Manuscript Type: Article Date Submitted by the Author: 07-Dec-2015 Complete List of Authors: Jolivet, Laurent; Université d'Orléans, ISTO Faccenna, DraftClaudio; Universita Roma Tre, Dipartimento di Scienze Agard, Philippe; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Institut des Sciences de la Terre Paris Frizon de Lamotte, Dominique; Université de Cergy Pontoise, Département des Sciences de la Terre et de l'Environnement Menant, Armel; Université d'Orléans, ISTO Sternai, Pietro; California Institute of Technology, Guillocheau, François; Université de Rennes 1, Géosciences Rennes Keyword: Convection, Obduction, reconstructions, geodynamics, tectonics https://mc06.manuscriptcentral.com/cjes-pubs Page 1 of 39 Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 1 Neo-Tethys geodynamics and mantle convection: from extension to compression in 2 Africa and a conceptual model for obduction 3 4 Laurent Jolivet (1,2,3), Claudio Faccenna (4), Philippe Agard (5), Dominique Frizon de Lamotte 5 (6), Armel Menant (1,2,3), Pietro Sternai (7) and François Guillocheau (8) 6 7 (1) Univ d’Orléans, ISTO, UMR 7327, 45071 Orléans, France ([email protected] ) 8 (2) CNRS/INSU, ISTO, UMR 7327, 45071 Orléans, France 9 (3) BRGM, ISTO, UMR 7327, BP 36009, 45060 Orléans, France 10 (4) Laboratory of Experimental Tectonics, Dipartimento di Scienze, Università Roma TRE, Largo 11 S.L.Murialdo 1 - 00143 Roma, Italy ([email protected] ) 12 (5) Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7193 CNRS-UPMC, Institut des Sciences de la 13 Terre Paris (ISTeP), F-75005 Paris, France ([email protected] ) 14 (6) Université de Cergy-Pontoise, Département géosciences et environnement.
    [Show full text]
  • A History of Supercontinents on Planet Earth
    By Alasdair Wilkins Jan 27, 2011 2:31 PM 47,603 71 Share A history of supercontinents on planet Earth Earth's continents are constantly changing, moving and rearranging themselves over millions of years - affecting Earth's climate and biology. Every few hundred million years, the continents combine to create massive, world-spanning supercontinents. Here's the past and future of Earth's supercontinents. The Basics of Plate Tectonics If we're going to discuss past and future supercontinents, we first need to understand how landmasses can move around and the continents can take on new configurations. Let's start with the basics - rocky planets like Earth have five interior levels: heading outwards, these are the inner core, outer core, mantle, upper mantle, and the crust. The crust and the part of the upper mantle form the lithosphere, a portion of our planet that is basically rigid, solid rock and runs to about 100 kilometers below the planet's surface. Below that is the asthenosphere, which is hot enough that its rocks are more flexible and ductile than those above it. The lithosphere is divided into roughly two dozen major and minor plates, and these plates move very slowly over the almost fluid-like asthenosphere. There are two types of crust: oceanic crust and continental crust. Predictably enough, oceanic crust makes up the ocean beds and are much thinner than their continental counterparts. Plates can be made up of either oceanic or continental crust, or just as often some combination of the two. There are a variety of forces pushing and pulling the plates in various directions, and indeed that's what keeps Earth's crust from being one solid landmass - the interaction of lithosphere and asthenosphere keeps tearing landmasses apart, albeit very, very slowly.
    [Show full text]
  • Back to the Future II: Tidal Evolution of Four Supercontinent Scenarios
    Earth Syst. Dynam., 11, 291–299, 2020 https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-11-291-2020 © Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Back to the future II: tidal evolution of four supercontinent scenarios Hannah S. Davies1,2, J. A. Mattias Green3, and Joao C. Duarte1,2,4 1Instituto Dom Luiz (IDL), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal 2Departamento de Geologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal 3School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Askew St, Menai Bridge LL59 5AB, UK 4School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia Correspondence: Hannah S. Davies ([email protected]) Received: 7 October 2019 – Discussion started: 25 October 2019 Revised: 3 February 2020 – Accepted: 8 February 2020 – Published: 20 March 2020 Abstract. The Earth is currently 180 Myr into a supercontinent cycle that began with the break-up of Pangaea and which will end around 200–250 Myr (million years) in the future, as the next supercontinent forms. As the continents move around the planet they change the geometry of ocean basins, and thereby modify their resonant properties. In doing so, oceans move through tidal resonance, causing the global tides to be profoundly affected. Here, we use a dedicated and established global tidal model to simulate the evolution of tides during four future supercontinent scenarios. We show that the number of tidal resonances on Earth varies between one and five in a supercontinent cycle and that they last for no longer than 20 Myr.
    [Show full text]
  • Speculations on the Mechanisms for the Formation and Breakup of Supercontinents
    Geoscience Frontiers 4 (2013) 185e194 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect China University of Geosciences (Beijing) Geoscience Frontiers journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/gsf Research paper Speculations on the mechanisms for the formation and breakup of supercontinents J. Brendan Murphy a,*, R. Damian Nance b a Department of Earth Sciences, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia B2G 2W5, Canada b Department of Geological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA article info abstract Article history: The supercontinent cycle has had a profound effect on the Earth’s evolution since the Late Archean but Received 17 May 2012 our understanding of the forces responsible for its operation remains elusive. Supercontinents appear to Received in revised form form by two end-member processes: extroversion, in which the oceanic lithosphere surrounding the 9 July 2012 supercontinent (exterior ocean) is preferentially subducted (e.g. Pannotia), and introversion in which the Accepted 18 July 2012 oceanic lithosphere formed between dispersing fragments of the previous supercontinent (interior Available online 21 August 2012 ocean) is preferentially subducted (e.g. Pangea). Extroversion can be explained by “topedown” geo- dynamics, in which a supercontinent breaks up over a geoid high and amalgamates above a geoid low. Keywords: Supercontinent cycle Introversion, on the other hand, requires that the combined forces of slab-pull and ridge push (which Introversion operate in concert after supercontinent break-up) must be overcome in order to enable the previously Extroversion dispersing continents to turn inward. Introversion may begin when subduction zones are initiated along Pangea boundaries between the interior and exterior oceans and become trapped within the interior ocean.
    [Show full text]