Index Note: Figures are shown in italic font and tables in bold Aasiaat domain 217, 229–232 back-arc basin 1, 81, 102 accretionary orogen 1, 2, 79–85, 90, 132 intra-oceanic arc 9, 10, 11,14–17 circum-Pacific 35–45 magma 20, 21, 30, 349 Mona Complex 55–72 type 37, 40, 41 accretionary wedge 215, 229 upper mantle 21–26 Gobi Altai orogen 364, 377 back-scattered electron imaging 179 adakite 279, 280 banded iron formation 4 African rift valley 91, 99 Brazil 265, 274 Alaska-type arc 36, 38, 39–41, 43 China 236, 238, 241 Alborz strike-slip system 336, 340 geochemistry 224–226 Aleutian arc 22, 24,29 Greenland 217, 220, 228 alluvial fan 389, 390, 393 Barrovian hydration events 87 faulted 368, 370, 371, 373 basement uplift, North China craton 250–251, 255 Alpine–Himalaya system 329 basin and range, Gobi Altai 365, 377, 382 Altaid Tectonic Collage 117 batholiths 82, 289, 291–292 Altaids (Central Asian Orogenic Belt) 35, 36, Benioff thrust/plate 83, 85, 102, 103, 104 42–44, 45 biochemical cycles 395 Amasia 82 Bitlis–Zagros suture 330 Ampandandrava, diopsidites 157 blueschist 38, 82, 83, 95, 98, 102, 351 amphibole 199 Khanda Block 130–131, 133–134 mineral analyses 203, 205–206 Blueschist Unit 57, 58, 61, 63, 67, 69,72 amphibolite-facies, Nagssugtoqidian 217–221 Bogd Fault system 362, 367, 370, 371, 375, 380–382 Anatolian faults 329, 331, 332, 334, 337, 339 boninites 17, 21, 29 Andean margin 305, 317–318, 320, 321, 322 boron-fluid evolution 2, 139–157 Andean-type arcs 7–10, 211, 349, 172–173 composition and transport 140, 156–157 Andrahomana pegamatite 144, 148, 152–154, 157 Bouguer anomaly, megamullion 101, 102 Anglesey, ocean plate stratigraphy 1–2, 61–63, Brazil, diopsidite 156 67,70 Brazil, Precambrian terranes 4, 263–282 Anglesey–Lleyn 55–72 anorthositic complex 3–4, 197–211, 254, 272 calc-alkaline magmatism, Kohistan arc 349–350, crystallization history 206 353–355 melt composition 207–208 Caldeira˜o shear belt 269, 277–278 mineral analyses 201, 202, 203 caldera, submarine 14 petrogenesis 209 Canada, diopsidites 156 Anshan complex 236–237 Caraı´ba complex 268, 270–274, 278–281 Antarctica, phlogopites 157 carbonate 79, 80, 119, 133 anti-continent/crust 93, 95, 96 carbonatites 106, 253 anti-plate tectonics 78 cathodoluminescence 179, 181, 182 apatite, Khanda Block 122 Cenozoic cooling 395 Arabia–Eurasia collision 329–341 Cenozoic deformation, Pakistan 351–353 arc systems 1, 36–40 Cenozoic orogenic belt 329 accretion rate 181 Central Asian Orogenic Belt 2, 117–134, 181, 187 circum-Pacific 35–45 Japanese terranes 127–128, 133 development 302, 316, 322 Jiamusi Block 130–133 magma composition 208–209 Khanka Block 118, 119–121 transition with continental margins 40–42 Mongolia 361–382 trench deposits 228–229 Chalt Volcanic Group 292, 303, 310, 317, 322, 349 arc–arc collision 42, 85–86 chemistry see geochemistry arc–back-arc associations 240 chert 55–60, 64, 69, 70 Archaean convection 96 Chilas Complex 291, 293, 295, 305, 309, 349 Archaean craton, China 235–255 age and origin 311–314, 316, 322 Archaean geotherms 94, 96, 97 deformation and metamorphism 297–299 Archaean mantle processes, Greenland 3, 197–211 CHIME analyses 127, 128 Archaean orogen 95, 96–98 chromite 198–199, 267 Archaean terrane, Brazil 263 mineral analyses 200, 201, 204–205 Archaean–Proterozoic boundary 244–245 chromitite 3–4, 197–211 arrested orogens 90–92, 110 analytical methods 199–200 Asia, tectonic map 43 petrography 198–199 atmospheric circulation and tectonics 395 chrondrites 307 410 INDEX climate change 6, 391, 393–397, 402 eclogite 80, 95, 98, 107, 108 CO2 vapour flux 3, 11, 99 metamorphism 354 Coedana granite 57, 58, 72 regressed 247–249 coesite 80, 83, 84, 95, 108, 345 equilibrium-line altitude 395–396 collision tectonics 5 Equutiit Killiat schist 219, 221–224, 228 Arabia–Eurasia 329–341 geochemistry 222–223, 224, 225, 226 Archaean 242 geochronology 226–228 Brazil 265, 279–280 metamorphosed rocks 228 circum-Pacific 35–45 Erguna Block 118 continent–continent 100–101 escape structures 333, 334, 337, 339 Eurasia 314–321, 330–331 evaporite 373 Europe–Africa 101 exhumation of orogens 82–85, 354 India–Asia 354, 355 rate of 84–85 Indo-Eurasia 361, 365, 371, 382 extant orogens 90, 91,92 Madagascar 139 extension 79 Kohistan 287 and dyke swarms 163 collision type orogens 79–82, 83, 85–87, 90 Mesozoic 365–366, 376 Columbia supercontinent 188, 253, 255 extrusive flow model 398–399 concealed orogens 90, 91,92 continental crust, growth 29–30, 263 Fiskenæsset anorthositic complex 3, 197–211 continental evolution 1–6, 236 fission track data, Gobi Altai 364, 370, 374, 382, 399 continental reactivation, geochronology 188 flower structure 369, 371, 377 convection and subduction 102–105 fluid circulation 105–106, 109–110 convergence rate 330–332, 335, 338 forearc, intra-oceanic arc systems 11, 12–13, 26, 28 cooling, dating 184, 354 development 26–29, 37, 81 copper ore 246, 364 upper mantle and crust 21–26, 30 cordierite 274 Cordillera-type arc 35, 36, 37, 39, 40–41, 43 gabbro norite 349, 350, 353 core-mantle boundary 78, 90, 91, 108 Gangdese batholith 349 cratonization, China 239–245 Garhwal earthquake 400, 402 crust 183, 185, 322 Gavia˜o Block 266, 267, 280 composition 172, 305, 314 geobarometry 2 generation 210–211 geochemistry 20, 349, 350 growth 29, 237–239 Brazil 268–271, 272–276 intra-oceanic arc 21–26 chromitites 197–211 seismic structure 299–301, 366, 308–309 intra-oceanic arc systems 17–21 crustal thickness 86, 90, 98 mafic dyke swarm 165, 166, 168–172, 174 Arabia–Eurasia 339, 346, 355 Nagssugtoqidian orogen 222–223, 224, 224–226 intra-oceanic arc 9, 12, 13, 14, 20, 22, 26, 39 North China craton 239–241, 243–244, 246–247, Kohistan 299, 308, 322 253–254 Curac¸a´ orogen 264–267 Tranomaro Belt 145–149, 153 geochronology 3, 179–189 dating techniques 179 Brazil 264–265, 267–279 Dead Sea Fault System 329, 332 dating techniques 179 Deep Sea Drilling Programme 71 Kohistan arc 347–348 deformation, Quaternary 370 Nagssugtoqidian orogen 226–228 dehydration reaction 102, 108 North China craton 236–2251, 255 delamination 11, 57, 71, 315 geomorphology and tectonics 4, 373–376 density and seismic velocity 300 geophysical relief 396 diamond 80, 84, 95, 182 geothermal gradient 24, 26, 83, 84, 95, 102 diopside 143, 144, 145 Arab–Eurasia 313, 317 diopsidites 140, 142–156 Kohistan arc 353 Dir Group 292, 297, 303, 318, 322 geothermometry 2, 88, 89, 93–108 dunite 22, 24, 289 ghost orogens 2, 86, 90, 91, 93, 110 duplex 56, 57, 60, 61, 72 glacial buzz-saw model 395, 397 dyke swarm, mafic glacial erosion and uplift 395–397 Brazil 265 glacial lake outburst floods 393, 402 China 2–5, 163–174, 242–244, 251–252 glacial record 389, 391–394, 395 Kohistan 314 gneiss protolith 184–187 gneiss, Brazil 263–273, 281 earthquakes 102, 103, 108 gneiss, west Greenland 210 Arabia–Eurasia 331, 332, 336 Gobi Altai orogen 4–5, 361–382 Gobi Altai 366, 376, 381, 382 basement 361–364 Himalayan–Tibetian orogen 400–402 Cenozoic reactivation 361, 366 INDEX 411 deformation 370–373 intra-oceanic arc systems (IOAS) 7, 345, 350 events 379–380 definition 8–10 faulting 366–370, 376 early development 26–30 geomorphology 373–376 magma 13, 17–21 Mesozoic basins 364–366 upper mantle and crust 21–26 volcanism 363, 376 sediments 10, 14–17, 18 Gobi–Tien Shan Fault system 362, 367, 380, 381 structure 10–14 Godzilla mullion 102 trace elements 19–20, 21 Gondwana 82, 83, 131, 133, 188, 289, 333 inversion, 376, 377 Gondwana, borosilicates 2, 155 iron quadrangle 264 grandidierite 143–145, 150, 152–154, 156, 157 island arc 35–45, 363 granite–greenstone terrane 98 see also under Kohistan granitoid 123, 269, 278–279 isostatic relief 396 granulite 79, 87, 93, 98, 155 isotope geochemistry 180–181, 184, 187, 363 Brazil 267, 268–269, 272, 278, 279, 281 parameters 300, 303–305 Khanda Block 118, 123, 130, 131, 133 plate tectonics 188–189 Kohistan 294–295, 305, 313 Itabuna orogen 264–267 North China craton 247–251 Izu arc 12, 14, 21 gravity survey 389 Izu–Bonin–Mariana arc 7, 29, 38, 86 Greenland, anorthositic complex 3, 4, 197–211 Greenland, grandidierite 157 Jacobina group 277, 280 Greenland, Precambrian 197–211, 213–232 Jaglot Group 291, 299, 303, 310, 314, 322 greenstone belt Japan, age of orogens 81–82 Brazil 263–267, 270–277 Japan, cold orogen 102–105 North China craton 236, 239–240, 242, 254 Japan-type arc 36, 37, 38–41, 43–44 Guguan volcano 18 Jiamusi Block 118–119, 132 Gulf of California, oceanic crust 41 Jijal Complex 289, 293–297, 299, 301, 305, 306 Gwna Group 57–59, 61, 68, 70, 72 age and origin 311–314, 322, 348 juvenile crust 5, 9, 27,29–30 harzburgite 4, 21, 22, 24, 29, 30, 95 growth 180–182 chemistry 12, 208, 209 Khanda Block 117 Khanka 121 North China craton 237 Kohistan 289, 351 juvenile magma 276, 363 Hattian Bala landslide 400, 401 heavy minerals 184, 226 Kamila Amphibolites 289, 291, 295–297, 299, 348, 349 Hebei terrane 240–242 age 293, 294, 322 Heilongjiang Complex 118, 119, 121–123 geochemistry 301, 304, 305, 307–313 metamorphism 130–131, 133–134 Kashmir earthquake 400, 402 Hida Block 127, 128, 133 Kazakhstan 42, 43 hillslope angle, Himalayas–Tibet 398 Kermadec arc 14 Himalayan tectonics 100, 298, 329, 346 Khanda Block, China 2, 117–134 review 287–322 age 121, 123, 124–125 Himalayan–Tibetian orogen, landscape development geological setting 120 389–402 and Japanese terranes 127–128, 133–134 climate and topography 6, 395–400 and Jiamusi terrane 130–133 extreme events 400–402 khondalite series 130, 245, 247, 249–250 glaciations 391–393 kimberlite 95, 98, 106, 189 literature review 389–390 Kohistan batholith 289, 291–293, 303, 322, 349–350