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75 Years of Particle Accelerators

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75 Years of Particle Accelerators https://acceleratorinstitute.web.cern.ch/acceleratorinstitute/engines.pdf Engines of Discovery Contents I. Electrostatic Machines II. Cyclotrons III. Linacs IV. Betatrons V. Synchrotrons VI. Colliders VII. Synchrotron Radiation Sources VIII. Cancer Therapy Machines IX. The Future X. Concluding Remarks Engines of Discovery The race to high energies • Rutherford fired the starting pistol At the Royal Society in 1928 he said “I have long hoped for a source of positive particles more energetic than those emitted from natural radioactive substances”. Engines of Discovery Wideroe’s Linac Engines of Discovery Cavendish Laboratory Engines of Discovery Linacs – an idea waiting for a technology Luis Alvarez Ed Ginzton Engines of Discovery Cyclotrons –an inspired discovery A picture of the 11-inch cyclotron built by Lawrence and his graduate students, David Sloan and M. Stanley Livingston, during 1931. Engines of Discovery The CALUTRON The concept of electromagnetic separation of the isotopes of uranium, U238 and U235, only the later, which is only 1/2% of natural uranium, being fissionable, was developed by E.O.Lawrence. A first demonstration was made on the not-yet-completed 184’’, and soon Oak Ridge with 1000 calutrons was established. Although all the material for the Hiroshima bomb was electromagnetically separated, that method has not been used since WWII and, as we all know, centrifuges are now the method of choice. Engines of Discovery Discovery of the Synchrotron •Oliphant • The Arsenal Synchrotron Engines of Discovery This 300 MeV electron synchroton at the General Electric Co. at Schenectady, built in the late 1940s. The photograph shows a beam of synchrotron radiation emerging. Engines of Discovery Strong focusing The invention of strong focusing, in the early 1950’s, by Ernie Courant, Hartland Snyder and Stan Livingston, revolutionized accelerator design in that it allowed small apertures (unlike the Bevatron whose aperture was large enough to contain a jeep, with its windshield down). The concept was independently discovered by Nick Christofilos. Engines of Discovery AdA the first electron -positron storage ring Bruno Touschek Built and operated at Frascati, Italy and later moved to take advantage of a more powerful source of positrons in France. Engines of Discovery The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) But why was the 20 TeV SSC never built?. Engines of Discovery The CMS detector. Engines of Discovery Future Projects 1 The International Linear Collider (ILC) & Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) 2 Spallation Neutron Source 3 Rare Isotope Accelerator and FAIR 4 Neutrino Super Beams, Neutrino Factories and Muon Colliders 5 Accelerators for Heavy Ion Fusion 6 Proton Drivers for Power Reactors 7 Laser and Plasma Acceleration 8 Medical acceleratorsEngines of Discovery (FFAG accelerators) Synchrotron Light Sources Spring 8, a synchrotron light source located in Japan. This intricate structure of a complex protein molecule structure has been determined by reconstructing scattered synchrotron radiation Engines of Discovery Linac Coherent Light Source and the European Union X-Ray Free Electron Laser (Fourth Generation) FELs, invented in the late 1970’s at Stanford are now becoming the basis of major facilities in the USA (SLAC) and Europe (DESY) .They promise intense coherent radiation. The present projects expect to reach radiation of 1 Angstrom (0.1 nano-meters, 10kilo-volt radiation) ↓ Engines of Discovery Electrons 14 GeV Peak current > 1000A Transversely < 0.1 mm 1012 photons 0.15 < λ < 1.5 nm Pulse: 100 femtoseconds down to 100 attoseconds Rate 120 Hz 1000 to 10000 times brighter 1012 than third generation Cost M$ 300 The SLAC site showing its two-mile long linear accelerator, the two arms of the SLC linear collider, and the large ring of PEPII. This is where the LCLS will be located. ↓ Engines of Discovery A possible fourth generation light source. This is the proposed facility LUX, as envisioned by a team at LBL. Features a recirculating linac and energy recovery . Engines↓ of Discovery X-ray pulses of femtosecond length. Cancer Therapy Machines A modern system for treating a patient with x-rays produced by a high energy electron beam. The system, built by Varian, shows the very precise controls for positioning of a patient. The whole device is mounted on a gantry. As the gantry is rotated, so is the accelerator and the resulting x-rays, so that the radiation can be delivered to the tumor from all directions. Engines of Discovery A drawing showing the Japanese proton ion synchrotron, HIMAC. The facility consists of two synchrotrons, so as to maintain a continuous supply of ions (or protons) to the treatment area. The pulse of ions is synchronized with the respiration of the Engines of Discovery patient so as to minimize the effect of organ movement. Ions Left is the phase diagram for the quark-gluon plasma Right is gold-gold collision in RHIC Engines of Discovery Unstable Isotopes and their Ions The Rare Isotope Accelerator (RIA) scheme. The heart of the facility is composed of a driver accelerator capable of accelerating every element of the periodic table up to at least 400 MeV/nucleon. Rare isotopes will be produced in a number of dedicated production targets and will be used at rest for experiments, or they can be accelerated to energies belowEngines or near of Discovery the Coulomb barrier. Neutrino experiments Solar Neutrino Problem Super K K to K Gran Sasso Minos and NUMI Super Beams Neutrino Factories Muon Colliders Kamiokande This very large underground detector, located in the mountains of Japan. Many very important results have come from this facility that first took data in 1996. The facility was instrumental in solving “the Engines of Discoverysolar neutrino problem. CLIC A diagram showing the CERN approach to a linear collider. The two main linacs are driven by 12 GHz radio frequency power derived from a drive beam of low energy but high intensity that will be prepared inEngines a series of of Discovery rings combined with a conventional linac. Inertial fusion An artist’s view of a heavy ion inertial fusion facility in the US. Although the facility is large,Engines it of isDiscovery made of components that all appear to be feasible to construct and operate. Proton Drivers for Power Reactors A linac scheme for driving a reactor. These devices can turn thorium into a reactor fuel, power a reactor safely, and burn up long-lived fission products. Engines of Discovery Oxford/LBNL Plasma-Laser Experiments: • Guiding achieved over 33 mm: • Capillary 190 um • Input laser power 40 TW • Peak input intensity > 1018 W cm-2 •Plasma: 3 ×1018 cm-3 • Spot size at entrance 26 μm • Spot size at exit 33 μm Entrance Exit Plasma channel formed by heat conduction to capillary wall. E = (1.0 +/-0.06) GeV ΔE = 2.5% r.m.s Δθ = 1.6 mrad r.m.s. W. P. Leemans et al. Nature Physics 2 696 (2006) Butler et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 185003 (2002). Engines of Discovery D. J. Spence et al. Phys. Rev. E 63 015401(R) (2001) Accelerators bringing nations together The King of Jordan discussing with scientists the Sesame Project, which will be located in Jordan and available to all scientists. Engines of Discovery Conclusions • Accelerators embody all that is good in modern technology • They continue to be “Engines of Discovery” in many research fields for developing countries. • Their practical application in Industry and Medicine is Expanding • Their future (for the young engineer or physicist) is a bright one. Engines of Discovery Links Author’s e-mail: [email protected] Engines of Discovery: http://www.enginesofdiscovery.com/ This talk: http://www.enginesofdiscovery.com/eod.pdf Particle Accelerators http://www.oup.com/uk/catalogue/?ci=9780198508298 Engines of Discovery.
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