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As Origens Do Chassidismo1 As origens do Chassidismo1 The Origins of Hassidism RACHEL ELIOR Professora da Universidade Hebraica de Jerusalém e do Instituto Van Leer, Jerusalém Tradução do inglês por Hedy Lorraine Hofmann RESUMO O presente artigo é uma revisão dos antecedentes ABSTRACT The present article reviews the historical históricos que geraram a devastação da comunidade judaica background that had generated the devastation of the na Ucrânia na segunda metade do século XVII e o Jewish community in the Ukraine in the second half of the surgimento do sabatianismo nesse período, que foi seguido 17th century and the rising of Sabbatianism in the period that do início do chassidismo2 no segundo terço do século XVIII. was followed by the emergence of Hasidism in the second A evidência literária, que data de 1650 em diante até o final third of the 18th century. The literary evidence, dating from do século XVIII, revela que os escritores judeus se 1650 onwards until the end of the 18th century, reveals that preocupavam em documentar a devastação trágica que se the Jewish writers were concerned with the documentation seguiu à revolta de Chmielnizki, bem como expressavam of the tragic devastation that followed the Chmielnizki revolt profundas esperanças pela vingança divina, e uma profunda as well as expressing profound hopes for divine vengeance esperança pela redenção messiânica. and a profound hope for messianic redemption. A discussão focaliza duas respostas espirituais para as The discussion is focused in two spiritual responses to the trágicas circunstâncias: o sabatianismo e o chassidismo, tragic circumstances: Sabbatianism and Hasidism, descrevendo a singularidade de cada um dos dois principais describing the uniqueness of each one of the major movimentos místico-messiânico-carismáticos na comunidade mystical-messianic-charismatic movements in the Jewish judaica da era moderna. A discussão inclui uma análise da community of the modern era. The discussion includes an realidade interna da comunidade judaica, cujos líderes eram, analysis of the inner social reality of the Jewish community, com frequência, escolhidos entre os membros das famílias whose leaders were often chosen among the members of mais ricas. A aliança econômico-intelectual criou uma the wealthiest families. The economic-intellectual alliance situação em que uma liderança carismática alternativa foi created a situation where an alternative charismatic escolhida por diversos membros da comunidade judaica, leadership was chosen by many members of the Jewish que estavam desapontados com a liderança rabínica e sua community, who where disappointed with the rabbinic responsabilidade social. leadership and its social responsibility. O artigo apresenta, também, os 12 princípios do pensamento The article presents also the 12 principles of the Hasidic chassídico e descreve as circunstâncias singulares que thought and describes the unique circumstances that afetaram a atividade do Baal Shem Tov em relação aos trinta affected the activity of the Baal Shem Tov in relation to the e cinco libelos de sangue que foram registrados durante a thirty five blood libels that were recorded in his life time in sua vida na comunidade polaco-lituana. Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth. PALAVRAS-CHAVE Chassidismo; Sabatianismo; Comunidade KEYWORDS Hasidism; Sabbatianism; Polish-Lithuan polaco-lituana; Israel Baal Shem Tov. commonwealth; Israel Baal Shem Tov. O CHASSIDISMO TEVE ORIGEM COMO UMA NOVA ENTIDADE ESPIRITUAL E SOCIAL no segundo terço do século XVIII na Podólia [Podole], Volínia [Wolyn], e Galícia orien- tal, as regiões históricas do sudeste da comunidade polaco-lituana, que são as partes oci- dentais central e noroeste da atual Ucrânia. Israel Baal Shem Tov (1698-1760), o funda- dor do movimento, conhecido pelo acrônimo Besh’t, formulou sua visão mística do WebMosaica REVISTA DO INSTITUTO CULTURAL JUDAICO MARC CHAGALL v.5 n.1 (jan-jun) 2013 As origens do Chassidismo RACHEL ELIOR The Origins of Hassidism [16] mundo ao ler livros e manuscritos cabalísticos em e resultou no assassinato em massa de milhares de meados da década de 1730. Essa visão do mundo, judeus que foram acusados de serem traidores pe- que pressupunha que a entidade divina mais eleva- los poloneses; c) as incursões contínuas de tártaros da oculta e o mundo inferior revelado seriam in- muçulmanos na Ucrânia a fim de capturar escra- terligados e refletidos no pensamento e na lingua- vos brancos para os mercados no mundo muçul- gem, teve consequências sociais significativas em mano (1660-1699); d) a invasão turca da Podólia todas as comunidades judaicas da Europa Oriental. (1672­1699); e) a “Grande Guerra do Norte” (1700­ O Besh’t começou a ensinar suas novas ideias em 1721), travada entre a Rússia e a Suécia em solo Medziboz [Miçdzybóz], na Podólia, onde, nas dé- polonês, sobre a coroação de Augusto II da Saxô- cadas de 1740 e 1750, ele foi convidado a residir nia como Rei da Polônia, apoiada pelo Tzar da pela comunidade judaica como um “Doctor Kabba­ Rússia e rejeitada pelo rei da Suécia. Essa guerra lista”, isto é, como um curandeiro herbal do corpo foi seguida de uma guerra interna polonesa, a Guer- e da alma, e professor de textos cabalísticos associa- ra da Sucessão Polonesa, 1733­1738, entre Augusto dos com a tradição mística do século XVI, que afir- III (apoiado pelos russos) e Stanislaw Leszeczynski mava que “Aquele que deseja aprender a Verdadeira (apoiado pelos suecos). A guerra interna polonesa Sabedoria [hokhmat há’emet = Cabala] deve com- foi travada para estabelecer a dominância, dentro portar-se à maneira dos piedosos [derekh hasidut].”3 do reino, entre dois candidatos rivais que eram Pode-se dizer que houve três fatores principais apoiados pelo rei da Suécia, que era protestante, e que caracterizaram e influenciaram esse período o rei da França, que era católico (e cuja irmã era da história judaica, quando o estudo da ‘verdadei- casada com Leszczynski), apoiando uma facção, e ra sabedoria’, acompanhado por ‘viver de acordo pelo Tsar da Rússia, os Habsburgos austríacos e com a maneira dos piedosos’, tinha se dissemina- governantes da Prússia apoiando a outra. Essa si- do: a instabilidade que confundia a vida judaica tuação instável gerada pelas guerras e invasões in- naqueles anos, conforme sentida pelas comunida- findáveis resultou em um colapso econômico ca- des judaicas da Podólia e do sudeste da Polônia, tastrófico e uma desordem social que geraram van- que comemoraram os terríveis eventos da segunda dalismo disseminado e furtos por grupos de cam- metade do século XVII, eventos que incluíram (a) poneses ucranianos, conhecidos como “Hydama- o massacre de comunidades judaicas inteiras, per- kim”, ou Gydamaks, que atacaram bairros e assen- petrado pelos camponeses ucranianos escravizados tamentos judaicos (1734-1744; 1750-1768) e assas- que se levantaram contra os seus senhores polone- sinaram milhares dos seus habitantes. A perda de ses durante uma revolta em 1648-1668, encabeçada vidas dentro da comunidade judaica na Ucrânia e por Bohdan Khmelnitsky (Chmielnizki) (1595­1675) na comunidade polaco-lituana, nos anos de 1648- – os servos ucranianos greco­ortodoxos analfabetos 1768 foi avassaladora pelo grande número de pes- perceberam o levante como parte da revolta nacio- soas envolvidas no decorrer da revolta ucraniana nal contra a opressão da nobreza polonesa católica (mais de cem mil judeus pereceram nas mãos dos e dos seus agentes judeus que eram alfabetizados; cossacos, segundo os historiadores poloneses. Gran- b) a guerra russo-sueca que foi travada para obter des pogroms de judeus também irromperam nas controle do reino polaco­lituano – esse conflito áreas das quais se tinham retirado as forças polo- teve lugar em 1654-1656, na Polônia e na Lituânia, nesas) e nas várias guerras e invasões que se segui- WebMosaica REVISTA DO INSTITUTO CULTURAL JUDAICO MARC CHAGALL v.5 n.1 (jan-jun) 2013 As origens do Chassidismo RACHEL ELIOR The Origins of Hassidism [17] ram. Os servos ucranianos greco-ortodoxos anal- e o grande número de pessoas que havia acompa- fabetos e escravizados se revoltaram novamente e nhado a nova mensagem messiânica e seus propo- assassinaram não apenas a nobreza polonesa cató- nentes – tornara­se um fator dominante afetando lica que os mantinha escravos e eram donos de to- a comunidade judaica inteira, no decorrer do sé- da a terra – governando segundo a ordem feudal, culo XVIII (SCHOLEM, 1973). Os ensinamentos tomando a maior parte da sua produção – mas sabatianistas levavam a esperanças messiânicas de também contra os agentes, supervisores e adminis- vingança meta-histórica contra aqueles que haviam tradores judeus desses nobres. Os camponeses em assassinado milhares de judeus indefesos (SCHO- revolta também atacaram e destruíram completa- LEM, 1967, p. 522), bem como esperanças messiâ- mente sinagogas judaicas, escolas judaicas e casas nicas de redenção entre os sobreviventes. O saba- de estudo, aumentando ainda mais a devastação tianismo foi marcado por uma percepção dupla econômica que era a consequência dessa horrenda da vida na qual seus seguidores viviam de maneira sequência de eventos. Os sobreviventes judeus co- judaica religiosa tradicional conforme todas as apa- memoraram esses eventos trágicos em orações e rências externas, ao mesmo tempo em que por ritual e por meio de crônicas históricas, exegese dentro mantinham uma insurgência judaica mes- homilética e literatura mística. Evidências literárias siânica. O sabatianismo enfocava as múltiplas in- a partir de 1650 até o final do século XVIII
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