Preston T. Massey Introduction
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The Knowledge of Territory in Ancient Civilizations Temples Ano Sacred Sites As Prehistorical Geodetic Networks?•
Archeologia e Calcolatori, 7, 1996, 193-212 THE KNOWLEDGE OF TERRITORY IN ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS TEMPLES ANO SACRED SITES AS PREHISTORICAL GEODETIC NETWORKS?• 1. INTRODUCTION We are concerned with a period of history to be approximately identi fied with a phase, during which the transiti on occurred from autarkic villages towards city-state organization. This required, as a pre-requisite, some ad equace knowledge of territory. This was essential for trave), migrations, com merce, power, defense, economie and milicary expansion. Moreover, when ever society and economy were not yet suicably organized, migrations were sornetimes a scrict necessity, in order co gec rid of natural cacastrophes, as a fundamental aspecc either of the fight against starvation or for survival. Sometimes the landscape was suited for an easy orientation (e.g. such as in che Etruscan cerritory, and whenever some reasonably dense network of natural hills, or reference features, allowed for an easy orientation). Under other conditions, however, they lacked adequate reference points, and che unique reliable help could derive only from astronomical observations. This was important for sailing among islands (rather than for bordering coasts). But, it was also a fundamental difficulcy when moving within some large, almost cotally flat, land, with a very poor human occupacion of territory. In ali such cases, che large rivers, whenever available, were che unique constraint, as chey divided the cerritory imo natural, although very wide, sub-regions. Ori entation for travellers was in any case difficult, and often criticai for survival. The problem is stili up-to-date in a few areas of che world. -
THE ENDURING GODDESS: Artemis and Mary, Mother of Jesus”
“THE ENDURING GODDESS: Artemis and Mary, Mother of Jesus” Carla Ionescu A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN HUMANITIES YORK UNIVERSITY TORONTO, ONTARIO May 2016 © Carla Ionescu, 2016 ii Abstract: Tradition states that the most popular Olympian deities are Apollo, Athena, Zeus and Dionysius. These divinities played key roles in the communal, political and ritual development of the Greco-Roman world. This work suggests that this deeply entrenched scholarly tradition is fissured with misunderstandings of Greek and Ephesian popular culture, and provides evidence that clearly suggests Artemis is the most prevalent and influential goddess of the Mediterranean, with roots embedded in the community and culture of this area that can be traced further back in time than even the arrival of the Greeks. In fact, Artemis’ reign is so fundamental to the cultural identity of her worshippers that even when facing the onslaught of early Christianity, she could not be deposed. Instead, she survived the conquering of this new religion under the guise of Mary, Mother of Jesus. Using methods of narrative analysis, as well as review of archeological findings, this work demonstrates that the customs devoted to the worship of Artemis were fundamental to the civic identity of her followers, particularly in the city of Ephesus in which Artemis reigned not only as Queen of Heaven, but also as Mother, Healer and Saviour. Reverence for her was as so deeply entrenched in the community of this city, that after her temple was destroyed, and Christian churches were built on top of her sacred places, her citizens brought forward the only female character in the new ruling religion of Christianity, the Virgin Mary, and re-named her Theotokos, Mother of God, within its city walls. -
Pottery Painting Has Becn a Hobby and an Industry of the Greek People Sinee Remotest Antiquity
NT f A GU/*P¿E OF WORK* OF ART EXHIBITED IN THE GREEK PAVILION AT THE NEW YORK WORLD'* FAIR THE PRIME MINISTER J. METAXAS ANCIENT WORKS OF ART In the archaeological Museum of Athens are housed 1~HE New York World'* Fair is one of the yreatest manifestations fragments of a group of four huge statues representing of human goodwill. Artemis, Demeter, Kore and the Titan Anytos, all of which Evcry country is participating in il with the best producís of ih inventive were erected in the Temple of Despoina at Lycosura in spirti and tahour. the Péloponnèse. The concentration in this greatest city of the world of such a large number They are the work of Damophon, the famous Messenian of works accomplished tlianks lo human expérience and persisterne constitutes Sculptor, who flourished in the second Century B. C. the soundest évidence of man* faith in peaceful coopération, as well as of hi* The pictures on this page show a détermination lo preserve and develop the fruits of civiliza!ion which so mann fragment of the garment of Kore- générations bequeathed to him. Despoina, most remarkable for its The greal international exhibitions of modern times promole peace and unique représentations in low relief stimatale noble compétition among nations iti their common efforts for raising of various démons in the form of the standard of Ufe. A parallel lo thèse is afforded by the athletic contests grotesque animais holding religious of ancien! Greece. Then, as to-day, spirited rivalry was incited in the athletic orgies. field, white, in addition, a trace iras declared during the game» throughout They exhibit great animation, the Greek World. -
Velia and the Cilento
Velia and the Cilento An Introduction Clopper Almon 2010 Copyright 2004, 2005, 2010 Clopper Almon Material not otherwise copyrighted may be freely used with attribution. 2 Table of Contents 1. Geology..........................................................................................................................4 2. Cilento human history before the Greeks.......................................................................9 3. Coming of the Greeks to Elea-Velia.............................................................................16 4. The Eleatic Philosophers and Medicine at Velia..........................................................18 5. Velia in Roman Times..................................................................................................27 6. From Barbarians to the Present....................................................................................29 7. The Consorzio Velia.....................................................................................................39 8. The Story of Archeology at Velia.................................................................................41 9. Geological Evolution of Velia in Historical Times......................................................46 10. Particular archeological findings................................................................................47 References........................................................................................................................54 Scope of this Account This account focuses on -
Strategies of Remembering In
GREECE UNDER ROME (100 BC - 100 AD) GREECE UNDER IN REMEMBERING OF STRATEGIES STRATEGIES OF REMEMBERING IN GREECE UNDER ROME (100 BC - 100 AD) At the beginning of the first century BC Athens was an independent city bound to Rome through a friendship alliance. By the end of the first century AD the city had been incorporated into the Roman province of Achaea. Along with Athenian independence perished the notion of Greek self-rule. The rest of Achaea was ruled by the governor of Macedonia already since 146 BC, but the numerous defections of Greek cities during the first century BC show that Roman rule was not yet viewed as inevitable. In spite of the definitive loss of self-rule this was not a period of decline. Attica and the Peloponnese were special regions because of their legacy as cultural and religious centres of the Mediterranean. Supported by this legacy communities and individuals engaged actively with the increasing presence of Roman rule and its representatives. The archaeological and epigraphic records attest to the continued economic vitality of the region: buildings, statues, and lavish tombs were still being constructed. There is hence need to counterbalance the traditional discourses of weakness on Roman Greece, and to highlight how acts of remembering were employed as resources in this complex political situation. The legacy of Greece defined Greek and Roman responses to the changing relationship. Both parties looked to the past in shaping their interactions, but how this was done varied widely. Sulla fashioned himself after the tyrant-slayers Harmodius and Aristogeiton, while Athenian ephebes evoked the sea-battles of the Persian Wars to fashion their valour. -
The Sanctuary at Eleusis Is One of the Most Ancient and Important Sanctuaries of the Ancient Greek World
Cleansing the road to Eleusis: The use of psychoactive substances and the role of altered states of consciousness within the religious practices of the ancient Greeks. Master Thesis Floris van den Bosch Ancient History 5-7-2013 0 Contents Introduction 02 I: The modern examples 08 The Peyote rituals of Mesoamerica 09 Banisteriopsis use in the Amazonian rainforest 10 Psilocybin mushrooms in the rituals of northern Latin-America 13 The Amanita Muscaria use in the tribal religions of Siberia 13 Kava-rituals on the islands of the Pacific 14 Other ways to an Altered state of Consciousness 15 II: The Psychology of altered states of consciousness 17 Tart’s system’s approach 17 Defining altered states of consciousness and their religious interpretation 19 Tart’s stabilizing factors and inducement procedures 20 Different methods for inducing ASC’s 21 ASC’s and mystical experiences 25 III: Ancient Greek Religion 28 Gods and men 29 Knowing about the gods 31 Voluntary contact with the Gods 32 The Mother Goddess 32 Dionysos 36 Other mysteries 39 In General 40 Spontaneous contact with the Gods 42 IV: Eleusis 46 The Homeric hymn to Demeter 46 Day-to-day description 48 What we know about the ritual 50 The accounts 50 The Building 50 Stages of initiation 51 Theories by modern scholars 53 The ‘Road to Eleusis-theory’ 55 My own considerations 58 Concluding remarks 62 Bibliography 66 1 Introduction The sanctuary at Eleusis was one of the oldest and most important sanctuaries of the ancient Greek world. Cultural activity has been attested at Eleusis during the Bronze age and continuing into the Mycenaean age. -
The Annual of the British School at Athens Damophon of Messene.—II
The Annual of the British School at Athens http://journals.cambridge.org/ATH Additional services for The Annual of the British School at Athens: Email alerts: Click here Subscriptions: Click here Commercial reprints: Click here Terms of use : Click here Damophon of Messene.—II Guy Dickins The Annual of the British School at Athens / Volume 13 / January 1907, pp 357 - 404 DOI: 10.1017/S0068245400002999, Published online: 18 October 2013 Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0068245400002999 How to cite this article: Guy Dickins (1907). Damophon of Messene.—II. The Annual of the British School at Athens, 13, pp 357-404 doi:10.1017/S0068245400002999 Request Permissions : Click here Downloaded from http://journals.cambridge.org/ATH, IP address: 129.78.139.28 on 09 Jun 2015 DAMOPHON OF MESSENE.—II. (PLATES XII—XIV.) § i.—THE RESTORATION OF THE GROUP AT LYCOSURA. OUR information as to Damophon's work at Lycosura is derived partly from Pausanias, and partly from the actual remains of the group. All the existing fragments have now been collected together in the newly- erected museum at Lycosura, and the gratitude of archaeologists is due to the Greek Archaeological Society, and to Dr. Kavvadias, the Ephor- General of Antiquities, for the opportunity thus afforded of seeing all the fragments together under one roof. During the last summer M. Kaloudes has added to his many services in the cause of Greek archaeology the partial restoration of two of the colossal members of the group, under the direction of Dr. Kourouniotis, Ephor of Antiquities for the Western Peloponnese. -
Sacred Geography of the Ancient Greeks Astrological Symbolism In
SACRED GEOGRAPHY OF THE ANCIENT GREEKS SUNY Series in Western Esoteric Traditions David Appelbaum, editor Omphalos decoratedwith the "net." (COpl)from the Roman period, Museum of Delphi) SACRED GEOGRAPHY OF THE ANCIENT GREEKS Astrological Symbolism in Art, Architecture, and Landscape � F 1G7Lf '?,-- 'j .1 \ '/ , ) Jean Richer Translated by Christine Rhone STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK PRE�� f Published by State University of New York Press, Albany ©1994 State University of New York All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For information, address State University of New York Press, State University Plaza, Albany, N.Y., 12246 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Richer, Jean, 1915- [Geographie sacree du monde grec. English] Sacred geography of the ancient Greeks: astrological symbolism in art, architecture, and landscape / Jean Richer; translated by Christine Rhone. p. cm. - (SUNY series in Western esoteric traditions) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7914-2023-X - ISBN 0-7914-2024-8 (pbk.) 1. Astrology/Greek. 2. Sacred space-Greece. 3. Shrines Greece. 4. Artand religion-Greece. 5. Gretfe-Religion. " ! I. Title. n. Series. 1 994 f.�C;'� �� :;:;�2� 1) 094 �;:60 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents List of Maps xi Foreword xxi Translator's Preface xxvii Preface xxxi Chapter 1. Theory of Alignments 1 1. Delphi: Apollo and Athena 1 2. The Meridian of Delphi: Te mpe-Delphi-Sparta-Cape Taenarum 2 3. -
A Study of the Greek Priestess
A ST U DY O F T H E G R EEK P R I EST ESS By E L I SA B ETH SI N C LAI R H O L D ER M A N Berea College (Kentu cky) A ST U DY O F T H E G REEK P RI EST ESS A TH ESI S SUBMITTED TO TH E FACULT Y OF TH E DEP ARTMENT F I TER T RE CI E CE AND TH E RTS OF TH E O L A U , S N , A UNI VERSITY OF MI C HI GAN FOR TH E DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF P HI LOSOP H Y BY E L I SA B ET H SI N C LAI R H OL DERMAN B I B LI OGRAP HY k f A : Die P riesterinnen def Grie hen . Fran urt 18 2 2 . drian c , B k : De Graecorum Caerimoniis in uibus H omines Deorum vice un ebatur ac q f g . B i 1 88 . erl n, 3 ’ - d s u — B o hé Lecler : Histoire de l a Divination on I Anti ité . P 18 2 uc q q aris , 79 8 . B r hu um ak elwe i i h : Kla ras. Untef suc n en z Or sen . L z 1 u esc 88 . g e p g , 9 C : Das P iestertum bei den Hellenen Altertum a nd Ge e w r n art. B urtius , g erlin , 1 882 . P : Cults o the Gree tates x o 1 6— 0 k S . -
The Lindos Anagraphe: “Forging” a Heroic Past In
THE LINDOS ANAGRAPHE: “FORGING” A HEROIC PAST IN HELLENISTIC RHODES? By JULIA CLAIRE HERNÁNDEZ (Under the direction of Charles Platter) ABSTRACT Modern scholarly approaches to Lindos anagraphe, a 1st century BC inscription recording votive offerings at the Rhodian temple of Athena Lindia, have used the anachronistic term “forgery” to refer to its chronologically impossible Heroic Era dedications. Using Paul Veyne’s theory of “sincere forgery” as an interpretive framework, this thesis evaluates the “epigraphic invention” of these votives according to Hellenistic rather than modern definitions of forgery. Chapter One reviews previous approaches to the text and problematizes the use of the term “forgery” to describe it. Chapter Two contextualizes the anagraphe within the ancient practice of displaying Heroic Era votives in temple settings and evaluates this practice vis-à-vis ancient definitions of forgery. Chapter Three uses Hans Joachim Gehrke’s theory of intentional history to explore how the anagraphe’s Heroic Era votives, when considerd as products of “sincere forgery,” grant new insight into the socio-political, intellectual, and religious contexts of the Hellenistic Rhodian milieu in which the text was created. An epilogue compares the anagraphe to the recent case of the Iruña-Valeia forgeries in Spain’s Basque Country, highlighting the contrast between ancient and modern perceptions of the technique of “epigraphic invention.” INDEX WORDS: Lindos anagraphe, ancient forgery, sincere forgery, Hellenistic Rhodes, epigraphic invention, -
A Brief History of Ancient Greece: Politics, Society, and Culture
A Brief History of Ancient Greece: Politics, Society, and Culture Sarah B. Pomeroy, et al. OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS A BRIEF HISTORY OF ANCIENT GREECE This page intentionally left blank TITLE PAGE A BRIEF HISTORY OF ANCIENT GREECE Politics, Society, and Culture Sarah B. Pomeroy Stanley M. Burstein Hunter College and California State University, the City University of New York Los Angeles Graduate Center Walter Donlan Jennifer Tolbert Roberts University of City College and California, Irvine the City University of New York Graduate Center New York • Oxford OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 2004 Oxford University Press Oxford New York Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi São Paulo Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Copyright © 2004 by Sarah B. Pomeroy, Stanley M. Burstein, Walter Donlan, and Jennifer Tolbert Roberts Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A brief history of ancient Greece : politics, society, and culture / by Sarah B. Pomeroy . [et al.]. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-19-515680-3 — ISBN 0-19-515681-1 (pbk.) 1. Greece—History—To 146 B.C. I. Pomeroy, Sarah B. DF214.B74 2004 938’.09—dc22 2003060873 Printing (last digit): 987654321 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper For Our Children and Grandchildren This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS List of Maps xi Acknowledgments xii Preface xiii Time Line xv Introduction 1 I Early Greece and the Bronze Age 12 Greece in the Stone Ages 12 Greece in the Early and Middle Bronze Ages (c. -
On the Corinthian Column at the Temple of Apollo Epikourios at Bassae*
1 On the Corinthian Column at the Temple of Apollo Epikourios at Bassae* Antonios Thodis Introduction The Greek Temple, despite its persistence and role as a paradigm of architectural beauty in Western Architecture discourse for centuries, poses substantial questions regarding its source of inspiration and the origin of some of its most essential architectural and typological elements. Other than the passing accounts of Pliny and Theophrastus, our current understanding relies upon Pausanias1 and Vitruvius,2 who wrote from a Hellenistic perspective, upon archaeology, or upon such efforts to link philosophy with temple building as Hahn’s Anaximander and the Architects (2001). The temple of Apollo Epikourios at Bassae (fifth century B.C.) by Ictinus, located in a remote but sacred part of mountainous Arcadia, exhibits unique architectural peculiarities. The most prominent of these are the earliest known coexistence of the three Classical Orders and appearance of the Corinthian column, which make it a fundamental monument for scholarly investigation into the Greek temple’s typical architectural elements and the aspirations of its builders and commissioners influenced by religious developments and the inventive spirit of Classical period. For these reasons, the temple from the moment of its discovery in the late eighteenth century has attracted the * I would like to express my deep gratitude to Professor Gregory Nagy for his support and Professors Peter Carl and Erika Naginski for their guidance and insightful discussions. Also, I would like to thank my brother Ioannis for his assistance in the creation of the digital models used in this work. 1 Pausanias Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.