L'internazionalizzazione Della Televisione in Cina

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L'internazionalizzazione Della Televisione in Cina Corso di Laurea magistrale in Lingue e Istituzioni Economiche e Giuridiche dell’Asia e dell’Africa Mediterranea Tesi di Laurea L’internazionalizzazione della televisione in Cina: l’adozione di strategie market oriented nella variazione del palinsesto televisivo cinese degli anni 2000. Relatore Ch.ma Prof.ssa Cinzia Colapinto Correlatore Ch. Prof. Paolo Magagnin Laureanda Francesca Ferrini 834085 Anno Accademico 2014 / 2015 前言 本篇论文的主要题目是中国电视产业化的重要性。中国电视产业化是社会主义市场 经济条件的必然趋势,本篇论文提出了中国电视产业经营发展的现状。中国电视产业化 发展的思路有三个部分:第一个部分是加快改革步伐,致力产业开发,拓展经营思路; 第二个部分是引入竞争机制,实行资源重组,激活电视荧屏;第三个部分是事业政府 主导 ,产业市场主导,形成公益事业与经营产业并存的新型电视体制,构建以市场竞 争为手段,以公益事业与经营产业分离为策略,以舆论导向为保证的 中国电视新格局。 本篇论文的第一章陈述了中国电视的历史和发展。从 1958 年到 2000 年中国电视 理论伴随着中国电视的发展而不断进步。在这一过程中,它经历了起步阶段、发展阶 段、深化阶段。本篇论文的第一章对电视理论以上的三个阶段进行了检查。 关于第一个阶段中国电视理论用了二十年的起步时间,也就是说从 1958 年开始到 1977 年为止。1958 年,中国开始办电视,在没有任何历史积累的条件下,中国电视进 入了一条摸索的道路。与此同时,中国电视理论也开始起步,起步阶段的中国电视理 论表现出两个方面的特点:一个是研究对象集中在电视属性和业务操作方面,电视媒 体属性大多是决策性研究,有的是通过文件等体现出来的,比如当时党中央提出,电 视台应根据自己的特点,担负起宣传政治、传播知识和充实群众文化生活的任务;另 一个是研究处于个人自发状况,理论平台少,早期的电视研究基本停留在个人的自发 状态,没有相应的组织机构,处于分散无序。 第二个阶段就是中国电视发展的阶段,它是从 1978 年开始到 1991 年为止的。随着 改革开放,中国电视也开始进入全面改革开放时期。“四级办电视”的决策理论使中 国电视事业迅速发展,电视节目从内容到形式、从播出数量到质量都得到了极大的改 善与提高。在这个时期中,中国电视发展的研究主要包括两个方面:第一个方面是建立 电视理论研究机构,开展各种学术活动,并且电视研究的刊物和理论文章大幅度增加; 第二个方面是电视理论研究开始进入全面发展阶段。电视研究机构的成立、电视研究 队伍的扩大,促进了中国电视理论的研究,并使相关人员开始重视电视学科建设,电 视理论和研究受到普遍关注。加上随着改革开放,中国电视也以开放的心态,引进西 方传媒学术思想和先进理念。一些西方传播理论和西方文化研究理论开始引入中国。 这些理论的引入,对当时中国电视理论研究也起到重要的作用。 第三个阶段是中国电视理论的深化阶段(从 1992 年到 2000 年)。1992 年,邓小平 发表南巡讲话,他讲话主要 的题目是由于理论研究环境大为改善所以电视理论研究指 导思想更加明确。到世纪末,中国电视理论研究跃上新的台阶,中国特色社会主义电 视理论体系基本形成,较好地指导了中国电视事业的发展。在这个阶段中,中国电视 理论研究形式多样化、内容丰富化、成果规模化,这样做在中国电视作为一门学科基 本形成。到了九十年代,中国电视一方面作为党、政府和人民的喉舌,具有导向功能; 另一方面作为现代化大众传播媒介,具有很强的娱乐功能和产业属性。总结性地说, 从八十年代起,电视研究逐步发展深化,基本形成了电视基础理论、电视应用理论、 电视决策理论、电视史学的研究格局。在此期间西方各主要经济大国 , 电视传播业已 经成为社会经济的支柱产业,成为国民经济发展中不可或缺的组成部分 。 作为一种经 济组织机构 ,电视业作用和影响越来越大 ,为人们所瞩。这样的话,从西方引进成功 的节目样式成为推动中国电视节目样式发展的一条重要途径。虽然中国的电视事业起 步较晚而且在相当长的一段时间内发展都很缓慢,但是改革开放后,中国的电视节目 才真正走上了迅速发展的道路。进入九十年代以后,我们可以看到大量的节目开始直 接或者是间接地借鉴国外的一些节目样式,中国版本的情境喜剧、谈话节目、肥皂剧、 游戏节目和真实节目等开始逐渐出现在中国的电视荧幕上。向国外学习,尤其是向美 国这样的超级电视强国学习,现在已经成了中国电视工作者的自觉追求。 本篇论文的第一章还介绍了国家新闻出版广电总局的机构。国家新闻出版广电总局, 是中华人民共和国国务院的正部级直属机构,同中华人民共和国国家版权局(简称国 家版权局)一个机构两块牌子,主要负责中国内地新闻出版、电台电视广播媒体的管 理。 第二章陈述了中国电视发展的第四个阶段,也就是说繁荣阶段。从 2001 年开始到 目前为止,随着中国电视事业的发展,中国电视理论研究进入多热点的时期,尤其有 四个方面的繁荣发展:第一个是电视理论研究队伍扩大,主体身份多元化, 随着中国教 育和电视事业的发展,中国电视理论研究队伍大大壮大。在 2006 年中国有 800 多所院 校办有电视专业,约有 1 万多名从事电视教育和研究的人员;第二个是国家加大投入, 各级各类电视研究课题大大增加,进入 21 世纪以来,中国加强电视研究的立项工作, 每年都有若干项关于电视研究的国家课题立项。国家广电总局每年都设立同电视实践 紧密相关的课题,仅 2008 年,总局就设立部级课题近 40 项;第三个方面是围绕事业 发展,深化应用研究,重点特色突出。面对电视发展中出现的种种热点难点问题,在 这一时期,中国电视研究围绕电视管理,进行了电视体制改革的研究;围绕电视产业, 进行了电视产业化、集团化的研究;围绕电视技术的发展,进行了电视数字化、网络 化的研究;第四个方面是研究范围扩大,学术成果丰硕,学科建设更加成熟,在中国 电视本质理论基础上,对有关电视与政治、与经济、与文化、与社会、与法律、与道 德、与科技等方面的关系进行较为深入的研究。 进入 21 世纪以来,随着中国电视事业的发展,中国电视理论研究进入多热点,并 且中国电视的管理进行了很大的变化。这个繁荣的阶段就叫做中国电视的产业化,中 国电视产业化的目标是要建立一套以市场为导向的节目生产、流通和播出体系及其相 应的管理体制。一言以蔽之,就是要把电视业纳入中国市场经济的大体系,所以中国电 视产业化的过程首先是一个企业化的过程。中国电视产业化发展方向的思路主要有三 个部分:第一,制定科学合理的经营方针,随着广告市场增幅的逐年放缓,电视媒体 为寻求新的经济增长点,开展多元化投资和经营,应该说是无可非议、甚至是必要的。 第二,引入竞争机制,实行资源重组,激活电视荧屏,一个国家传媒业的发展与其经 济发展是同步的,依照中国的现行机制和经济情况,资本运营是一种成效明显的经营 手段。第三,事业政府主导,产业市场主导,如果说公益性电视事业要努力以多种方 式面向群众,面向市场,那么经营性电视产业则必须充分利用 市场手段,走向良性循 环、健康发展的轨道。 2003 年以来,无论是观念的变化还是体制的转型,无论是市场化竞争的出现还是 新的电视业务模式的扩 展,应该说,中国电视的改革工程已经启动,而目标就是建构 以行业开放 为突破口,以市场竞争为手段,以公益事业与经营产业分离为策略,以舆 论导向为保证、以内容业为核心的中国电视新格局。 关于中国电视产业的经营现状主要有以下的特点:一,中国的电视行业主要依赖广 告收入作为经济资源;二,国外媒体的逐渐渗透,当国内广播电视市场遭受“内忧” 的同时, 还存在“外患”。 本篇论文的第三章陈述了中国电视业目前的情况,尤其是 2014 年电视收视市场回 顾、2014 年综艺节目收视分析和 2014 年电视广告投放与竞争格局。综观 2014 年的电 视市场,在多屏竞争逐渐加剧的大背景 下,卫星频道加大了扩张自己竞争力的步伐, 地面频道也在与 卫视的博弈中力图扭转相对不利的局面。2014 年,中国电视综艺市场 的全面开花, 原创也好,版权购买也好,至少可以看到电视综艺无论是从节目设置、 后期制作还是视觉呈现等方面都迈入了一个新的台阶,在未来的两三年中,电视综艺 将会继续以不可阻挡的趋势向前跃进。互联网和移动网络的迅速发展,不仅改变着传 播环境和营 销模式,也改变着传统电视的节目内容传播和广告经营模式。 2014 年中 国电视广告投放额的负增长已经将传统电视台逼到 了非变不可的境地,未来电视台能 否很好地将现有传统电视资 源与新媒体资源进行融合,打造好自己的全媒体产业链, 将决 定其未来生存与发展的空间。 第三章对中国电视频道进行了调查,尤其是对中央电视台、东方卫视、湖南卫视进 行调查。从 2010 年到 2014 年介绍这三个频道的节目表、收视率、广告收入、每个节 目的出品公司和发行公司、每个节目的类型。然后介绍 2015 上半年电视收视市场回顾, 频道的核心竞争力是观众,观众的不同收视选择导致了各级频道竞争力的差别,电视 新政从内容层面加速了观众的选择分化。归根结底,观众是电视的基石,只有赢得观 众才会赢得收视、赢得广告、赢得口碑。 CAPITOLO I .......................................................................................................................................... 3 LA STORIA DELLA TELEVISIONE IN CINA: COME NASCE E COME SI EVOLVE ................ 3 1.1 Excursus Storico: l’evoluzione e i cambiamenti della televisione Cinese .................. 3 1.1.1 La prima fase: dal 1958 al 1976 ................................................................................................... 4 1.1.2 La seconda fase: dal 1976 al 1989 ............................................................................................ 10 1.1.3 La terza fase: dal 1989 al 2001 .................................................................................................. 19 1.2 La SARFT e i suoi comunicati ................................................................................................. 29 1.3 Importazione di programmi televisivi in Cina dal 1958 al XXI secolo .................... 34 CAPITOLO II ..................................................................................................................................... 44 L’INTERNAZIONALIZZAZIONE DELLA TELEVISIONE IN CINA ......................................... 44 2.1 Cambiamenti economici: l’adozione di politiche amministrative orientate verso una logica di mercato ...................................................................................................................... 44 2.1.1 La STVPB: separazione della produzione televisiva e del sistema di trasmissione..................................................................................................................................................48 2.1.2 La BCR: riorganizzazione e consolidamento del sistema di trasmissione .............. 50 2.1.3 L’industrializzazione (产业化 chanye hua) della televisione e l’introduzione della nozione di concorrenza all’interno del mercato televisivo ....................................................... 52 2.2 Cambiamenti tecnologici: l’introduzione della tv digitale e le sue conseguenze……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..58 2.2.1 Introduzione di nuove metodologie di ricerca per l’analisi dell’indice di ascolto televisivo ......................................................................................................................................................... 64 2.2.3 Nasce una nuova forma di televisione: la TV on-line ....................................................... 69 2.3 Cambiamenti nel contenuto: ricerca di creatività, sviluppo della televisione d’intrattenimento e nascita di nuovi format televisivi ........................................................ 71 2.3.1 Il fenomeno di “Tv Cloning” in Cina ......................................................................................... 80 CAPITOLO III .................................................................................................................................... 85 VARIAZIONE DEL PALINSESTO TELEVISIVO CINESE DAL 2010 AL 2014 ................... 85 3.1 Il MERCATO TELEVISIVO CINESE: gli indici di ascolti (dal 2010 al 2014) .............. 85 3.1.1 I cambiamenti delle differenze d’età dei telespettatori e la struttura competitiva dei diversi livelli di stazioni televisive cinesi. ................................................................................. 88 3.1.2 L’introduzione di pubblicità e la struttura concorrenziale della televisione cinese nel 2014........................................................................................................................................................... 94 1 3.2 Confronto degli indici di ascolto e dei livelli di reddito pro capite nelle municipalità di Shanghai, Pechino e nella provincia dello Hunan, tra il 2010 e il 2013… .................................................................................................................................................... 98 3.3 Variazione del palinsesto televisivo cinese tra il 2010 e il 2014 ............................. 104 3.3.1 Metodologia ..................................................................................................................................... 104 3.3.2 Codifica e commento del canale CCTV-8: prima settimana di Ottobre e seconda settimana di Luglio (2010-2014) ...................................................................................................... 107 3.3.3 Codifica e commento del canale Dragon Tv: prima settimana di Luglio e seconda settimana di Ottobre (2011-2012-2014) ...................................................................................... 113 3.3.3.1 Il caso China’s Got Talent e gli elevati indici di ascolto della Dragon TV ..... 120 3.3.4 Codifica e commento del canale satellitare della Hunan Tv: prima settimana di Luglio e seconda settimana di Ottobre (2011-2014) ............................................................... 122 3.4 Il mercato televisivo cinese nella prima metà del 2015: cambiamenti e adattamenti. ..................................................................................................................................... 133 APPENDICE A Dati di ascolto nelle aree analizzate............................................................. 137 APPENDICE B Codifica completa dei canali teevisivi analizzati ..................................... 141 BIBLIOGRAFIA .................................................................................................................................. 174 2 Capitolo
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