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ACPROIL/MNAYT 20E17 NTS

Opening Notes ...... 6 Demon Core; The Penny - A History of Common Cents The Gunpowder Plot ...... 8 Don Hollway explodes the myths of one of history's first terrorist plots

Brother Dutton: Patriot and Missionary ...... 15 History Magazine Margaret Moen looks at the life of a man who first served his is Now on Twitter! country, but also later gave his all in a life of "splendid Christian service" For the latest news and The Enticing Beauty of the Osage Orange ...... 20 views, great promo Melody Amsel-Arieli looks at a plant species with remarkable offers and other perks, qualities and a storied history “Follow” us on Twitter! Find us here: Whole Community Wiped Out @History_Mag Worse Than Bombarded Town ...... 24 and Dupuis offers a look into the aftermath of the we’ll see you there! 1917 Halifax Explosion through the eyes of one journalist

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4 History Magazine April/May 2017 The Carolina Parakeet — Page 36 Discovery of the Georgiana — Page 38 The Remarkable Mrs. Wait — Page 44

Letters in a Tube: The Rise and Demise of Pneumatic Mail ...... 31 Charles Bush M.D. looks at the innovative and once popular method of mail delivery The Carolina Parakeet ...... 36 David A. Norris looks at the history behind the decline and eventual extinction of North America's native parrot

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April/May 2017 History Magazine 5 A I V I R T THE DEMON CORE ew WWII buffs know that in August 1945, the US had the materials for a third atomic bomb, to be dropped on Tokyo if the FJapanese hadn’t surrendered. Even fewer know that its radioactive core was involved in two lethal, supercritical lab accidents. Supercrit - ical meaning, scientists nearly set it off on the lab table...twice. A week after the war’s end, American physicists were still tinkering with “Rufus”, the spare core, a plutonium sphere just 3½ inches across and weighing 14 pounds. Above Nagasaki, a similar core had exploded The Demon Core would have exploded with a force of over 20,000 tons of TNT. Incredibly, the smartest with approximately the same power as 23-kiloton “Shot Baker” at Bikini Atoll, 25 scientists on the planet were still using hand tools to fiddle with it. July 1946. Wikimedia Commons On 21 August 1945, 24-year-old graduate student Harry K. Daghlian, Jr. conducted a late-night experiment at the Los Alamos accidentally dropped the brick… atomic lab. Plutonium-239 decays through slow emission of neutrons; right into place. bouncing them back into the source, rather than letting them escape, Unable to extract it, Daghlian speeds the fission process. Daghlian stacked ten-pound bricks of tried to knock over the entire neutron-reflective tungsten carbide around the core to increase the table. It was too heavy. Approxi - radioactive buildup. As he held the final brick over the open top of the mately one minute went by, with reflector, his Geiger counter’s clicking turned into a constant buzz: the plutonium building toward the core was going supercritical, his little blockhouse becoming an flash point, until he was able to uncontrolled tabletop nuclear reactor. Evidently startled, Daghlian work a brick out of his atomic THE PENNY – A HISTORY OF COMMON CENTS he dictionary defines a penny as equal to 1/100th of a dollar or 1/12th of a shilling. The pesky little copper coin is the smallest Tunit of currency, the formal name of the British penny and informal name of the American cent. It has been subdivided into far - things, halfpennies and half cents, but not recently. An Anglo-Saxon king named Offa introduced the penny in 729AD. It was made of silver. They were later made of copper and referred to as pence. The first American penny was made of copper in 1793 and was the size of Victoria penny, 1863, Great Britain, a modern half dollar coin. Jerry “Woody” from Edmonton, The smallest of value is the penny. You probably don’t use them Canada very much and toss them in a drawer. You leave them on the floor by • A penny wise and a pound/ your shopping checkout, by a vending machine or on the ground in a dollar foolish – Someone who parking lot. Yet the history of the penny shows it is valued the most as is careful about spending small it is reflected in some of our most valued idioms and places. amounts of money, yet can be • A penny for your thoughts – A way of asking someone what he or foolish and extravagant with she is thinking about. large purchases. • A penny saved is a penny earned – Saving money is as important • A penny-pincher as earning it so spend it wisely. – Someone who is very • Turn up like a bad penny – Someone showing up when or where careful about spending. they are not wanted. • It cost a pretty penny • Pennies from heaven – Money acquired without effort or risks. – Something very expensive.

6 History Magazine April/May 2017 oven to slow the chain reaction. radiation dose that killed By that time, he had received a Daghlian. In minutes, he began fatal dose of radiation. Within vomiting, and after nine days of hours, he was nauseous and his radiation-induced trauma, he hands began to blister. He soon died. Four of the seven coworkers Volume 18 Number 4 fell into a coma, and 25 days later, present would eventually die of APRIL/MAY 2017 he died. suspected radiation effects. PUBLISHER & EDITOR Nine months to the day after After that, Rufus, renamed “the Edward Zapletal Daghlian’s accident, Canadian Demon Core”, was handled only [email protected] physicist Louis Slotin was con - by remote control. Usually said to ASSOCIATE PUBLISHER Rick Cree ducting a similar demonstration have been detonated as first of the [email protected] on the same plutonium core, 1946 Bikini Atoll atomic tests, FREELANCE EDITORIAL ASSISTANT using two 9-inch beryllium hemi - it was actually melted down and Lianna LaLiberte spheres as neutron reflectors. No recast, presumably into one of PRODUCTION & DESIGN less than seven colleagues were some 1,050 weapons tested by the J-Mac Images watching, apparently without US right up to 1992. Because in an Marianne Reitsma comment, the effect on a Geiger atomic blast only a tiny fraction ADVERTISING & READER SERVICES Jeannette Cox counter as Slotin levered the top of an A-bomb’s core material is [email protected] cap up and down with a screw - converted to energy and the rest is OFFICE MANAGER driver. At 3:20 PM , the screwdriver scattered – and since plutonium- Jennifer Cree slipped. The cap closed. Witnesses 239 has a half-life of over 24,000 [email protected] reported a hot blue glow around years – most of the Demon Core Published by Moorshead Magazines Ltd. the device before Slotin pried is still with us . 82 Church St. S., Suite 101 it open. He took five times the — Don Hollway Ajax, ON L1S 6B3 Canada (905) 239-0113 Postal Information — Canada Publications Mail Agreement • There are two sides to a penny ways. Here are a few: No. 40062922. Return undeliverable – There is more than one way • Scratch off lottery tickets. Canadian addresses to: to look at a story. • Use as a screwdriver in a History Magazine , Circulation Dept. 82 Church St. S., Suite 101 • Trust me, this is worth every wide bolt. Ajax, ON L1S 6B3 Canada. penny – Making a safe purchase • Tape one to the tail of your E-mail: [email protected] and worrying about the Postal Information — kite as a stabilizer. Postmaster send address corrections to financial consequences. History Magazine, • Teach your toddler to count PO Box 194, Niagara Falls, NY 14304. with them. E-mail: [email protected] Cities, streets, creeks, building • Toss them in Wishing Wells. ISSN 1492-4307 © 2017 and bridges have been named Moorshead Magazines Ltd. • Collect rare ones for your after the penny. Cheap pulp fic - SUBSCRIPTIONS tion called penny dreadfuls were coin collection. History Magazine is published six times • Help your lawn-mower start a year (Feb/Mar, Apr/May, Jun/Jul, popular in Great Britain in the Aug/Sep, Oct/Nov, Dec/Jan). nineteenth century and similar by rubbing a penny between Subscription rates: stories resurfacing in the 21st cen - two points for better engine US (US funds) or Canada (CDN funds) conduction. 1 year (6 issues) $30.95, tury like Penny Dreadful are still a 2 years (12 issues) $53.95, sensation. There are even urban • Use in coin toss to see who gets Canadian purchasers please add GST/HST legends about pennies. Then there to start first. (GST# 139340186 RT). Quebec residents add 8.5% QST. is the “lucky penny”. It you find it • Toss in deep end of pool to We welcome the submission of articles for on the ground with the heads up, challenge children to dive and publication. Please address e-mail proposals to [email protected]. We will always you will find good fortune. If you get them. contact people who submit articles, but the pick it up and find that the date it review process may take several weeks. • Spin them on the table when Authors’ notes are available on request. was minted is your birthday, it is a you are bored. “super lucky penny”. If the penny Toll-Free Subscription Line: • Place them in the hems of your is found tails up, you should turn 1-888-326-2476 draperies so they will hang true. it over for another person to find. Printed in Canada Pennies will buy you little today, • Place one under a wobbly vase. www.history-magazine.com but they still have value in other — Laureen Sauls-Lessard HM106

April/May 2017 History Magazine 7 Y King James I of England was also James VI R of Scotland, and desired to unite all his O subjects in one Great Britain. Public domain T S I H

H t’s said one man’s terrorist is an - S

I other man’s freedom fighter; T

I certainly the men who hatched R

B the first terrorist bomb plot, in 1604 London, believed them - sIelves champions of their cause. That February, at the home of , just across the Thames River from the palaces of the royalty and Parliament, they devised a plan to kill their king and lords, all in one stroke. Catesby was a fervent, recusant Catholic in a country some 95 per - cent zealously Protestant. England’s new king, Scotsman James I, had banned the priesthood, oppressed followers and sought peace with Catholic Spain. Catesby “had be- thought him of a way at one instant to deliver us from all our bonds, and without any foreign help to replant again the Catholic religion,” remem - bered his cousin, lawyer Thomas Wintour, “and withal told me in a word it was to blow up the Parliament House with gunpowder; for, said he, in that place have they done us all the mischief, and perchance God hath designed that place for their punish - ment.” To bring the plot to fruition re - quired manpower, access, and explo - sives. Catesby’s friend, renowned swordsman John Wright, knew just the men. CONSPIRACY Wright’s brother-in-law, fellow swordsman Thomas Percy, had access to the highest levels of government THE through relatives in the nobility, plus eagerness to strike a blow. “Shall we always, gentlemen, talk,” he de - GUNPOWDER PLOT manded, “and never do anything?” And Wintour (also written Winter) REMEMBER, REMEMBER, THE 5TH recruited Catholic mercenary Guy OF NOVEMBER: DON HOLLWAY “Guido” Fawkes. His expertise in gunpowder and mining – tunneling EXPLODES THE MYTHS OF ONE OF under enemy positions to blow them HISTORY’S FIRST TERRORIST PLOTS up – made him prime operator.

8 History Magazine April/May 2017 He despised Protestants in general, Scots in particular, and James most of all. All five swore an oath of secrecy on a prayer book, and received communion from an undercover Jesuit priest, Father , who knew nothing of the plot. THE PLAN Within a few weeks, Percy used his family connections to be appointed a royal bodyguard. This naturally required him to rent lodging in Dutch publisher and engraver Crispijn van de Passe probably never met or even saw the Gunpowder Plotters, but captured their conspiratorial attitudes. Westminster, the seat of govern - Public domain ment. The plotters chose a room abutting the Prince’s Chamber, at the west end of the House of Lords on the side toward the Thames. Meanwhile, they amassed gunpow - der and mine timbers at Catesby’s house, across the river. To guard the cache, Wright enlisted , a former Protestant clergy - man turned Jesuit. In December, the plotters moved in. “We all five entered with tools fit to begin our work,” Wintour reported, “...until Christmas Eve, in which time we wrought under a little entry to the wall of the Parliament House, and underpropped it as we went with wood.” Wright’s brother, Christopher, Today, Westminster is central London, but at the beginning of the 17th century, it and Wintour’s brother, Robert, was west of the city. Royal palace and house of Parliament at left; Lambeth, site were brought in to help tunnel. of Catesby’s house, bottom. Public domain “Whilst we were together, we began to fashion our business,” said Wintour, “and discourse what we should do after this deed were done.” They planned to set off the bomb during the State Opening of Parliament, when the King, Queen, and Prince Henry, 10, would gather with all the ministers. With them dead and England in chaos, the Wintours’ wealthy brother-in-law, John Grant, would provide horses and supplies for a Catholic uprising. THE SECRET LEAKED As the number of conspirators The Old . House of Lords at center left. Public domain grew, their secret inevitably got out.

April/May 2017 History Magazine 9 Y In July, plague hit London. R

O Parliament was prorogued until T

S October. Lying for weeks in I

H the damp riverside basement,

H the gunpowder went bad. “Mr. S

I Fawkes and I myself alone bought T I some new powder, as suspecting R

B the first to be dank,” wrote Wintour, “and conveyed it into the cellar and set it in order as we resolved it should stand.” Eventu - ally the charge came to 36 barrels, amounting to 18 hundredweight – over 2,000 pounds of black powder, one ton of explosive. FINAL COUNTDOWN On 3rd October, the opening of Parliament was set for 5th November, a Tuesday on the old Julian calendar. In those weeks, the plotters finalized their plan. Fawkes would sleep overnight in the cellar and in the morning, light a slow fuse to the explosives, giving him time to escape by boat to the Continent, where he would use his military connections to gain the acceptance and support Royal spymaster Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, became Secretary of State under of foreign governments. Mean - Queen Elizabeth I and also served under her successor James I. Public domain while, the others would raise the rebellion. For that, Catesby en - Catesby’s servant, , Salisbury, always kept his ear to listed Rookwood, a stumbled onto the plot; Catesby the ground. His sources had wealthy landowner with a large recruited him. Catesby himself picked up whispers of a Catholic stable of horses, and Sir Everard confessed to Jesuit priest Father scheme, but, to a certain extent, Digby, who had been knighted by , who was bound Catholic schemes kept Salisbury James, but recently converted to by canonical law to keep the terri - employed, and some historians Catholicism. Digby would take ble confidence. Tesimond’s only think he was content to let this Princess Elizabeth, 9, hostage, and go-around was to confess to one brew, in order to reveal it thereby hold royal power. Finally, Father , Jesuit Supe - when most opportune for him. on 14 October, Catesby brought rior in England. The priests tried in a final plotter – the 13th – his without success to dissuade THE BOMB cousin through marriage, Francis Catesby from his plan. Garnet Meanwhile, the need for a tunnel Tresham. even wrote to Rome, in the most had been obviated when the Tresham, the somewhat ne’er- general terms, for an admonish - undercroft above it, the cellar di - do-well son of the sheriff of ment from newly anointed rectly beneath the House of Lords, Northhamptonshire, was no Paul V. Catesby was unmoved. became available. Percy quickly stranger to intrigue, said even “Whatever I mean to do,” he told rented it, and the plotters surrep - to have spied for Salisbury on Garnet, “if the Pope knew, he titiously moved 20 kegs of black his own Catholic relatives at would not hinder for the general powder from Catesby’s house court, his brothers-in-law Lords good of our country.” across the river, covering them Stourton and Monteagle. Still, he The royal spymaster, hunch - with leftover mining timbers and had second thoughts over their backed Lord Robert Cecil, Earl of bundles of firewood. fate, and that of other Catholic

10 History Magazine April/May 2017 lords taking part in the opening Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, standing within the doors, his ceremony. Catesby declared, “the was assassinated by a gunpowder clothes and boots on, at so dead a innocent must perish with the bomb in 1567, immediately sur - time of the night, he resolved to guilty, sooner than ruin the mised “that the danger mentioned apprehend him.” A thorough chances of success.” should be some sudden danger by search revealed not only the hid - blowing up of powder.” den kegs of powder, but slow fuze THE LETTER The Houses of Parliament were and a pocket watch on “Johnson”. Not quite two weeks later, Lord thoroughly searched. Monteagle In the early hours, Fawkes was Monteagle received an anony - himself led Thomas Howard, taken before King James, to whom mous letter, advising him in part, Lord Chamberlain to the king, he regretted only failing to carry “as you tender your life, to devise into the undercroft Monday out his mission. Getting nowhere, some excuse to shift your atten - evening. Finding a great pile of the king told his captors, “If he dance at this parliament; for God wood billets and bundles of kin - will not otherwise confess, the and man hath concurred to punish dling, property of renter Thomas gentler Tortures are to be first the wickedness of this time...they Percy, “…the Lord Chamberlain, used unto him, ‘et sic per gradus shall receive a terrible blow this casting his eye aside, perceived a ad ima tenditier’ [and so by Parliament; and yet they shall not fellow standing in a corner there, degrees proceeding to the worst], see who hurts them.” Monteagle calling himself the said Percy’s and so God speed your good promptly handed the note over to man, and keeper of the house for work.” Salisbury, who questioned several him.” It was , passing In the Tower of London, Fawkes prominent Catholic lords, but, himself off as nothing more than was probably subjected at first to still a few weeks from the target “John Johnson”, a lowly manser - the manacles – hung from a wall date, did not yet inform the king, vant on duty. by the wrists – but according to who was away from the city on a The lords reported to the king. Father Gerard, “...the common hunting trip. The name of Percy, notorious voice was that he was extremely To this day, the authorship of swordsman and recusant Catholic, racked in the first few days.” the letter has never been proven. was recognized. James ordered Fawkes’ signatures on succeeding Tresham is most often suspected, “...that those billets and coals confessions deteriorate to a mere but Monteagle and even Salisbury should be searched to the bot - hand-shaking scrawl. By Thurs - himself are accused of manufac - tom.” day, 7th November, the stalwart turing the evidence to curry royal soldier had given up everything, favor. One of Monteagle’s ser - DISCOVERY and rumors of the treachery were vants, a relative of the Wright Around midnight, Westminster all over London. brothers, tipped off the plotters. Justice of the Peace Sir Thomas The conspirators had long since Catesby and Wintour immedi - Knyvet led a search party back fled the city, still hoping to kidnap ately suspected and confronted to the undercroft and, “finding the Princess Elizabeth. Urgent Tresham, who protested his inno - Thomas Percy’s alleged man messages sent to Father Garnet cence so adamantly that, lacking proof, they did nothing. Catesby told Wintour “he would see fur - ther as yet and resolved to send Mr. Fawkes to try the uttermost.” Fawkes found the powder under Parliament still ready. With the plot known, but not yet uncov - ered, the conspirators decided to see it through. THE KING DECREES When James returned to London on the Friday preceding the Opening, Salisbury showed him Monteagle’s letter. The king, not Upon discovery, Guy Fawkes remained defiant before King James, who ordered yet a year old when his father him tortured. Public domain

April/May 2017 History Magazine 11 Y and other priests for support met R

O only pleas for surrender. Friends T

S and family shut their doors rather I

H than join them in treason. On a

H rainy Thursday night, the last S

I fugitives sought sanctuary at T I Holbeach House, Staffordshire. R

B Finding their powder wet, they spread it out before the fire to dry, with predictable results. A stray spark sent it up in flames. LAST STAND When Wintour caught up to them early Friday morning, he found his brother-in-law Grant blinded, “his eyes burnt out”. Catesby and Rookwood were burned too. Only Percy and the Wrights remained Even in 1605, the rack was considered so horrible that only King James could with them. “I asked them what authorize its use against Guy Fawkes. Public domain they resolved to do,” Wintour re - membered. “They answered ‘We underwent interrogation. (No disemboweled, and quartered. mean here to die.’” tunnel under Parliament was ever The next day, Thomas Wintour, At eleven that morning, Sir found. Either it was destroyed in Rookwood, Keyes, and Fawkes Richard Walsh, High Sheriff of the 1800s or the whole story was were likewise taken to the Old Worchestershire, arrived with a government fabrication to Palace Yard at Westminster, before some 200 men to lay siege to the which Fawkes and Wintour, under the building they’d planned to house. Wintour was shot first, torture, agreed.) The conspirators blow up. Keyes jumped, trying to through the shoulder. The broth - were tried and found guilty. break his neck, but the rope ers Wright never got the chance On 30 January, Robert Wintour, broke. He suffered the full pun - to use their vaunted sword , John Grant, ishment. Fawkes, saved for last, arms. Both were shot dead, and and Thomas Bates were hanged, required the hangman’s assistance Rookwood after them. “Then,” but slowly, near unto death to climb the scaffold. Then he too Winter recalled, “said Mr. Catesby from strangulation. Only then jumped, broke his neck and to me (standing before the door were they cut down, castrated, escaped justice. they were to enter), ‘Stand by, Mr. Tom, and we will die to - gether.’” With his own sword arm useless, Wintour took position with Catesby and Percy, only to see both killed by one bullet. DEATH SENTENCE Wintour was taken alive. The other conspirators were soon swept up, along with their sympa - thizers, enablers, any number of innocent Catholics, and everyone else within Salisbury’s long reach. Tresham took ill and died in the Tower. Fathers Tesimond and Gerard escaped to the Continent, Three days after the plot was uncovered, Catesby, Thomas Wintour, the Wright but Garnet was caught, tried and brothers and the rest of the plotters made a last stand at , executed in May 1606. The rest Staffordshire. Public domain

12 History Magazine April/May 2017 LEGACY SUBSCRIBER INFORMATION It’s not mastermind Catesby (who, along with Percy, was exhumed and decapitated, their heads mounted on spikes outside the House of Lords), but Fawkes who is remembered. To this day, Britons celebrate every 5th November with bon - fires burning masked effigies of him. After its role in the 2006 movie V for Vendetta, the iconic Guarantee New/Renewal Subscriptions If History Magazine fails to meet Your subscription expiration date Fawkes mask became a symbol of resistance your needs, you are entitled to is printed just above your name worn by dissidents the world over, from Anony - a refund on all unmailed copies on the mailing label. To renew, mous activists and the Occupy movement to the for any reason or no reason. Any you have three options: refund will be made promptly Arab Spring and, of course, Brexit. 1) Visit our online shopping cart and cheerfully. However, we do and make your selection for not issue refunds for amounts the term of the subscription less than $5.00. and complete the necessary Delivery ordering information. If avail - Once we receive your order, we able, enter the six digit sub - process it immediately. The stan - scriber code from the mailing dard delivery time is 4-6 weeks. If label (upper left corner) in the you order your new subscription comment area of the order in the first month of the issue, form. your subscription will start with 2) Call our toll free number at the current issue. For example, if 1-888-326-2476 extension 111. you subscribed in June, then your first issue would be the June/July 3) Mail a check or money order issue. New subscriptions ordered (payable to History Magazine ) in the latter month of an issue to our office. See the bottom will start with the following issue. of this page for USA and For example, if you subscribed in Canadian addresses. An anti-coup protester wearing a Guy Fawkes mask July, your first issue would be the during a demonstration in Cairo, Oct. 2013. Public domain August/September issue. Address Change, Temporary Redirection or Cancellation Payment Options Notify the Circulation Depart - In some ways, the end intended by the We accept check, Money Order, ment by calling 1-888-326-2476 Gunpowder Plotters was meted out by fate. In PayPal, VISA and MasterCard. extension 111, or write to the 1834, the houses of Parliament accidentally Please be advised that credit card applicable address below. Please payments are processed through allow 3-6 weeks for your address burned to the ground. (Today’s palace is of our Canadian office and some change to appear on your sub - Victorian construction.) And though James I USA credit card issuers charge a scription. USA subscribers please survived the Gunpowder Plot, 43 years to the day foreign transaction fee. note, the magazine will not be forwarded by the post office if after the first of his assassins were executed, his Gift Subscriptions you move, so please let us know son, Charles I, was to great acclaim beheaded by Visit our online shopping cart and of your move at your earliest his own subjects, in the course of a civil war make your selection for the term of convenience. For temporary redi - the subscription, and complete the rection of delivery, it is important fought in part for religious freedom . necessary ordering information that we have the most up-to-date and recipient’s complete name address and dates of redirection and mailing address in the appro - on file. FURTHER READING priate area of the form. You can even enter a short message in the History Magazine Back Issues Faith and Treason: comment field of the order page Back issues are available in PDF The Story of the Gunpowder Plot by Antonia Fraser and History Magazine will send a format only. To order by phone, The Gunpowder Plot: Faith in Rebellion spcaardc teo thaef gtieft rr etciiptlient. You may contact the Circulation Depart - by Alan Haynes also call our toll free number at ment toll-free at 1-888-326-2476 extension 111 or visit www. 1-888-326-2476 ext 111 (please youtube.com/watch?v=zI9WMJX85Eg have your VISA or MasterCard history-magazine.com . handy). USA ADDRESS: History Magazine , PO Box 194, Niagara Falls, NY, 14304 Frequent contributor DON HOLLWAY last CANADIAN ADDRESS: wrote in our December/January 2017 issue, History Magazine , 82 Church St S, Unit 101, Ajax, ON, L1S 6B3 on the history of the guitar. His article on Toll-Free Customer Service Line: 1-888-326-2476 the pursuit of WWII German battleship Bismarck will appear in an upcoming issue. www.history-magazine.com

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BROTHER S I DUTTON M Patriot and Missionary MARGARET MOEN LOOKS AT THE LIFE OF A MAN WHO FIRST SERVED HIS COUNTRY, BUT ALSO LATER Undated photo of Ira Barnes Dutton. NPS/Kalaupapa NHP/Kalaupapa GAVE HIS ALL IN A LIFE OF Historical Society Collection “SPLENDID CHRISTIAN SERVICE”

striking young couple – Civil War veteran Lieutenant Ira Barnes Janesville baseball club chose him Dutton and Ohio native Louisa Headington – wed on 1 January to be “talleyman”, says a 5 July A1866 in Mount Vernon, Ohio. 1860 report in the Janesville Daily Gazette. A year later, the newly That same week, 12 victims of Ira Dutton was born on 27 April formed Janesville Gymnastic Club leprosy, three women and nine 1843 in Stowe, Vermont, to Ezra elected him as secretary. men, arrived at Kalaupapa penin - Dutton, a shoemaker, and Abigail The Gymnastic Club, according sula, , the first to be exiled Barnes Dutton, a schoolteacher. to Charles Dutton, transformed there under ’s 1865 isola - Ira was the oldest of four: two itself into a Zouaves outfit, a pre- tion law. brothers, Ezra and Owen, died in Civil War militia group marked by Both of these events – one childhood and a sister, Abigail, snazzy uniforms and intricate happy, one tragic – led to disas - lived to age 22. Ira lived to age 87. drills. Ira Dutton was active in the ters. But Lieutenant Dutton When Ira was four, his family Janesville Zouaves. emerged from a failed marriage moved to Janesville, Wisconsin. War loomed as the Zouaves or - and subsequent dissipation to be - His mother taught him at home ganized, and Ira Dutton enlisted come Brother Dutton, an until he was about age 12, wrote on 9 September 1861, joining administrator and medical aide author Charles J. Dutton (no the 13th Wisconsin Volunteer who lived at, and uplifted, the relation) in The Samaritans of Infantry Regiment, Company B, Molokai colony. Molokai (published in 1932). He along with many other Zouave Dutton’s life was split between then entered the Janesville Acad - cadets. The Company Descriptive his mainland life and his Molokai emy. In 1859, Ira was at Milton Book recorded that Dutton was service, and upheavals rocked Academy, according to Alva fair-haired and fair-skinned with both those halves. But two Edward Garey’s 1913 Students blue eyes, standing five feet seven constants marked him: his patri - of Milton Academy Who Served inches tall. otism and his bent for service. in the Civil War . He attended Shortly after his enlistment, the Those traits stemmed from his both Baptist and Methodist Sun - Baptist Sunday School where all-American upbringing and his day Schools. he taught gave him “a valuable time in the Civil War. Young Ira first worked on the rubber overcoat”, reported the Notably, Dutton manifested Free Press newspaper, and later at 1 October 1861 Janesville Daily his patriotism most openly on James Sutherland’s Book Store, Gazette. Molokai, even though Hawaii foreshadowing his later volumi - Quickly promoted to quarter - didn’t become part of the US nous letter writing. master-sergeant, Dutton helped until Dutton had lived there for In true-blue fashion, teenaged provide supplies and shelter for 12 years. Ira was active in sports. The the sick during a winter measles

April/May 2017 History Magazine 15 S epidemic at Camp Tredway, Kalaupapa, but Charles Dutton a 1918 letter to the Janesville Daily E I

R Wisconsin, a hint of his future and other sources state that his Gazette : “I’m not conscious of

A medical work. wife spent far more than they having injured anyone, save my - N Dutton’s service lasted for the could afford and then, after sev - self, nor of any crookedness in O I

S war’s duration and he saw much eral episodes of unfaithfulness, business or in public duties.” But S

I of the country, though his regi - she ran off with another man to he was soon on the path to

M ment didn’t see a great deal of New at the end of 1867. Molokai. fighting, performing mostly guard Ira and Louisa never reconciled, After study and reflection, he and garrison duty. The Civil despite his efforts, and he ob - decided to enter the Catholic War Soldiers and Sailors System tained a divorce in 1881. She died Church as the best way for him to states that the regiment lost five soon after. do penance. enlisted men killed and mortally Dutton remained reticent about He was baptized at Peter’s wounded, and lost 188 enlisted the details of those “secret years”. in Memphis on his fortieth birth - men by disease. He did later admit to his drinking day, 27 April 1883, and took the One of its most memorable en - problem: Gavan Daws wrote in name Joseph. Mrs. Benedict J. gagements took place in the fall of Holy Man: of Semmes, who was married to a 1864. General John Hood’s Army Molokai (published 1973) that cousin of Confederate Admiral of Tennessee menaced the Union Dutton estimated he consumed Semmes, was the god - garrison at Decatur, northern “about a barrel of whiskey a year”. mother of this Union veteran. Alabama, in an attempt to cross In 1876, Dutton swore off alcohol. Dutton spent two years study - the Tennessee River and then re - During his postwar years, he ing at the Trappist Monastery, the take Nashville. General R.S. held several substantial jobs, Abbey of Our Lady of Gethsemani Granger led the Union forces at despite his drinking. The National in Kentucky. But he decided Decatur and Dutton served as Park Service biography calls he was meant for a more active his quartermaster. Those Union Dutton a “functioning alcoholic”. calling. forces, including the 13th Wis - Much of his work was in gov - While visiting New Orleans consin, numbered only about ernment service. First, he worked with a priest friend, he went to a 5,000, but stopped the much for two years as a quartermaster’s convent reading room. There, larger Confederate force from agent, locating and reburying the he chanced upon an item in a crossing the river there. Union dead in national cemeter - Catholic magazine about Belgian The city of Decatur figured into ies. The 1870 US Census lists Father Damien De Veuster’s work 1st Lieutenant Dutton’s personal him as a railroad clerk residing at Molokai, wrote Charles Dutton. history as well. Near there, he in Memphis. From 1875-1883, “It was a new subject and at - met his future wife, Louisa Head - Dutton again worked for the gov - tracted me wonderfully”, Joseph ington. Charles Dutton wrote: ernment, this time settling war Dutton later recalled, according to “The date when the two first met claims. Gavan Daws. “After weighing it seems to have been about a year for a while, I became convinced before the War ended, and the that it suited my wants – for labor, place was a town not far from for a penitential life, and for Dutton was as vigorous a letter Decatur, where Dutton had gone seclusion as well as complete with several of his fellow officers writer as he was a laborer. The separation from scenes of all past to a social affair at the house of National Park Service website experiences.” one of the well-known Union says his address book contained He added that he was not look - families of the neighborhood.” ing to hide, but for an opportu - Louisa, her mother, and her sister 4,000 names and bags of mail nity to begin again, as well as to had come from Ohio to visit delivered to him at times do good for others and to do Tennessee friends. weighed up to 50 pounds. penance. He wondered, however, Ira and Louisa fell in love. They how he could get to Molokai and married weeks after he mustered if he could be of any service there. out of the service – even though But a need to atone for his past To answer these questions, Dut - friends of his had warned him clutched him. ton went to see Charles Warren against the match. Why he eventually decided Stoddard, a professor at the Uni - Much of Dutton’s postwar his - upon such a demanding atone - versity of Notre Dame who had tory is as misty as the fogs over ment is unclear, since he wrote in visited the Molokai settlement.

16 History Magazine April/May 2017 Stoddard assured him he could be Joseph Dutton at Father Damien’s of use there, and also gave him grave. NPS/Kalaupapa NHP/Kalaupapa Historical Society Collection travel instructions. Joseph Dutton arrived on Molokai on 29 July 1886, after sailing from San Francisco to Honolulu and landing there 18 July. In Honolulu, the Board of Health gave him permission to go to the leper settlement. Damien “took to him immedi - ately”, wrote Daws. The priest described Dutton as “truly an ex - emplary self devoting man”, heralding the successful relation - ship between the calm Dutton and the temperamental Damien. By then, conditions at the set - tlement had greatly improved from its early, disastrous days of lawlessness, vice, and deprivation. The National Park Service – Joseph Dutton at Baldwin Kalaupapa became a National Home, Kalawao. NPS/ Kalaupapa NHP/Kalaupapa Historical Park in 1980 – says on Historical Society Collection its website: “Starting in 1873 major improvements were made due to the arrival of Father Joseph Dutton and male Damien and the interest and sup - patients. NPS/Kalaupapa port of the next two Hawaiian NHP/Kalaupapa Historical Society Collection Kings, William Charles Lunalilo and David Kalakaua.” Nonetheless, Dutton found Dr. Arthur Mouritz, a settle - Brother Dutton’s health about to plenty to do under still rough ment physician in the 1880s, fail, “One of the tasks he would conditions at the settlement, lo - praised Dutton’s “divine temper” not delegate to others was the care cated on the windward side of the which nothing could ruffle, and of the flag; each morning he ran peninsula, below the Molokai pali. noted his proficiency in “cleaning it up, each evening he took it Now known as Brother Joseph and dressing the sores, ulcers, and down….” Dutton – although he remained other skin troubles” of the leprosy “He always wrote of his country a layman and was not a monk – patients. as though it were a living being of he brought his Civil War skills to In his 1916 book The Path of the flesh and blood”, and felt “great bear on the labor at hand. He Destroyer, Mouritz also described joy” at the US annexation of worked as a clerk, builder, medical Dutton’s skill in running the Hawaii in 1898. aide, and administrator, taking on Baldwin Home for boys and sin - Brother Joseph, in a letter more responsibility when Damien gle men, and in reconstructing it. quoted by Charles Dutton, died in 1889 of leprosy. Protestant philanthropist Henry once described the settlement’s By that year, the settlement Perrine Baldwin provided the “marked advance in conditions” population had swelled to 1,100, funding. after the US took over the islands, according to Daws. When a new Soon after the 1894 opening of and said that, “this would be Hawaiian government came to a new Baldwin Home, Dutton expected”. He noted the improve - power in 1887, its Board of Health acquired an American flag, and ment in medical facilities and stepped up the isolation of lep - gave a speech when it was raised added: “The appropriation by rosy victims. This increased the on the grounds. Congress was generous, and we burden on Dutton and others Charles Dutton noted that as have everything science can give. there. late as 1928, with the 85-year-old A great change since 1903.”

April/May 2017 History Magazine 17 S On 16 July 1908, in response E I

R to Dutton’s request and on or -

A ders from President Theodore N Roosevelt, the Great White Fleet O I

S diverged from its course and S

I sailed along the Kalaupapa

M peninsula to salute Dutton and other settlement residents. That same day, Brother Dutton wrote to Admiral Charles Sperry to express the settlement’s “most hearty thanks”. He pointed to the improvement in the resi - dents’ lives, describing them as a “people also becoming better acquainted with our Uncle Sam, and better satisfied to be Amer - icans”. Most of the patients there were Hawaiian. Dutton, in a 1918 letter to a friend in Memphis, revealed his Joseph Dutton and Brothers with male patients at Baldwin Home in Kalawao. patriotic interest in World War I Sacred Hearts Archive - Diocese of Hawaii and told how “our lepers have bought $3,000 worth of thrift been in Hawaii caring for the 1931, at age 87. stamps – the money earned lepers.” In all those years of uninter - chiefly by those who are still Brother Dutton got recogni - rupted service, Dutton accepted able to do some work”. The Na - tion from higher levels of gov - no compensation and directed tional War Commission on 10 ernment as well. President that his military pension be April announced the leprosy Warren G. Harding, in a 1923 donated to charity. victims’ purchase of the thrift letter quoted by Charles Dutton, He lived to see great advances and war savings stamps; a num - told him he had long heard of at the settlement, including its ber of stateside newspapers ran his “splendid Christian service”. expansion to the drier, warmer the story. He added: “Only quite recently leeward side of the peninsula in Throughout his life, Brother my attention was drawn to the the 1890s. Dutton also saw the Dutton maintained a member - fact that now, at the age of number of patients decline, to ship in the Grand Army of the eighty you are still carrying on slightly more than 600 in 1910. Republic (GAR) – a fraternal this wonderful work and are still But he did not live to see the dis - organization for Union veterans. enjoying good health.” covery of an effective treatment A story in The Wisconsin State But his eyesight began to fail for leprosy, now known as Journal, 13 August 1922 pointed and his health was declining. Hansen’s disease, in the 1940s, to a portrait of Brother Dutton Joseph Dutton spent his final much less to see the repeal of at the capitol’s GAR Room: months in a Honolulu hospital Hawaii’s isolation law in 1969 . “Since 1886 this noble man has and died there on 26 March

The National Park Service website says that 14 cemeteries MARGARET MOEN is a are located at Kalaupapa – Catholic, Protestant, Mormon, St. Paul, Minnesota-based writer Buddhist, and Hawaiian – with inscriptions in Hawaiian, and editor whose articles have Chinese, Japanese, and English. Up to 8,000 patients died appeared in Your Genealogy Today, VFW Magazine, American at the settlement during its century of existence. Spirit, and many more. Brother Dutton is buried at Saint Catholic She has a special interest in Church Cemetery, Kalaupapa National Historical Park. military family history.

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I THE ENTICING BEAUTY T R O H OF THE OSAGE ORANGE MELODY AMSEL-ARIELI LOOKS AT A PLANT SPECIES WITH REMARKABLE QUALITIES AND A STORIED HISTORY

LEFT : Fruit of the Maclura pomifera—the Osage orange tree. Public domain RIGHT : Osage Orange, split open. Public domain, photograph by Mahieddine23 from Wikimedia Commons

he Osage orange, graceless and tenacious, played a leading Kiowas, Pawnees, and other Great role in the saga of early America. This gnarly, deciduous tree Plains tribes. A single Osage bow is indigenous to the historic home of the Native American was, at that time, worth a stack of Osage Nation, which spanned areas of today’s Arkansas, beaver pelts, a horse, or even a Alabama, Texas and Oklahoma. It became known to science horse and blanket. oTnly in 1804, however, when Meriwether Lewis, studying species Because early French explorers beyond the 17 states of the Union, sent slips and cuttings, which he and trappers dubbed the Osage described as Osage apples , to President Thomas Jefferson. orange tree bois d’arc , wood- of-the-bow, many, to this day, From a distance, perhaps, its orange. To confuse matters fur - know it as bodark, bow wood, or bright green fruit does look like ther, it is also known as hedge bowood. apples. Up close, however, there apple and horse apple. This plant may have first is no mistaking those fragrant, Osage Native Americans reput - reached neighboring Missouri, smooth-skinned beauties for edly treated eye ailments with tea another noted Osage orange re - these hefty, thick-skinned, brainy- brewed from the plant’s thick, gion, when pioneering farmers furrowed, outlandish globes, 4 fleshy roots. In addition, they and ranchers found the cost of to 5 inches in diameter. Nor wove ropes from its scaly bark and lumber fencing prohibitive. Even are their bitter, sticky, milky, inte - produced a color-fast orange dye if these highly adaptable trees riors – shunned by all except from its shavings, roots, and bark. were planted several feet apart, squirrels who crave their seeds – These fierce fighters and big game extending branches soon filled in less bizarre. hunters also crafted exceedingly their gaps, while thorny shoots, The term “orange” is misleading strong war clubs, battle bows, and sprouting from their wide- as well. It refers not to the Osage hunting bows from its exception - spreading roots, created new trees. fruit, but to its bright, orange- ally dense, flexible wood, often Moreover, if settlers wove their yellow heartwood, roots, and bark. traveling hundreds of miles in its young branches together and This may be why many call this quest. They also traded this valu - pruned them down, they could plant mock-orange or monkey able commodity with Comanches, produce even denser hedges.

20 History Magazine April/May 2017 Within three to four years, these the bow, the use of which is living fences – “hog-tight, horse- taught him at an early age. high, and bull-strong” – were im - [These] are usually made of the penetrable by man and beast. tough and elastic wood of the Indeed, noted the Virginia “bois d’arc,” strengthened and re- Farmer’s Register in the early enforced with sinews of the deer 1800s, “…when fairly established, Covered wagons featuring non-shrink - wrapped firmly around, and they will never need removal ing, unbreakable Osage orange-wood strung with a cord of the same wheels or axles were ideal for crossing [and] would inspire a degree the Plains. Public domain material. They are from three to of security which cannot be felt four feet long…. By constant by those persons who are in the native range. practice [the warrior] acquires a habit of patching up decaying In a sense, the Osage orange skill in archery that renders him fences…” Indeed, wrote Prof. J.B. travelled westward by wagon as no less formidable in war than Turner in 1816, “One hedge well. Many pioneers, at the urging successful in the chase.” around a farm, with but one of expedition guides like US Army With the invention of cheap gate well locked, would render Captain Randolph B. Marcy, for barbed wire in 1874, often Osage all a man’s horses, implements, example, outfitted their wagon hedges, dotting long-established and fruits, as safe from all thieves train wheels, which were prone to farmsteads or bordering aban - and de-predators as though cracking under weighty loads, doned pastures, were left to grow they were all in his cellar.” In ad - with durable bois-d’arc hubs and wild. Many evolved into dense, dition, if planted close together, a rims. These, he explained, far sheltering habitats for small row of Osage orange trees, each stronger than those constructed mammals and birds. Others were reaching up to 60 feet high and from white oak common in the laboriously uprooted. spanning 6 feet across, made Northern states, were “… best The orange wood itself, how - splendid windbreakers and dust for the plains, as they shrink but ever, continued to find many uses. catchers. little, and seldom want repair - Though it fired sparks in all di - By the 1860s, Osage orange ing….” rections, was prone to popping, hedge mania had taken root Regarding another pioneer and its searing heat reputedly across the land. As a result, its peril, Marcy warned, “No people cracked hearthside bricks, Osage seeds – 200 to 300 gleaned from a probably on the face of the earth was a favored fuel. It was also single green globe, rocketed from are more ambitious of martial fashioned into durable hand- eight dollars to well over fifty fame…than the North American hewn cattle yokes, treenails dollars a bushel. Millions of savages … The prairie warrior is (wooden pegs), gates, cart and nursery-generated seedlings also occasionally seen with the rifle in carriage wheels, tool handles, reached locations far beyond their his hand, but his favorite arm is mine support timbers, and rail - road ties. Through the early 20th century, this water-resistant wood, when planked, also served as pavement-blocks, a solution for muddy or dusty urban streets. Since it is nearly impervi - ous to sub-soil moisture and fungal damage, it also provided rot-resistant grave markers, boundary markers, and especially – fence posts. Cutting dense green-wood Osage posts by hand, splitting them with wedges and sledge hammers, sharpening them at one end, then driving them into the ground with mallets was a back-breaking business. However, Red River Basin. Public domain, drawn by Shannon1, shaded relief data from NASA they often outlasted the wire RTM North America strands they bore.

April/May 2017 History Magazine 21 E The Osage orange has served from Osage orange plants. Oil the Midwest. Alternately, Osage R

U other purposes as well. When extracted from its seeds, for ex - orange (Maclura pomifera) T

L harsh dust storms scoured the ample, offers promise as a viable seedlings can be ordered through U

C prairies in the 1930s, for example, biodiesel. Its fruit, rich in en - the Missouri Department of Con - I

T the United States Forest Service, zymes that break down proteins servation at nominal cost . R at the behest of President Franklin and amino acids, may be suitable O

H Delano Roosevelt, planted over for industrial or commercial uses Note: The author grew up near an 200 million deciduous trees, in - like food preservation, meat ten - Osage orange tree hedge. She spent a cluding Osage oranges, across a derization, or cheese production. good part of her childhood cutting into hundred-mile-wide zone. This in - Though the Osage is inedible by its fruit, marveling at its uniqueness. vasive species not only gripped humans, pomiferin, an isoflavone She also wondered why these were called the soil quickly, but also created found in its fruit and wood, has monkey-oranges. Now she knows. shelterbelts – protection for fields proven to be an antioxidant as and farmhouses from strong strong as vitamin E or C. MELODY AMSEL-ARIELI is an winds and dust. Because the Osage orange tree American-Israeli freelance writer Though the close-grained remains amazingly free of insect whose articles have appeared Osage is so difficult to work, damage, many, despite scientific in genealogical and historical many contemporary craftsmen doubt, believe it is a natural pesti - magazines across the UK, US, appreciate its fine, orange hue and cide. So, to repel fleas, spiders, and Canada. She is the author of the ease in creating an unusually and similar pests, they place its high polish. Others enjoy utilizing ripened fruit in kitchens and en - Between Galicia and Hungary: its range of earthy orange, yellow, trance ways. Though each, it The Jews of Stropkov (Avotaynu and mossy green natural dyes. is said, remains potent for only 2002) and Jewish Lives: 1750-1950 In recent years, scientists have two to three months, replenish - (Pen & Sword, 2013). Visit her been investigating the economic ments can sometimes be pur - website at http://amselbird.com . potential of chemicals derived chased in food markets across

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Jack Dempsey: The “Manassa Mauler’” Once Upon a Time in Venice ● History of City Greens Lynching Story ● Mona Lisa Servant Girl Murders ● Roman Bread Albert Spalding ● WAAFs

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A Daily Echo reporter John Ronayne C was fatally injured near the railway footbridge that spanned the railway tracks from the bottom of Duffus Street to the head of Pier 7. The surviving abutment is on the far left of the damaged superstructure. A portion of “View From Pier 8,” a panorama by W.G. MacLaughlan. Courtesy of Zemel WHOLE COMMUNITY WIPED OUT WORSE THAN BOMBARDED TOWN MICHAEL DUPUIS OFFERS A LOOK INTO THE AFTERMATH OF THE 1917 HALIFAX EXPLOSION THROUGH THE EYES OF ONE JOURNALIST WHO RECORDED THE CATASTROPHE FOR RELEASE TO THE CANADIAN PRESS

n an extract from his new book, Michael Dupuis provides a graphic contrast with what no longer is. I account of the 6 December 1917 Halifax Explosion’s aftermath by have visited Halifax on many occa - George Yates, Prime Minister Robert Borden’s private secretary and sions, have seen the North street former Toronto Globe journalist. Yates was so disturbed by his tour station, Richmond and Willow park of the city’s devastated North End on 9 December, he could not sleep in normal times and when swollen tIhat night. To relieve stress, he wrote a “pen picture” of his experience, with the normal flux of war. I have and the next morning delivered it to the local Canadian Press bureau with seen the panoramic beauty of the instructions to send it out nationwide. The Toronto Telegram ran Yates’ Dartmouth shore at all seasons, story on 10 December. and always in restful contrast to From pages 64-67 of Bearing Witness: Journalists, Record Keepers and the the somewhat sombre, decidedly 1917 Halifax Explosion by Michael Dupuis. Copyright 2017 by Michael crowded and for the most part Dupuis. Reprinted by permission of Fernwood Publishing. frame-constructed district that sloped back from the tracks up the CANADIAN PRESS DESPATCH hill on which this historic old city Halifax, Dec. 10 – The catastrophe is almost too dreadful to admit of stands. It was the home district of description in coherent, matter-of-fact English, and yet too complete for the working classes with here and adequate portrayal by means of the indiscriminating camera. To properly there an isolated, though stately, appreciate it one must be able to conjure a picture of what was once in relic of other times.

24 History Magazine April/May 2017 It was this hard-working, wage- The blizzard, which had raged Soldiers had hurried to the scene earning community that Thursday for fifteen hours, had doubled the – how many I do not know, but I morning’s tragedy wiped out. task of tired and disheartened have talked with one man who told Wiped out is exactly the proper men. Imagine, ye with intact rooms me he and others had found at one phrase. In the hard-shelled towns and snug double windows, the in - point a score of bodies of men, who of Flanders some walls do stand fluence of a terrific gale of wet, stripped of clothing and, in some after intense bombardments. Here clinging snow, sweeping over the instances, even of flesh, were quite a single devastating blast passed up city with scarcely a pane of glass in - evidently military men, because of the hill, and, in the twinkling of tact, and carrying its chill contact the scraps of khaki rags in their an eye, crushed the breath of life in a falling temperature over thou - immediate vicinity. It was indeed a out of two thousand people and sands of beds of pain. But towards rendezvous with death, and death rendered twenty thousand home - morning the gale subsided into a overtook even the man who turned less and destitute. This morning steady, though bitter, northeast in the alarm. I walked over what had been a breeze, and now the sun lit up a But death was no respecter of dwelling, among the debris of melancholy scene.... persons in the neighbourhood which an old man worked alone. To the right, over on the Dart - of the explosion. A few blackened It was merely a flattened heap of mouth shore, hard aground, but timbers along the track to the left wreckage, offering no obstruction seemingly not in bad shape, lay the represent the Richmond station to the eye and very little to the feel. Imo, the Norwegian Belgian relief where every employee was killed. What once had been a backyard ship, which collided with the The despatcher [Vince Coleman] looked out over the exact scene of French boat with its dreadful cargo. phoned to a confrere up the line, the explosion. In the cutting below To the left a few sombre piles, and “Ammunition ship is on fire in were the railway tracks, in the fore - one distorted steamer, slammed the harbour, and there is likely to ground the narrows, leading from bodily against a pile of wreckage, be an explosion, but I am going to the harbour proper to the seclusion which had once been a dock, was beat it.” Just then the explosion of Bedford Basin, and, probably all that was left of Piers 6, 7, 8 and occurred, and they found his body half a mile across the Dartmouth 9. To these piers had come the in the basement. shore. In the railway yards scores of fire chief and his deputy and men Of the yardmen not ten per cent men laboured to re-establish com - when the alarm of fire was turned remain; of seventy spare trackmen munications where the tracks had on, and to the same spot hurried not two had reported for duty this been washed out by the tidal wave reporter Ronayne of the Chronicle, morning. That mass of wrecked that followed the explosion. And who had gossiped cheerily with me and twisted rolling stock in the which left behind dead fish and at my room in the Queen’s Hotel Richmond yard represents some other evidences of marine life em - when the Prime Minister opened four hundred freight cars, and sev - bedded in the wreckage at the base his campaign in Halifax the other enty or eighty passenger coaches of the cliff on which I stood. week. have been temporarily placed out of commission... A passing sleigh pauses and a man joins the little group of on - lookers. It is the Prime Minister of Canada gathering first hand the intimate details of the appalling disaster of the city of his youth and early manhood. Along the road comes another sleigh – an open cutter. The driver walks behind, and with him walk two downcast men. There are passengers in the sleigh, but they mercifully covered, though not sufficiently to hide the ghastly contortions of their twisted frames. Across the street is a heavy

Damaged Halifax Herald building, 7 December 1917. From Views of the Halifax wagon turned upside down. In the Catastrophe by Harold T. Roe shafts lie the remains of two horses,

April/May 2017 History Magazine 25 Y one completely cut in two, with R

O what seems to be a plate from the

T Michael Dupuis launches

S ill-fated vessel. This team had I Bearing Witness H reached the street from a roadway 3 June 2017 in Halifax at the

N leading back about fifty yards to

A Maritime Museum of the Atlantic

I what had been a foundry.

D There a jumble of bricks and a A Size: 6.75” x 9.25”

N brightly burning pile of coals

A marks the tomb of forty men, who Pages: 192 C met death at the bench and lathe. ISBN: 9781552668757 Pre-order: http://fernwoodpublishing.ca/ None escaped. On the roadside the book/bearing-witness remains of two motor cars torn ab - In stores: April 2017 solutely to splinters. The old man referred to is working aimlessly over the wreckage of what had been On the other side of the street, a burning coal, of which there is now his home. He threw to one side short distance from the dead an acute scarcity and still smolder - an artificial limb. “That,” he said, horses, was what seemed to be a ing wreckage threw a ghastly light seeming to think that the incident bundle of bedding. On the top, over a scene of wreckage more required explanation, “belonged to as a protection from the snow, complete than the star-shelled the lodger downstairs. He won’t was spread some frayed kitchen lighted No Man’s Land. I write this need it anymore. He was a railway - linoleum. on a siding alongside of the North man, and he lost his leg, and they To prevent the wind from blow - street station, familiar to thousands put him on a crossing. He’s gone. ing this away was a piece of scaf - on both sides of the Atlantic. When my old woman heard that folding. Instinct warned me not to The platform is sprinkled with the boat might blow up she went seek the obvious explanation, but a splintered glass, and the building is up to the daughter’s place on the compelling curiosity caused me to roofless, windowless and doorless, hill there. You can see the place, still raise a corner of the linoleum. I was where the interior is filled with smoking, from here.” relieved to see nothing but some confused masses of wreckage and “Did she escape injury?” I asked, bedding, and turned to look at a drifted snow. as it seemed to me the old man had camera man from a Boston paper, I begin to feel that I know what left the story unfinished. “Oh no,” who was making a series of photo - war must mean . he answered simply. “She and the graphs in the vicinity. At this I daughter and four were burned up. heard a cry of horror from my MICHAEL DUPUIS is a retired It’s funny I should find the cork leg companion. He had pierced the veil history teacher, writer and undamaged, don’t you think?” and raised the blanket. I caught one author. His work focuses on the Two men approached. One had quick glimpse of the bed’s dead role of journalists in important the usual bandages around neck and occupant, for which I shall always historical events. In 2012, he face that mark the hundreds of walk - be sorry, as now my memory is contributed “Canadian Journal - ing victims of flying glass, the other indelibly seared by an impression I ists in New York” in TITANIC with hollow, lack-lustre eyes, and would gladly forget. Century Media, Myth and the blackened hands and face, carried a It was enough but not all. As we Making of a Cultural Icon , and sack on his shoulders. It was of sin - drove back past the diggers in the in 2014 published Winnipeg’s ister shape and blood-stained, possi - ruins by the foundry a man came General Strike Reports From bly all that was left of his family. forward and asked my companion The Front Lines. His new book, I was prepared for that by the if he was going down town, and if Bearing Witness: Journalists, story a railroad friend told me ear - so, would he call at the undertaker’s Record Keepers and the 1917 lier to-day about a man carrying a and have them send out a sleigh. Halifax Explosion, will be small box on his shoulder who was “We have found two more,” he said, enquiring for a train. He seemed pointing to two wrapped bundles, released April 2017 and dazed and someone asked him one pitifully small. launched in Halifax at the what he had in the box. “That,” he To-night they brought the car Maritime Museum of the Atlantic replied, “is all that I have left of my around to the new ocean terminals on 3 June 2017. See the ad on wife and two children. I am taking to North street. All the way in the back cover of this issue. them to Windsor to bury them.” through the devastated area piles of

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To order online, go to www.yourgenealogytoday.com or call toll free 1-888-326-2476 EST. The first trial of a practical pneumatic Y delivery system took place in England R E at Battersea in 1861. Its success led V to the development of London’s I L

pneumatic mail dispatch system. E

Public domain D L I of call, the airplanes were loaded A M with mail and catapulted from the ship’s deck. By using this unusual form of early airmail, the mail reached its destination from 2 to 3 days faster than by ship’s mail alone. In 1959, the United States tried its own version of ship to shore mail delivery using guided missiles. The experiment proved to be impractical and rocket mail was quickly abandoned. Perhaps no attempt to expedite mail delivery was more successful Letters in a Tube: over a longer period of time than was the pneumatic mail service. With the advent of the industrial THE RISE AND revolution, the size of most large metropolitan areas increased rap - idly. As the populations of these DEMISE OF major cities swelled, the demand to distribute an ever-expanding volume of both business and per - PNEUMATIC MAIL sonal mail quickly and efficiently CHARLES BUSH M.D. LOOKS AT THE became more pressing. One at - tempt to accomplish this task was INNOVATIVE AND ONCE POPULAR the development of a series of un - METHOD OF MAIL DELIVERY derground tubes that distributed mail from one large central main hrough the ages, many innovative methods have been devised post office to smaller district post to make mail delivery possible. Before automation, a variety offices located throughout the of animals were used to aid the postman in making his cities. This expedited delivery sys - appointed rounds. As early as 1275, the Hanseatic League was tem was known as the pneumatic employing horses to deliver the mail. From 1860 to 1861, mail service. hTard-working ponies served the Pony Express in delivering mail in the The pneumatic mail delivery western United States. In Alaska, Canada and parts of Scandinavia, system was based on the tenants dogs and even reindeer were harnessed to pull sleds full of mail to their of pneumatic science. Pneumatic destinations. In the outback, the Australian Postal Service Camels were science is the study of the behav - used. Even today, the United States Post Office uses donkeys to bring ior of air and other gases under mail five days a week to the town of Supai, Arizona, deep within the pressure. The basics of pneumat - Grand Canyon. ics have been known since the time of the ancient Greeks. An - Many ingenious mechanical Prussian lines. Between 1929 and other aspect of the pneumatic methods have also been utilized to 1936, several ships of the German mail delivery system involved the move the mail. During the 1870- North Lloyd Company carried vacuum pump, invented by Otto 71 siege of Paris, Parisians made airplanes during trans-Atlantic von Guericke in the mid-. use of large hot air balloons crossings. When a ship came The application of pneumatic sci - to transport their letters across within 600 to 800 miles of its port ence together with the invention

April/May 2017 History Magazine 31 Y of the vacuum pump set the stage postal reformer Rowland Hill, minute to complete. The same R

E for the development of machines hired two engineers to investigate trip by a horse drawn mail wagon V

I that could move materials, in - the possibility of connecting through the traffic of London’s L

E cluding mail, underground from London’s General Post Office to streets took more than twenty D one place to another. the West District Central Post minutes. The system functioned L

I The system worked as follows; a Office via a pneumatic tube. A well at first. However, as time A series of underground tunnels year later, the engineers reported went by, it became evident that M was constructed that linked a cen - that such a system could be con - the large carriers often became tral post office with numerous structed, but would be very costly. stuck within the tube. The project smaller branch post offices. In 1859, a group of English was abandoned in 1874. Within the tunnels, a network of businessmen founded the London Noting the early success of tubes was placed that connected Pneumatic Despatch Company. pneumatic mail delivery in each post office with every other Their idea was to raise private England, in 1866, France began post office within the system. Mail capital to build narrow gage rail - the installation of an elaborate was then put into mailbags and way tracks enclosed by pneumatic network of pneumatic tubes the bags placed into special pods under the streets of Paris. Using or “carriers” that fit into the tube. the already existing city sewer sys - These carriers varied in size from tem, the first experimental tubes small railway cars to canisters less linked the telegraph office at the than half a meter long. At every Grand Hotel to the Place de la post office, there was a “station” Bourse (the old Paris Stock Ex - or portal where a carrier full of change). The tube system rapidly mail entered the system of pneu - expanded over the next 13 years. matic tubes. Once the carrier was Initially, only telegrams and offi - in the tube, “blowers” were acti - cial correspondence were allowed vated. These blowers were large to flow through the tubes. fans that created positive pressure Administration of the entire at one end of the airtight tube or operation was placed in the hands a vacuum at the opposite end. The of the Telegraph Department. In air pressure differential acted to 1879, the Post Office Department push or suck the carrier from the took control of operating the sending station to the receiving tubes, and the system opened for station where the mailbags were use by the general public for the recovered. In complex pneumatic first time. By 1888, the network mail systems such as those in - of pneumatic tubes had spread Sir Rowland Hill, social reformer and stalled in Paris, Vienna and New inventor of the postage stamp, who all across the city. From 1879 York City, “diverters” acted to developed the Uniform Penny Post. Hill through 1898, private messages open and close access to various pioneered the concept of pneumatic had to be written on official mail delivery in England in 1856. tubes insuring that the mail was Public domain postal cards or lettercards. After delivered to the selected receiving 1898, any letter or postcard that station. tubes that could carry large quan - would fit in the relatively small England was the first country to tities of mail between the various pneumatic carriers was permitted. employ pneumatics to transport London post offices. The com - A plan was conceived to expand mail. In 1854, Josiah Latimer pany would then rent access to the the Paris pneumatic mail service Clark installed a 200 meter long system to the Post Office Service. to the surrounding suburbs. pneumatic tube between the The first trial of this system took Unfortunately, World War I inter - London Stock Exchange and the place at Battersea in 1861. When vened from 1914 until 1919. After office of the Electric Telegraph the trial proved to be successful, a the War, because of the cost, the Company of London. Known as permanent line was installed in plan was never revisited. Instead, the “Pneumatic Dispatch”, this 1863 that ran between the Euston pneumatic mail was delivered system served as a transporter railway station and the North to various post offices on the for telegrams only. In 1855, upon West District Post Office of outskirts of the city and from observing the success of the London. The trip of about half there, final deliveries to sur - Pneumatic Dispatch system, the a kilometer took less than one rounding towns and villages were

32 History Magazine April/May 2017 LEFT : Official Rohrpost envelope used in Germany’s pneumatic mail system, 1910. Courtesy of author RIGHT : Postmaster’s label that was attached to any letter, postcard or parcel damaged during transit through the Boston pneumatic mail network. Public domain accomplished by means of bicy - carried millions of pieces of mail on pneumatic mail rather than cles and later motorcycles. The every year. In Germany, as well as using official postal stationary. Paris pneumatic mail system in some other countries, includ - In the United States, Philadel - continued to function until 1984 ing France and Austria, and later phia, New York City, Boston, when it was replaced by comput - Brazil and Czechoslovakia, official Chicago and Saint Louis devel - ers and fax machines. postal stationary was used within oped underground pneumatic Other countries as well had the pneumatic mail systems. mail networks. Philadelphia was begun installing pneumatic mail While Italy also had pneumatic the first to do so in 1893. New networks. During the late 1800s mail service, it stood alone as print - York City inaugurated pneumatic and early 1900s, Germany, ing special postage stamps for use mail delivery on 7 October 1897. Austria, Portugal, Italy, Russia, The first tube connected the Switzerland, The Netherlands, General Post Office to the Pro - Ireland, Algeria, Argentina and duce Exchange, a span of some Brazil all had functioning pneu - 1,145 meters. Many politicians matic mail service in at least one and New York dignitaries at - of their major cities. These tended the opening ceremony. networks varied in size from The first carrier dispatched Leningrad with 2 stations con - through the tube from the Gen - nected by just 400 meters of eral Post Office contained no mail tubing to Vienna with 53 stations at all. Instead, it arrived at the and 82.5 kilometers of tubing. Produce Exchange with a Bible Most of the pneumatic net - wrapped in a cotton American works began as a way of trans - flag together with a copy of the porting telegrams and express Constitution and other papers. official mail from telegraphic The return trip brought a bou - offices to government buildings quet of violets. Total time for the or private business enterprises. first round trip was slightly less However, within a short period of than 3 minutes. Subsequent deliv - time, private letters, postcards and eries that day produced a suit of even parcels were given access to clothes, a candlestick and a live the systems. black cat. At the end of her jour - In Germany, pneumatic mail ney, the cat seemed confused, but service (the Rohrpost) began in still in possession of the majority December of 1876. Lasting until Diagram of the extensive New York of her nine lives. During later 1976, at its peak, the Rohrpost City pneumatic mail network. The trip years, dogs, mice, guinea pigs, a from the General Post Office (bottom was one of the largest pneumatic right) to the branch post office in rooster, monkeys and even a live mail services in Europe with over Manhattanville (upper left) took goldfish in a bowel made the same 400 kilometers of tubing that 36 minutes. Courtesy of author journey. Imagine what the SPCA

April/May 2017 History Magazine 33 Y would say about such shenanigans effort. After the War, automobiles one station to another. Some R

E today! and post office trucks carried of Chicago’s stations had their V I The New York pneumatic mail more mail than had been deliv - own distinctive postmarks. Not L

E service eventually encompassed ered by the pneumatic tube sys - to be outdone by New York D more than 43 kilometers of tubing tem in pre-war days. City, the carrier on Chicago’s in - L I connecting 23 post offices Like New York City, Boston also augural run delivered a Bible A offered pneumatic mail service wrapped in a silk American flag

M throughout the city. Each of the system’s carriers could hold beginning in 1897. As late as and a bouquet of roses for its up to 600 letters. Traveling at 1926, new branches of the Boston postmaster! speeds of up to 56 kilometers per pneumatic mail system were still In the end, the pneumatic mail hour, the carriers could handle being dedicated. Boston encoun - service systems proved to be too nearly 100,000 letters per day or tered the same problem with their expensive to maintain and could about 30 percent of all of the pneumatic system that New York not compete with newer elec - city’s mail. The postal workers and other major cities were con - tronic forms of communication. who processed this mail and fronting. Letters, postcards and Today, all that is left of most maintained the pneumatic sta - parcels often met with major of these systems are the deterio - tions were affectionately known misadventures along their pneu - rating underground tubes and, as the “Rocketeers”. matic travels for which local post - of course, the many letters and New York’s pneumatic mail masters had to apologize to irate postcards that survived their service was expensive, costing the recipients. pneumatic journey . Post Office Department $9,500 Chicago began pneumatic mail per kilometer per year to run. service in 1904. Its system de - During World War I, the service pended on a series of suction CHARLES BUSH is a regular contributor to History Magazine . was suspended while funding pumps that literally pulled the was diverted to support the War pneumatic mail carriers from

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34 History Magazine April/May 2017 Heroes & Desperados! by David A. Norris

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Visit www.history-magazine.com or call toll free 1-888-326-2476! S The usual calls of the Carolina parakeet

D were described as noisy squawks. But, R

I when taken as pets, some of these B birds could be taught to repeat words and phrases, like other members of the parrot family. Public domain

were found in a range from Florida, north to the Great Lakes, and west past the Mississippi River as far as eastern Colorado. On 26 June 1804, Lewis and Clark spotted a large flock of “Parrot- quetes” near the present location of Kansas City, Missouri. So common were these birds in the Midwest, they were also called “Illinois paroquets”. English explorers noted colorful parrots, “parrats”, “paroquets”, and “parakitos” in North America in the late 1500s. In 1662, Jesuit missionaries from Canada noted reports of flocks of parakeets in what is now Kentucky and Tennessee. Iroquois allies re - turned from those lands wearing “scarves and belts they had made THE CAROLINA from these birds by a process of interweaving”. The colorful plumage of the Carolina parakeet PARAKEET would be one contributing cause to its extinction. DAVID A. NORRIS LOOKS AT THE Virginian chronicler William HISTORY BEHIND THE DECLINE AND Byrd wrote of the native parakeets in 1729, “They are very Beautiful; EVENTUAL EXTINCTION OF but like some other pretty NORTH AMERICA’S NATIVE PARROT Creatures, are apt to be loud and mischievous.” In the fall, colonial nce, a species of brightly colored parakeet flocked in the apple orchards were “visited with millions in the forests of North America. As with other rel - numerous flight of paraqueets, atives of the parrot family, some of these North American that bite all the Fruit to pieces in parakeets were kept as pets, and they could be taught a moment for the sake of the ker - to “speak” by echoing human words and phrases. These nels. The Havock they make is uOnique birds, called Carolina parakeets, no longer exist. Several Sometimes so great, that whole unfortunate factors combined to drive them into extinction by 1918. Orchards are laid waste in Spite of all the Noises that can be made, or The Carolina parakeet ( Conuropsis reaching to 23 inches. Their lifes - Mawkins [scarecrows] that can be carolinensis ) was predominantly pan in the wild remains unknown, dresst up, to fright ‘em away.” covered with green feathers. as no proper studies were con - Compensating for their de - Flashes of color marked their ducted until it was too late. struction of orchards, Carolina bright yellow heads, orange fore - Carolina parakeets were seen to parakeets feasted on seeds of the heads, and some yellow wing live up to 30 years in captivity. unwanted cocklebur. These weeds feathers. Full grown birds were up The name of the Carolina para - flourished in farmlands, and the to 13 inches long, with a wingspan keet is a little misleading. They sharp points of their numerous

36 History Magazine April/May 2017 seeds made terrible tangled messes when snarled in sheep’s wool, or the mane and tails of horses. Farmers had no alternative to cutting off the matted hair and burs. Writers described the usual calls of the Carolina parakeet as harsh, discordant squawks. The sounds of a large flock carried for several miles. When captured, the parakeets could become docile and live as content and affection - ate pets. However, John James Audubon warned that “they cut to atoms pieces of wood, books, and, in short, everything that comes in their way.” Opinions differ on their ability to learn human speech from their owners. Some sources flatly stated that the Carolina parakeet could never learn to “speak”. Audubon wrote that “they are incapable of articulating words, however much care and attention be bestowed on their education…” Others found that some birds easily picked up several words and phrases, if repeated to them often enough. Brightly colored Carolina parakeets were once native to much of the US, ranging as far west as Colorado and occasionally as far north as the Great Lakes. Public domain Unfortunately for the survival of the Carolina parakeet, a deeply hats. Under pressure from hunt - This legislation came too late to ingrained instinct made the birds ing, parakeet populations col - save the Carolina parakeet. The cluster around a dead or injured lapsed quickly in the middle of last of these birds in captivity, a member of their flock. When they the 19th century. By 1900, they male named Incas, died in the were under attack from hunters, it had vanished from most of their Cincinnati Zoo in 1918. In death, was a fatal behavior flaw. range other than isolated pockets Incas had an eerie link with And, there were many reasons in Florida and the deep South. another once-common North to hunt the birds. Farmers hated By the beginning of the 20th American bird driven to extinc - the parakeets because of the dam - century, other birds such as the tion. He died in the same cage in age to their crops. Despite their snowy egret were slaughtered in which Martha, the last remaining small size, some people ate them. such numbers for their plumage passenger pigeon, had died in Writing of the “Illinois parrot” in that they, too, were in danger of 1914 . 1781, ornithologist John Latham extinction. It was popular at the wrote, “Their flesh is accounted time to trim ladies’ hats with DAVID A. NORRIS is a regular admirable by some, being well large, showy feathers, or even en - contributor to History Magazine, relished by both the French and tire bird wings. The impending Internet Genealogy and Your Indians. The English are not so loss of many species of birds Genealogy Today. His most recent fond of it; but I have been told by prompted Congress to pass the special issue for Moorshead some, that Parrot soup, well made, Migratory Bird Treaty Act in 1918. Magazines Ltd., Tracing Your is an excellent dish”. Acting in conjunction with Great Revolutionary War Ancestors , Carolina parakeets were also Britain (on behalf of Canada), the is currently available at hunted for their feathers, which treaty prohibited the killing of our online store. were a popular trim for ladies’ non-game migratory birds.

April/May 2017 History Magazine 37 N O I T A R

O THE UNDERWATER L P X E R

E DISCOVERY OF THE T A W R

E GEORGIANA : Part I D

N JOHN CHRISTOPHER FINE LOOKS AT SUNKEN U TREASURES OF THE CIVIL WAR AND THE REAL HISTORY OF GONE WITH THE WIND All images, except Wreck Chart image, copyright 2012 Myriam Moran

one With The Wind author Margaret Mitchell was a star the world whenever it is shown. A reporter with the Atlanta Journal newspaper before she South Carolina marine archaeol - became a novelist. When she wrote her epic story about a ogist, historian and diver has family set in the Victorian age of southern comforts that discovered the real story. The true encompassed the Civil War, it was awarded the 1936 Pulitzer adventure is as dramatic and PGrize. Three years later, David O. Selznick produced the movie Gone daring as the original novel and With The Wind based on the book. film; more so because it combines The film story of Gone With The Wind rings with sentiment all over history with sunken treasure and

“Wreck Chart” (map showing location of the Civil War era blockade runner Georgiana , with a cross section of the wreck), created by Edward Lee Spence in 1978. HunleyFinder at English Wikipedia

38 History Magazine April/May 2017 intrigue with danger and dispute. Dr. Edward Lee Spence, called Lee by his family and friends, is a southern gentleman. His heritage dates to the first settlement of America. He is named for a distant relative, General Robert E. Lee. His interest in ocean exploration began when he was thirteen years old, living in Orleans, France where he attended the American School. His father was a US Army Intelligence Officer. Colonel Spence’s work required that the family move as his postings changed. Lee was studious and had a hankering for adventure, the re - sult of reading books about diving, sunken ships and exploration. The librarian at the American School in Orleans directed him Dr. Edward Lee Spence with portrait of George Alfred Trenholm painted by Judson to copies of books about Civil Arce de Lignieres. War navies. His quest led him to read about blockade-runners that underwater exploits and research slip enclosed is to load and clear skirted the US Navy in daring led Dr. Spence to another discov - for Nassau. ‘Brig Rigged steamer trips to run supplies, arms and ery: the fact that George Georgiana s.s . – Liverpool 580 ammunition into southern ports. Trenholm is the real Rhett Butler, tons, Capt. Davis – hull painted A historic figure that entered the person upon whose life black – built of iron – round Lee’s life at this early age was a Margaret Mitchell based her stern, carvings and name on the southern businessman, banker main character for Gone With The same gilt – bust female figurehead and ship owner, George Alfred Wind. – painted white – poop deck, iron Trenholm. Trenholm, of Scottish The Georgiana was built in railings around same painted ancestry, was born 25 February Glasgow, Scotland. While many white – draws when loaded fifteen 1807. He died 9 December 1876. ruses were employed by the feet aft and fourteen feet forward When the Civil War broke out, 54- Confederates to hide the existence – steams twelve knots.” year-old Trenholm was generally of the ship from Union spies in Dr. Spence found this and many above the age of enlistment. He England, it was widely known that other references to the Georgiana was too valuable an asset for the the ship was being built. The in newspaper reports and Southern cause to be lost in battle brig rigged, iron-hulled 580-ton archives. He reviewed Lloyd’s Reg - in any event. steamer arrived in Liverpool, ister for the date the Georgiana Before the war’s end, Trenholm England on 4 January 1863. was launched and found the put his life on the line by agreeing Dr. Spence discovered a dis - Confederate cruiser shown as to serve as Treasurer of the Con - patch from the US consul that “205’6” in length, 25’2” in breadth federate States of America, but described the powerful steamer. and 14’9” in depth of hold.” his main pursuit during the war “The steamer Georgiana, just ar - Lloyd’s Register listed that the was operating a fleet of blockade- rived at Liverpool from the Clyde. Georgiana’s tonnage at 519 gross runners. He turned a vast fortune She is new and said to be a very and 407 net with three bulkheads. for himself keeping the largely superior steamer. She arrived at “The Georgiana’s cargo was agricultural South supplied with this port on the 4th instant (Janu - consigned to Fraser and Com - war materiel. He also kept South - ary 1863). Yesterday while lying pany. It was one of three blockade ern ladies supplied with fancies. here she had the Rebel flag flying running firms owned by George Dr. Spence eventually discovered at her mast. She has not yet been Alfred Trenholm,” Dr. Spence several sunken blockade-runners entered to load at the Customs, said. Dr. Spence also discovered owned by George Trenholm. His but by the advertisement on the that the ship was named for

April/May 2017 History Magazine 39 N George and Anna Trenholm’s in - accounts. “The New York Times Georgiana, Mary Bowers, Norse - O

I fant daughter, Georgiana. “Like described the Georgiana as more man and Constance by the mud T

A Rhett and Scarlett’s daughter powerful than the Confederate boils. The Georgiana and Mary R Bonnie, Georgiana died as a cruiser Alabama . The idea of find - Bowers were about a mile offshore O

L child.” ing the most powerful Confeder - of the Isle of Palms about where P

X From his early research in ate cruiser ever built appealed to the historical record said they E the American School Library in me. I don’t know why I thought were. Even though the water R

E Orleans, France at age 13, Edward the Georgiana had never been is only 15’ deep at low tide, the T

A Lee Spence determined he was found, but she hadn’t.” visibility was so poor I could not

W going to find not only the Con - When Dr. Spence was in high see them from the surface,” Dr. R

E federate steamer Georgiana , but school, his family moved to Spence said.

D he was haunted by the Confeder - Charleston. His patient research He explained that mud boils are N

U ate submarine H.L. Hunley . “I and waiting now came to fruition. caused when the current moves decided I was going to find ‘em,” He asked local divers if they ever across the bottom and picks up Dr. Spence declared, retrieving dived on the Georgiana . None mud. “As it hits a shipwreck, it his early memories. “They were had. He asked shrimp boat cap - comes up to the surface like a boil wrecked off Charleston, South tains if they snagged their nets on in a spring. Muddy water comes Carolina. My family was from shipwrecks. up off the sea floor. There is a lot Charleston and the family decided “I began taking flying lessons. I of mud on the bottom. It comes that that’s where we were going to paid $15 for a one-hour lesson. I out of the Ashley and Cooper go when my father got out of the flew along the Isle of Palms doing Rivers and from Charleston Har - Army.” corkscrews so I could search. bor and other rivers as well. As the Dr. Spence researched the ves - Finally one day, I spotted a mud ocean current moves across the sels from microfilmed newspaper boil. Then two more. I found the bottom, it carries mud with it. An obstruction like a shipwreck deflects it upward. It’s very pro - nounced,” Dr. Spence explained. “If you’re anchored over a ship - wreck, you see this mud coming up off the bottom and that’s where you’re diving.” Dr. Spence added. Nineteen-year old Lee Spence enlisted the aid of veteran shrimp boat Captain Wally Shaffer. Cap - tain Shaffer’s nets were getting hung up on unidentified obstruc - tions that Spence believed were the wrecks he was after. He will - ingly took young Spence out to the site on his boat the Little Lady and later the Carol El. Spence found the Georgiana from the air in 1965, his first dive on the wreck from the Little Lady was in 1966 or 1967. “There was zero visibility. I was totally blind underwater and there was a real bad current,” Dr. Spence remembers that first dive. “I managed to find a clay beer bottle that was still corked and a brass door lock. I brought them

Dr. Edward Lee Spence with collection of artifacts he recovered from the up. Shaffer was not impressed. Confederate Cruiser Georgiana . He is holding glass buttons in his hands. On another dive, he said he was

40 History Magazine April/May 2017 LEFT : Spoke from the helm of the Georgiana showing charring. Georgiana’s superstructure and deck were made of wood. When the ship burned, two spokes were below the water line on deck. Charring is shown on the spoke. RIGHT : Camp kits of knife and spoon were found by the case on the Georgiana wreck. going to throw me overboard if firmed that the piece I saved brought up boxes of a thousand I brought up any more broken all those years was from the musket balls each as well as stuff. Fortunately, he was only half Alabama ,” he added. He held up a percussion caps. “Labels on the serious, as I brought up a lot of shard of a china plate, its blue percussion caps said they were broken stuff,” Dr. Spence recalled rope border evidence that the waterproof, they weren’t,” Dr. with a smile. shipwreck Dr. Spence discovered Spence smiled. Captain Shaffer saved the young was carrying a second service of diver from a shark that he saw officer’s china for the Alabama . swimming on the surface. “In one Dr. Spence found two handles motion, he reached down and off Georgiana’s helm. “I found One of the important finds grabbed my tank manifold and them down in the wreck in the were two sizes of Blakely pro - pulled me into the boat,” the diver area of the forward cargo hold, jectiles. The Blakely cannons recalled. where they ended up, not where The second dive on the Geor - they started. They are charred were state of the art for the giana was more productive. Ron from fire. Her decks were awash, Civil War. Dr. Spence found Gibbs, a historian/archaeologist these must have been the bottom 2.8” and 4.35” in solid shot with the National Park Service two handles and were protected accompanied Spence below. by the water washing over her and exploding shells. “It was the best visibility I ever deck as she burned. You can see had on that wreck. I could see the the charring where the spokes forward cargo hold, twenty feet burned,” he explained. Dr. Spence “The Georgiana was built under across. Two things looked like indicated that while the ship’s hull a subcontract from Laird Bothers cannons. They weren’t cannons; was iron, her decks and super - in Glasgow. Laird Brothers was they were rows of stacked dinner structure were wood. To preserve the company that built the CSS plates sitting on edge. Their cases the handles, he kept them in fresh Alabama . Vavasseur in London had rotted away. We brought water for five years before finally cast her cannons in 1862. The up plates, mugs, saucers. The saturating the wood with polyeth - company’s name and year of Georgiana was supposed to have a ylene glycol. manufacture were clearly stamped second set of china for the Con - Dr. Spence and his team of on her trunnions. What told me federate States Ship Alabama on divers found surgical instruments, the wreck was the Georgiana was board. It was fancy china for the brass tourniquet screws, and an its location, its construction and officers and crew. We found bar - ivory spool for surgical thread. the fact that it had a side wheel rels and barrels of china and The divers discovered bone han - steamer on top of her.” thousands of shards of broken dled toothbrushes, fingernail “But that wasn’t enough for a stuff. I found one piece of broken brushes, boxes of Oolong Chinese local historian who worked for china with a rope border around tea, folding camp knife and spoon the newspaper; he wanted to see it. Last year, I finally saw some sets in their original crates that proof and demanded that I prove of the Alabama’s china and con - contained a thousand each. They the guns were Blakely guns, before

April/May 2017 History Magazine 41 N he would write that the ship unescorted,” he remembered. the police were paid off and gave a O

I was the Georgiana . He had seen Storage jars seemed to present false report to cover up, like oth - T

A Vavasseur marked on the trun - assorted challenges. Another large ers had before. When the Alabama R nions. He was disputing that I storage jar had a toadfish living sailed, they said she was a mer - O

L had the right ship because the inside it. When Dr. Spence put his chant vessel. Most blockade- P

X Georgiana was known to have hand in it, the fish chomped down runners were extremely shallow E carried very rare ‘Blakely guns’. I on him. So intense was the pain draft vessels intended for only one R

E got the historian to go back to the that he initially feared he’d lost his long distance crossing from Eng - T

A boat where we had the cannons fingers. land to Nassau and then used

W on deck. Most of each gun was The Georgiana’s cargo of medi - just for the short runs back and R

E cast iron. Each had a thick cine, merchandise and munitions forth between the Bahamas and

D wrought iron reinforcing band was critical to the South. Its loss the Confederate coast. Georgiana’s N

U around its breech. That portion dealt a blow to their cause. intended use as a privateer is was in terrible condition on both “They were expecting it. Union supported by her deep draft and guns. By looking carefully, we fi - spies hung around shipyards to heavier than normal construc - nally found the capital letters see what was being built for the tion.” BLAKELY’S PATENT stamped South. A privateer cruiser was Dr. Spence tracked the maiden into the band. Finally, the re - rumored being built. Gunners voyage of the Georgiana to porter/historian credited me with were hired, but Union spies Nassau. The British colony was a finding the Georgiana ,” Dr. Spence couldn’t find her. Georgiana only transit point for ships running the recounted the drama. had a shipyard number,” Dr. Union naval blockade of southern Discovery of the Blakely can - Spence explained. ports. Bermuda was another is - nons added to the proof that he land that figured in the intrigue had found the Georgiana , a fact of supplying the South with young Spence never doubted for a shipments of arms and supplies. moment after his initial dive. He “To confuse Union spies, In Nassau, a lawsuit was begun found a brass coat of arms that everything southern agents by Union agents citing that the would have been mounted on the were doing was in the name of Georgiana was intended for Georgiana’s safe, but didn’t find warlike purposes. Newspapers Louisiana , a ghost ship. People the safe. The ship was reportedly reported that her officers were carrying $90,000 in gold to pay were supposedly being recruited wearing gold braid of the Confed - off the crew at the end of the voy - to work on the Louisiana . erate Navy. The ship managed to age. Dr. Spence suspects the safe is They were actually being hired get out of Nassau from under the still buried in the wreckage. “It lawsuit. The blockading squadron drew 14 feet of water and it is in to work on the Georgiana . had been notified to be on watch . 14 feet. The Georgiana stuck out. They did a lot of work on it after the war, but there is no record of When the ship was completed, them finding the safe or the gold,” it was taken from the yards in Watch for John C. Fine’s he added. Glasgow to Liverpool. While she conclusion to the discovery Not every dive on the Georgiana was taking on cargo, Union agents of the Georgiana in the went without incident. Dr. Spence instigated a police inspection. June/July issue of and his team found many jars and Since England was officially a History Magazine. bottles. “I pulled up a crockery neutral country, only ships with - storage jar that was heavy. I de - out munitions or arms were cided I could float it to the surface allowed to leave English ports. Dr. JOHN CHRISTOPHER FINE if I added air. I turned the jar up - They were not supposed to be is a marine biologist and expert side down and shoved my regula - building armed cruisers or war - in marine and maritime affairs. tor in. That forced the cork inside ships for the Confederates.” He is a Master Scuba Instructor the jar and I added air from my “The police came aboard and and Instructor Trainer. The author regulator. I put the regulator back reported, ‘The Georgiana is so of 25 books, his articles appear in my mouth and threw up. The flimsily built that if a gun was in magazines and newspapers in jar had camphor used in medicine fired from her deck, she would the US and Europe. in it. That jar went to the surface shake from stem to stern.’ I think

42 History Magazine April/May 2017 TRACING YOUR $9. 95 + $4.50 Ship FEMALE ANCESTORS ? ping Your Genealogy Today is proud to present Tracing Your Female Ancestors This 68-page special issue is compiled by Gena Philibert-Ortega, a regular contributor to Your Genealogy Today and Internet Genealogy , and the author of From the Family Kitchen: Discover Your Food Heritage and Preserve Favorite Recipes . Gena provides readers with a compre hen - sive collection of tips and strategies for locating female ancestors in a variety of different sources — both common and not-so-common.

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USA orders send to: Your Genealogy Today, PO Box 194, Niagara Falls, NY 14304 l P Canadian orders send to: Your Genealogy Today , 82 Church St. S., Suite 101, Ajax, ON L1S 6B3 G S T # 13934 0186 RT www.yourgenealogytoday.com Y Constructed in 1817, the Niagara R Courthouse and Jail at Niagara O where Benjamin was convicted and T

S sentenced to death. I

H Courtesy Niagara Historical Society N A

I of character was emerging as

D she offered words of comfort to A

N Benjamin, not to lose faith

A and that justice would prevail. C Benjamin’s own words registered Y

L his despair: R A

E “I was hurried away to the iron bound stone cell…My life I had never valued…But, I have never before considered it in connection with the desolation my fate would entail upon my family – or the sad and sorrowful adieus that must be given – the tears and grief of a THE REMARKABLE wife – the bereavement of a dear child – and a separation from the friends of my happy days.” MRS. WAIT (Letters from Van Dieman’s DR. STUART D. SCOTT RECOUNTS THE Land, 1843) STORY OF A COLONIAL WOMAN’S Maria was unprepared to accept either her husband’s life being STRUGGLE TO SAVE HER HUSBAND FROM wretchedly shortened by execu - THE DEATH PENALTY, THEIR SEPARATION tion, or the prospect of a lonely and impoverished life for herself. AND EVENTUAL TRAGIC REUNION By evening of the first day when he young man’s hands were holding tightly to the delicate sentencing was passed down, hand of his young love, their fingers intertwined through Maria had set herself a formidable the bars of a dark cell in Niagara’s Courthouse and Jail. The goal: to prevent her husband’s prisoner had been convicted in the treason trials of 1838 dying a criminal’s death by travel - and sentenced: ing to Quebec for a direct appeal T to a higher jurisdiction. So begins You, Benjamin Wait, shall be taken from the court to the place from the story of Maria Wait, whose whence you came, and there remain until the 25th of August, when devotion and spirit in the struggle between the hours of 11 and 1, you shall be drawn on a hurdle to the against colonial authority marks place of execution, and there be hanged by the neck, until you are dead, her as an extraordinary nine - and your body shall be quartered. The Lord have mercy on your soul! teenth-century profile in courage. (Letters From Van Dieman’s Land, 1843) THE REBELLION One fellow prisoner, James during the Niagara Trials. And Long standing grievances in Morreau, a Pennsylvanian, had now Maria, a young Canadian of Upper Canada, not against the also been tried, convicted and strong radical principles in her Crown, but against a privileged hanged. Morreau had chosen to own right, but no doubt feeling and corrupt provincial adminis - spare his family the immediate inescapable grief, terror, and tration, led to reform movements shame and bereavement of his ravaged hope at the reading of and eventual revolution. The trig - darkest hour, but Benjamin was the verdict, was at Benjamin’s cell. gering event of the 1837 Rebellion more fortunate in having his wife Yet, even in the agony of such or Patriot War as it is sometimes Maria in constant attendance anxiety, her uncommon strength known, was the armed attack on

44 History Magazine April/May 2017 Toronto in December 1837 led by was measuring time, minute by At their last meeting in Canada, Scottish immigrant and radical minute. In the absence of explicit at Kingston’s Fort Henry, Maria publisher/politician William Lyon instructions from the Lieutenant- and Benjamin said what needed Mackenzie. Following the failure Governor to the contrary, the jail to be said before red-coated regu - of the opening act at Toronto, the authorities were moving forward lars from the 93rd Regiment of flame of rebellion began to burn with preparations. The scaffold the Queen’s Own Light Infantry even higher, this time among was ready, yet no word of reprieve marched them off under heavy sympathizers on the American had reached Niagara by the night guard. True to form, Maria side of the border. In the name before the set execution date, and declared that if England were of Canadian independence, then, on the following morning, the the final destination, as many self-styled American ‘patriots’ expected dispatch still had not supposed, she would follow. banded together in a secret asso - arrived. In the end, though, a Benjamin was mildly appalled at ciation of Hunters, avowing their theatrical scene of deliverance the prospect of such a trip for a hatred of monarchical govern - unfolded at the Niagara Jail when young wife and mother, yet aware, ment. Together with their refugee word of the stay of execution ar - too, of the well-earned lesson that Canadian compatriots, they car - rived with moments to spare. by her efforts he had narrowly ried on a sustained, if disorgan - escaped the gallows himself. ized, campaign of cross-border Watching from shore, Maria gave raids, each hostile act being a final wave of her handkerchief, Benjamin had escaped the defeated in the end by superior a material expression of their British forces. Thus, in the sum - hangman’s noose, but what sense of loss, regret, and adieu. mer of 1838, the young radical, had seemed like a final breath She was near collapse from stand - twenty-five-year-old Benjamin was simply a pause in a long ing in bleak November wind and Wait was captured by British by the kindness of a stranger, she defenders in one such invasion period of judicial reckoning was taken in for shelter and a at the Short Hills near St. Johns and punishment. warming dose of hot wine and in Upper Canada’s Niagara water. Temporarily, at least, she peninsula. had to concede defeat in her The question of what to do with struggle against colonial author - THE APPEALS convicted rebels was problematic, ity to free her husband. When Disregarding the arguments of but Benjamin, whose death Benjamin’s February letter written friends and family, that she should sentence for treason had been from the York reached her, the stay and comfort Benjamin, Maria commuted to transportation, news stunned his stout-hearted left her 10-month old daughter, next found himself on English wife: Augusta, in the care of family and soil. More precisely, he was re- undertook a daunting 700-mile imprisoned aboard the York , one Although I was for a time, over - dash to Québec, seeking the help of several prison hulks anchored powered by this astonishing of Lord Durham, Governor Gen - at Portsmouth. In February 1839, reality, as well as the affecting eral of British North America. from the York , he wrote to Maria, adieus breathed in his letter, it After precious time was lost in and again a few weeks later to in - aroused me again to action. gaining a meeting and his atten - form her that the Niagara prison - (Letters from Van Dieman’s tion, His Lordship agreed to halt ers, himself included, had been Land, 1843) the execution pending further ironed and transferred to the investigation. Maria’s heroic effort Marquis of Hastings , a 452-ton Bravely (or crazy as some might then became a maddening race merchantman under charter to have said) and true to her unwa - with time as Durham’s decision the convict service. Benjamin’s vering faith and persistence, had to be conveyed to Upper second letter added the unwel - Maria, still barely into her twen - Canada’s intractable Lieutenant- come news that the Marquis was ties, marshaled the necessary Governor George Arthur who was readying for its long voyage bear - support to continue her campaign known for his readiness to let the ing Benjamin and his Short Hills to free her husband, this time law take its course in the case of companions to an unknown fu - traveling to England, and even the rebels. When he finally com - ture in the remote penal colony in resolving, if necessary, to find her plied, official word had to be re - Van Diemen’s Land, or Tasmania own way to Van Diemen’s Land to layed to Niagara where Benjamin as it is known today. share exile with her husband and

April/May 2017 History Magazine 45 Y father of little Augusta. Following R

O a 21-day crossing of the Atlantic, T

S Maria landed at Portsmouth: I H where I could, from my hotel N window, see the York hulk, on A I board of which my poor dear D

A husband spent last winter, in N wretched suffering; but as the A

C object of my solicitude, with his

Y unfortunate companions, had L

R gone still farther, I looked upon A

E the engine of cruelty with feelings of mingled horror and reverence; the latter for having once held a being dear to me. (Letters from Van Dieman’s Land, 1843)

Later, in London, and by now believing in her own power of persuasion, Maria petitioned everyone of influence, including a plainly opportunistic appeal to the Queen. Throughout the em - pire and beyond, the world knew of Victoria’s forthcoming wedding to Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and what better chance to touch the Queen’s heart than the occa - sion of her marriage – one of life’s most tender milestones?

To Her Most Gracious Majesty The Queen The Petition of Maria Wait Queen Victoria, 1887. Photo by Alexander Bassano. Public domain, and also in the Madam, USA because photo created prior to 1923 One of your Canadian female Though as a devoted wife she feels subjects by tempering justice subjects in circumstances of the all the severity of this ignominious with mercy. Her husband is only deepest sorrow, ventures to and lengthened punishment, yet twenty-five years of age, a supplicate your Majesty’s she presumes not to question its period at which experience and clemency. justice, but only desires most judgement are not sufficiently By a bereavement far more bitter humbly to submit to your mature to control the passions than natural death, she has been Majesty’s generous consideration when powerfully excited by deprived of a Husband, and her the various circumstances which political discontents, and when infant child of a Father. This plead so strongly for a mitigation the example of fellow citizens, individual, Benjamin Wait, was of the sentence, and her sorrowful and the stimulus of a false engaged in the late insurrectionary heart is encouraged by the enthusiasm are so prone to lead movement in the province of thought that she supplicates a into misconduct and error. He and Upper Canada and has been sent Sovereign of her own sex, who has his family had suffered in their to New South Wales to expiate his already entitled herself to the pecuniary affairs by various acts offence by banishment for life. admiration and confidence of her which they considered oppressive,

46 History Magazine April/May 2017 to remedy which he rushed into measures which your petitioner deeply deplores. But he was guilty of no long continued hostility to your Majesty’s government. He was not an agitator but a peaceable subject of correct moral conduct, an honest, upright, and much respected citizen, testimonials of which are given by almost all the Magistrates and other distinguished persons throughout the Niagara district, and appended to a Petition very unanimously signed by the inhabitants of his native District praying for his pardon which was placed in the hands of His Excellency Sir George Arthur. Copies of the testimonials I here - with transmit to your Majesty.… Your Majesty’s very humble and devoted subject and servant, Marie Wait

ENDPOINT In the closing part of her petition to the Queen, Maria noted that Canadians would view a favorable answer from Victoria as a “… living memorial of the humanity and benevolence of their beloved Queen.” Whether the Queen ever saw the letter, now archived in England’s Public Record Office Planning an escape from the island. Line Drawing by Seth Colby, Author’s collection (PRO HO/18/4), is open to ques - tion. As it turned out, the Waits’ a new life turned to grief within inexhaustible determination to story is one of great devotion and ten months when Maria died sustain the bonds of her marriage, sad irony. Benjamin served more giving birth to twins. Maria Wait earned a unique and than two years in a fixed term of Though rich in characters, the interesting place in the story of labor as a member of the convict history of the Rebellion of 1837 Rebellion history . population, and secretly, while produced few heroes or heroines, his wife was exerting every effort as such, with the notable excep - Dr. STUART D. SCOTT trained on her husband’s behalf, he was tion of Maria Wait. No tittering, as an archaeologist and is taking the matter of his freedom delicate female from the pages of retired from a professorship at into his own hands. Against great Victorian novels, this indefatiga - the State University of New York odds, Benjamin Wait was one of ble young mother, facing pres - at Buffalo. He is the author of only three ever to escape from the sures few can imagine, devoted To the Outskirts of Habitable island penal colony and in July herself in passionate engagement Creation: Americans and 1842, husband and wife experi - with government at the highest Canadians Transported to enced the infinite joy of reunion levels for the survival and free - Tasmania in the 1840s at Niagara Falls, New York. Tragi - dom of her activist husband (iUniverse, 2013). cally, the pleasurable prospect of Benjamin. For her loyalty and

April/May 2017 History Magazine 47 TRACING YOUR VOLUME II $9.9 5 + $ FEMALE ANCESTORS 4.50 Ship ping

Internet Genealogy is proud to present Tracing Your Female Ancestors – Volume II This follow-up release to our successful first edition has been compiled with all new material by Gena Philibert-Ortega, and additional contributions by Lisa A. Alzo, Jean Wilcox Hibben and Tammy Hepps. Articles include: Immigrant Ancestors, 50+ Online Resources, City Directories, Women in Digitized Books, 10 Unusual Sources, Pinning Female Ancestors, Finding Your Femmes Fatales, Telling Their Stories, Researching Your Jewish Female Ancestors, Women in City Directories, Google Tools for Finding Female Ancestors, Using the Family History Library Catalog, Women in Death Records, Researching Female Veterans, Research Case Study and more!

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professor, a veritable Emmett E T

Brown, came in for a minor mal - I ady. After dealing with his med - L ical quandary, I inquired as to what was new. He stood up, ani - mated and wild eyed, telling me about a reference he had found in the library listing rare and famous antique books. He was fascinated with one in particular written in the 1500s, for which almost every copy was burned or otherwise destroyed. The author had been declared a heretic and was burned at the stake along with the last known copy. Although he knew the vague outlines of the story, he did not recall the name of the book or the author. For the next 30 years, I treated thousands of patients, taught BREATHING LIFE hundreds of medical students, raised a family, and yet quite often found myself musing about the INTO HISTORY identity of this author. A few years back, I came upon an article that told of an early dis - A Search for the covery of the pulmonary circula - tion that was buried in a religious tome that had been destroyed. Rarest of Books This literature was the first to de - JULIUS BONELLO AND ANDREI scribe pulmonary circulation and FROEHLING MOUNT A SEARCH FOR its relationship to oxygenation of the blood. Hmmmmm… could THE 16TH CENTURY TEXT THAT FIRST this be the one?? MENTIONED THE DISCOVERY OF Delving further into medical history, I came across the name PULMONARY CIRCULATION Michael Servetus. Servetus, a Spanish theologian, physician, ooking out the speeding train’s window at the verdant hills of cartographer and Renaissance northern England, I finally realized that my dogged quest was humanist, documented the first coming to an end. Traipsing through libraries and receiving discovery of pulmonary circula - smudged faxes from museums all had brought me to this tion in the Western world. How - point. As I detrained in Edinburgh that evening, I felt my heart ever, I could find no reference to rLacing slightly. I finally realized my 30-year odyssey was almost com - the location of such documenta - plete. I was to see the book in the morning. tion. Finally, my research led me I spent the first years of my medical career in Champaign-Urbana, to the book, Hunted Heretic with home of the University of Illinois. Many of my patients were professors details of Servetus and his ill- and, being the eternal student, I took opportunities to pick their brains gotten end as well as the name regarding any new finds or interesting asides. of his book and the year of his One day, about 33 years ago, a disheveled and wild-haired psychology demise. To my dismay, only 3

April/May 2017 History Magazine 49 E copies of Servetus’ text exist today. sent him to the University of the most evil of the beasts harlots R

U How this came about can be ex - Zaragoza, where he became the most shameless”. The seed of T

A plained within the context of the personal secretary to Juan de heresy was planted. R

E historical facts of this author. Quintana, an influential faculty By 1530, Servetus’ transforma - T

I member. Quintana, a Catholic, tion from Catholic to heretic L MICHAEL SERVETUS but an ardent admirer of Human - reformer led him to the city of (1511-1553) ism, allowed Miguel to read not Basel, Switzerland. Basel at that Still recovering from the apoca - only the assigned texts, but also time, led by its University, was lyptic 15th century, Europeans of the classics and works of contem - a very liberal open-minded the early 1500s were ripe for the porary authors, including the place, and one of Europe’s leading extraordinary events that would proponents of the Reformation cities for the Reformation. Upon take place over the next 25 years. which by this time was in full arrival, Servetus became a house - The Reformation spawned by the swing across western Europe. guest to Johannes Oecolampadius, rise of Humanism, and buoyed by Miguel transferred to the one of the leading reformers the invention and proliferation of University of Toulouse in 1527. in the city. Over the next year, the printing press, was slowly Although the city of Toulouse was Servetus, emphasizing his opposi - freeing European society from the very Catholic and conservative, tion to the Trinity, became a iron grip of the . the University was rather liberal roommate non-Gratis. So much Literacy and secular education and a breeding ground for radical so that toward the end of the year were on the rise. Copernicus’ thinking. It was here that Miguel he communicated with his host by De Revolutionibus was ushering Latinized his name and became letter only. in the Scientific Revolution. Michael Servetus. The students After a year in Basel, Servetus, In 1511, while da Vinci was study - of Toulouse reveled in their op - feeling the mounting tension to ing anatomy in Florence and portunity to read contemporary his more radical thinking, decided Michelangelo was finishing up the authors and even some subversive to leave to find a more tolerant ceiling in Rome, author Miguel texts that were otherwise banned city. Strasbourg was where Serveto Conesa was born in a within the city, including the Servetus knew that he would find small town in the Aragon region Bible. Servetus, able to read Latin fellow reformers who would em - of Spain. and Greek, obtained a copy of brace him and his idea. He wished Not much is known of Miguel’s the Bible written by a Spanish to spread his ideas to the people childhood. We know he excelled humanist and approved by the and Strasbourg was home to in languages because by the time Vatican. It contained the biblical many printing press owners; some he was 13, he could read and write writings in its original Greek with even brave enough to distribute Hebrew, Greek and Latin. Having the Latin Vulgate translation the heretical works. At 19, he was quickly outgrown Aragon’s acad - running in a parallel column. ready to publish. emic resources, Miguel’s parents Servetus realized that the Catholic Errors of the Trinity was pub - Church had misinterpreted the lished in 1530. This scholarly original writings. Specifically, the 130-page work, with 52 biblical Trinity, its persons or its essence references attracted immediate was not to be found in the origi - attention across Europe. Just as nal Greek version. quickly, the Catholic Church The Nicaean Council had foisted declared Servetus a heretic. The on the faithful the idea of the Spanish Inquisition sent out spies Trinity. To Servetus, it was a con - to locate the author, even luring trivance. He believed that Jesus his younger brother to help locate was always a man. It was pure his sibling. By the time of their ar - sophistry. Two years later, he wit - rival, Servetus had disappeared. nessed the ostentatious spectacle Under the pseudonym Michael of the Pope exercising his tempo - Villeneuve, Miguel matriculated ral powers, again via the Council, into the University of Paris in in the coronation of Charles V. In 1532. Paris at that time was em - his mind, the contrast between broiled in an internecine battle Senior author standing at Servetus’ this and the sandaled Savior was between Catholics and Reformers. childhood home. Photo by Tessa Bonello too much. Servetus wrote: “Oh, Early on, Villeneuve found

50 History Magazine April/May 2017 himself in discussions and argu - pulmonary artery was too big for Servetus’ manifesto, Calvin re - ments with an upperclassman, solely sustaining the lungs. At the ferred to him as Satan and wrote: Jean Chauvin, who soon would same time, the brilliant dissector “... should he come I will not join him in the ranks of heretics. remembered the Genesis passage: suffer him to get out alive”. A Chauvin found this now famous “And the Lord God formed man warning Servetus never read. author’s arguments rather dis - of the dust of the ground and Servetus’ The Restitution of tasteful. So, distasteful that breathed into his nostrils the Christianity was published in Jan - Chauvin challenged Villeneuve to breath of life; and the blood uary 1553. The letters exchanged a debate. He thought he could changes color.” Servetus con - with Calvin comprised the first 16 change Villeneuve’s mind. How - cluded: “The vital spirit is gener - pages. Servetus found a publish - ever, the debate never took place ated from a mixture made in the ing company in Lyon who decided – Villeneuve did not show up. Jean lungs of the inspired air with the to secretly print it in presses Chauvin, later to change his name elaborated refined blood which is hidden in the woods outside to John Calvin, was beside him - communicated from the right Lyon. Four months later, one self. However, because of the ventricle to the left.” As we shall thousand copies were ready for bloody battles that were taking see, he will not publish this for shipment. The first shipment of place in Paris, both men soon another 15 years. And because it 500 books were dispatched to departed; Calvin to Geneva and is announced in a book on theol - Frankfurt, another 500 to Lyon Villeneuve to Lyon. Calvin’s re - ogy, it will not be discovered for and a third was sent to a book - venge would have to wait. another 150 years. seller in Geneva. Before they went In Lyon, the printing company At the request of a former on sale, Calvin obtained a copy. of Gaspard and Trechsel em - student, now an Archbishop in He immediately ordered the ployed Servetus. While editing, southern France, Servetus settled burning of all copies of the book he formed a relationship with a in Vienne. Here he would spend and ripped out the first 16 pages Montpelier-trained, humanist the next 12 years in relative peace of his own copy. Through his physician, Symphorien Champier, being a physician and a part time subordinates, he contacted the a prolific author. Mentored by editor for his former employer Catholic authorities in Vienne to Champier, after one year in Lyon, Gaspard and Trechsel. Unbe - arrest Servetus, whom they knew Servetus, following Champier’s knownst to everyone, Servetus as Villeneuve. They questioned advice, decided to return to Paris had secretly started writing his him and even searched his home, to study medicine. It was during next heretical work, his Magnum but could not find enough evi - this time that he made a discovery Opus. dence to arrest him. Frustrated, which gave Servetus an “imper - Veering from his modus Calvin sent a copy of Servetus’ ishable place in the annals of operandi, Servetus began to dis - writing to Vienne, along with the science”; the vital role of the pul - cuss and argue religious themes names of the publishers. At this monary circulation. with intellectuals of Vienne. One, point, Servetus was arrested and Medical students in the 1600s a printer who Servetus would charged with heresy. On his third were taught that venous blood occasionally work for, found night of incarceration, Servetus communicated with arterial Servetus too brilliant and his escaped. He wanted to travel to blood via small holes (foramina) arguments too profound. He re - Naples, Italy where he knew there in the heart. This was based on ferred him to a friend of his who was a colony of Spanish reformers the second century Roman physi - lived in Geneva who could argue that would welcome him. His cian Galen’s physiology and equally as well as Servetus. That journey, to the puzzlement of anatomy texts, which had been friend’s name was John Calvin. historians, took him north to used by medical schools for the Thirty letters were exchanged Geneva. Because church services past thousand years. This theory between Villeneuve and John were mandatory, he attended, stated that mixing took place in Calvin. In one of his early letters was recognized, and promptly the left ventricle and from there, to Calvin, Servetus sent along a arrested. “sustained blood” was distributed copy of his manuscript. In return, Armed with his encyclopedic throughout the body. Servetus, Calvin sent him a copy of his knowledge of the Bible, Servetus in dissections both human and manuscript. Servetus criticized valiantly defended himself. After animal, could not find these small the book and annotated it, line- 74 days living under deplorable holes. He did not believe they by-line, with dissenting and conditions in his prison cell, existed. He also thought the critical comments. After reading Servetus was found guilty on two

April/May 2017 History Magazine 51 E counts; anti-Trinitarianism and anti- paedobaptism R

U (infant baptism). The court ordered execution. T

A Calvin recommended b eheading, but the court R

E ruled that he should be burned at the stake. On 27 T

I October 1553, he was accompanied by a court offi - L cial who begged Servetus to recant his beliefs during his procession. His march ended on a small hill outside the walls of Geneva. Green wood was cho - sen for use in his pyre to prolong his agony. The last publicly known copy of his book was chained to his waist during his execution. Today, only three copies of the Restitution of Christianity survive and all reside in libraries. The Viennese copy was found in London in 1665 by a Hungarian count. He returned to Hungary and eventually it was given to the king, Joseph II. Upon his death, it was donated to the Royal Library of Vienna. The French copy was originally found in Germany around 1697. Because of its annotations in the margins, historians believe that this was the copy used by the prosecution in the trial. It disap - peared and was found 20 years later in London. It was sold to a French book collector, and in 1784, auctioned to the Bibliotheque Royale in Paris for $875,000 by today’s value. The third copy resides in the University of Edinburgh library. It was pur - chased along with 800 other books by a bibliophile traveling through Europe as the tutor for the son of the Duke of Queensberry. Shortly after the son returned to Edinburgh, he died of pneumonia. His father bequeathed all his son’s books to the univer - sity library. However, the tutor kept one. Upon his Site of the execution of Michael Servetus near Geneva, Switzerland on 27 October 1553. Photo courtesy of Dr. Julius death, he bequeathed this book to the University, Bonello the third copy of the Restitution . In the summer of 2014, I was asked to present a see it. Was it in a box or behind glass, I wasn't sure. paper in Birmingham England. Just then, the librarian returned with a very small Preparing for my trip, I searched Google maps box, she opened it and placed a shockingly small and realized Edinburgh was just a hop, skip and a book on the pillow. Was it truly within my reach? I jump from Birmingham. After my presentation, I quickly, but carefully, opened the book and turned took a train and arrived in Edinburgh on 3rd July. the pages. Immediately I realized whose copy this The next morning, I arrived with my required two was; John Calvin’s. The first 16 pages had been re - picture IDs and an unopened letter addressed to placed by handwritten text. Calvin's personal copy. myself. I passed through a metal detector and took Wow! History is alive . a private elevator to the fourth floor. There, I had to take everything out of my pockets remove my coat JULIUS BONELLO is a Professor of Clinical Surgery at and place my phone in a locker. I was led to a the University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, climate-controlled room. Glancing around, I no - Illinois with a passion for the history of medicine.

ticed that some people were wearing white gloves. ANDREI FROEHLING (second author) is a fourth-year I asked for a pair, but I was reassured that if you're medical student at the University of Illinois College of looking at a book, they are not needed. A woman Medicine at Peoria, Illinois and hopes to become a sat me at a long table; a silk pillow was placed in surgeon after he graduates from residency. front of me and I waited… I wondered how I would

52 History Magazine April/May 2017 S K O O HINDSIGHT B APRIL/MAY 2017 FORGING THE BEE LINE THE COMPLETE GODS RAILROAD, 1848-1889 AND GODDESSES OF THE RISE AND FALL OF THE HOOSIER PARTISANS ANCIENT EGYPT AND CLEVELAND CLIQUE by Richard H. Wilkinson by Arthur Andrew Olson III The lives of pharaohs and In the 1830s, as the Trans Appalachian econ - commoners alike were domi - omy began to stir and Europe’s Industrial nated by the need to honor, Revolution reached its peak, concerned worship, and pacify the huge Midwesterners saw opportunities and risks. pantheon of deities. From Success of the Erie Canal as a link to East lavish tomb paintings and Coast economic markets whetted the imposing temple reliefs to appetites of visionaries and entrepreneurs, humble household shrines, who saw huge opportunities. Amid this countless tributes throughout perfect storm of technology, enterprise, Egypt reflect the richness and complexity of their finance, location, and timing arose some of the earliest railroads in mythology. This book examines the evolution, the Midwest. worship, and eventual decline of the numerous gods By the late 1840s, three such vision-driven railroad ventures had and goddesses – from minor household figures such sprung to life. Two small railroads carrying goods to Midwestern as Bes and Taweret to the all-powerful deities Amun markets – the Indianapolis & Bellefontaine in Indiana and the and Ra that made Egypt the most completely Bellefontaine & Indiana in Ohio – spawned early enthusiasm, but theocratic society of the ancient world, and made few citizens would look beyond the horizon. It was the admonition Egyptians, according to Herodotus, “more religious of Oliver H. Smith, founder of the Indiana line, who challenged than any other people.” the populace to look farther: “to decide whether the immense travel • “Rise and Fall of the Gods” considers the origins . . . and business of the west should pass round or go through of Egypt’s deities, their struggles to control central Indiana.” cosmic forces, and their eventual decline. Soon, the two local lines would crystallize in the minds of people • “Nature of the Gods” examines the forms, as the “Bee Line”. In Cleveland, meanwhile, a clique of committed appearances, and manifestations of the deities, businessmen, bankers, and politicians came together to finance the as well as the transcendence of preeminent most prosperous of all early Midwestern railroads, extending from deities such as Amun. Cleveland to Columbus. Their aspirations expanded to control • “Worship of the Gods” introduces the rituals and the larger Midwestern market from Cleveland to St. Louis. First mysteries of formal Egyptian worship, including by loans and then by bond purchases, they quickly took over the the importance of temples and festivals. “Bee Line”. • “Kingship and the Gods” discusses the all- Hoosier partisans’ independence, however, could not be easily important position of the king, who served as a brushed aside. Time and again they would frustrate the attempts of bridge between the gods and humanity. the Cleveland clique, exercising a degree of autonomy inconsistent • “The Many Faces of the Divine” is a unique with their dependent financial underpinnings. Ultimately, they catalogue of Egypt’s gods and goddesses acquiesced to the reality of their situation. After the Civil War, even grouped according to their primary forms, the group from Cleveland fell victim to unscrupulous foreign discussing their iconography, mythology, and and national financiers and manipulators who had taken their worship, and their influence over time. places on the boards of larger trunk lines expanding throughout With hundreds of illustrations and specially com - the Midwest. missioned drawings, this is a comprehensive and au - Exhaustively researched and meticulously documented, Forging thoritative guide to the deities that lay at the heart of the “Bee Line” Railroad, 1848–1889 is the first comprehensive schol - Egyptian religion and society. arly work on this most important of early Midwestern railroads. Published by Thames & Hudson Published by Kent State University Press; 268 pages 256 pages; 400 illustrations ISBN: 978-1-60635-282-3; Price: $ 44.95 ISBN: 978-0-500-05120-7; Price: $39.95

April/May 2017 History Magazine 53 S K AMERICA’S GREAT GAME ORCHID O

O THE CIA’S SECRET ARABISTS AND THE SHAPING OF A CULTURAL HISTORY

B THE MODERN MIDDLE EAST by Jim Endersby by Hugh Wilford At once delicate, exotic, and el - In America’s Great Game , celebrated intelligence egant, orchids are beloved for historian Hugh Wilford reveals the surprising history their singular, instantly recog - of the CIA’s pro-Arab operations in the 1940s and nizable beauty. Found in ‘50s by tracing the work of the agency’s three most nearly every climate, the many influential – and colorful – officers in the Middle species of orchid have carried East. Kermit “Kim” Roosevelt was the grandson of symbolic weight in countless and the first head of CIA covert cultures over time. The ancient action in the region; his cousin, Archie Roosevelt, Greeks associated them with fertility and thought was a Middle East scholar and chief of the Beirut that parents who ingested orchid root tubers station. The two Roosevelts combined forces with Miles Copeland, a could control the sex of their child. During the maverick covert operations specialist who had joined the American Victorian era, orchids became deeply associated intelligence establishment during World War II. With their deep knowl - with romance and seduction. What is it about the edge of Middle Eastern affairs, the three men were heirs to an Ameri - orchid that has enthralled the imagination for so can missionary tradition that engaged Arabs and Muslims with respect many centuries? And why do they still provoke so and empathy. Despite their good intentions, these “Arabists” propped much wonder? up authoritarian regimes, attempted secretly to sway public opinion in Following the stories of orchids throughout America against support for the new state of Israel, and staged coups history, Jim Endersby divides our attraction to that irrevocably destabilized the nations with which they empathized. them into four key themes: science, empire, sex, Their efforts, and ultimate failure, would shape the course of US- and death. When it comes to empire, for instance, Middle Eastern relations for decades to come. orchids are a prime example of the exotic riches Based on a vast array of declassified government records, private sought by Europeans as they shaped their plans papers, and personal interviews, America’s Great Game tells the riveting for colonization. As he shows, orchids – perhaps story of the merry band of CIA officers whose spy games forever because of their extraordinarily diverse colors, changed US foreign policy. shapes, and sizes – have also bloomed repeatedly Published by Basic Books in films, novels, plays, and poems, from 400 pages Shakespeare to science fiction, from thrillers to ISBN: 9780465096282 elaborate modernist novels. Price $17.99 (US) Published by The University of Chicago Press $34.50 (CAN) 288 pages; 15 color plates, 45 halftones ISBN: 978-0-226-37632-5; Price: $30.00 ARTHUR AND SHERLOCK CONAN DOYLE AND THE CREATION OF HOLMES by Michael Sims As a young medical student, Arthur Conan Doyle studied in Edinburgh under the vigilant eye of a diagnostic genius, Dr. Joseph Bell. Doyle often observed Bell identifying a patient’s occupation, hometown, and ailments from the smallest details of dress, gait, and speech. Although Doyle was training to be a surgeon, he was meanwhile cultivating essential knowledge that would feed his epistolary dreams and help him develop the most iconic detective in fiction. Michael Sims traces the circuitous development of Doyle as the father of the modern mystery, from his early days in Edinburgh surrounded by poverty and vi - olence, through his escape to University (where he gained terrifying firsthand knowledge of poisons), leading to his own medical practice in 1882. Five hard - working years later – after Doyle’s only modest success in both medicine and lit - erature – Sherlock Holmes emerged in A Study in Scarlet. Filled with details that will surprise even the most knowledgeable Sherlockian, Arthur and Sherlock is a literary genesis story for detective fans everywhere. Published by Bloomsbury; 256 pages; ISBN: 978-1-632-86039-2; Price: $27.00

54 History Magazine April/May 2017 All New Edition! Available May 2017 Internet Genealogy presents: Tracing Your Scottish Ancestors

This all new edition to our Tracing Your Ancestors series is authored by genealogy educator and lecturer Christine Woodcock. Christine has prepared many excellent articles including : Breaking Through Brick Walls; Researching Criminal Records; Occupations; Online Database Sources; Census Records; The Scottish Clearances; Planning a Trip to Your Ancestral Homeland; Your Scottish Genealogy Toolbox; Victorian Tax Rolls; Records of the Hudson’s Bay Company; Illegitimacy; Pauper Ancestors and much more! 68 Pages. Magazine format.

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