WORLD CLASS EDUCATION

STUDENT NAME: DOMINIC SICHONE

COURSE: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

ASSIGNMENT:I/O DEVICES

LECTURER: DOCTOR BRADLEY DUMA DATE:07 NOVEMBER 2020

TABLE OF CONTENT

PAGE NO

INTRODUCTION…..…….,…………………...... 1

TYPES OF PRINTERS………………..…………………………..2

WHAT IS BINARY CODE,…………………………………9

DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN , ,AND WORD……12

CALCULATION BETWEEN BIT AND,BYTES…………………..14 DISTINGUISH BETWEEN CPU AND ALU……….……………….15

INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL MEMORY……..…..……………….18

ACCUMULATER AND REGISTER…………….……………….…19

PROCESSOR AND CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT……………20

REFERENCE……...... …………………21

DEFINITION PRINTER

A printer is a device that accepts text and output from a computer and transfers the information to paper, usually to standard size sheets of paper. Printers vary in size, speed, sophistication, and cost. In general, more expensive printers are used for higher-resolution color printing.

Personal computer printers can be distinguished as impact or non- impact printers. Early impact printers worked something like an automatic typewriter, with a key striking an inked impression on paper for each printed character. The dot-matrix printer was a popular low-cost personal computer printer. It's an impact printer that strikes the paper a line at a time. The best-known non-impact printers are the inkjet printer, of which several makes of low-cost color printers are an example, and the laser printer. The inkjet sprays ink from an ink cartridge at very close range to the paper as it rolls by. The laser printer uses a laser beam reflected from a mirror to attract ink (called toner ) to selected paper areas as a sheet rolls over a drum.

The four printer qualities of most interest to most users are:

• Color: Color is important for users who need to print pages for presentations or maps and other pages where color is part of the information. Color printers can also be set to print only in black-and-white. Color printers are more expensive to operate since they use two ink cartridges (one color and one black ink) that need to be replaced after a certain number of pages. Users who don't have a specific need for color and who print a lot of pages will find a black-and-white printer cheaper to operate.

• Resolution: Printer resolution (the sharpness of text and images on paper) is usually measured in dots per inch (dpi). Most inexpensive printers provide sufficient resolution for most purposes at 600 dpi. • Speed: If you do much printing, the speed of the printer becomes important. Inexpensive printers print only about 3 to 6 sheets per minute. Color printing is slower. More expensive printers are much faster.

• Memory: Most printers come with a small amount of memory (for example, one ) that can be expanded by the user. Having more than the minimum amount of memory is helpful and faster when printing out pages with large images or tables with lines around them (which the printer treats as a large image). Printer I/O Interfaces The most common I/O interface for printers has been the parallel Centronics interface with a 36- pin plug. In the future, however, new printers and computers are likely to use a serial interface, especially Universal Serial Bus or FireWire with a smaller and less cumbersome plug.

Printer Languages Printer languages are commands from the computer to the printer to tell the printer how to format the document being printed. These commands manage font size, graphics, compression of data sent to the printer, color, etc. The two most popular printer languages are Postscript and Printer Control Language.

Postscript is a printer language that uses English phrases and programmatic constructions to describe the appearance of a printed page to the printer. This printer language was developed by Adobe in 1985. It introduced new features such as outline fonts and vector graphics. Printers now come from the factory with or can be loaded with Postscript support. Postscript is not restricted to printers. It can be used with any device that creates an image using dots such as screen displays, slide recorders, and image setters.

PCL (Printer Command Language) is an escape code language used to send commands to the printer for printing documents. Escape code language is so- called because the escape key begins the command sequence followed by a series of code numbers. Hewlett Packard originally devised PCL for dot matrix and inkjet printers. Since its introduction, it has become an industry standard. Other manufacturers who sell HP clones have copied it. Some of these clones are very good, but there are small differences in the way they print a page compared to real HP printers. In 1984, the original HP Laserjet printer was introduced using PCL. PCL helped change the appearance of low-cost printer documents from poor to exceptional quality.

Fonts A font is a set of characters of a specific style and size within an overall typeface design. Printers use resident fonts and soft fonts to print documents. Resident fonts are built into the hardware of a printer. They are also called internal fonts or built-in fonts. All printers come with one or more resident fonts. Additional fonts can be added by inserting a font cartridge into the printer or installing soft fonts to the hard drive. Resident fonts cannot be erased unlike soft fonts. Soft fonts are installed onto the hard drive and then sent to the computer's memory when a document is printed that uses the particular soft font. Soft fonts can be purchased in stores or downloaded from the Internet

DESCRIBE THE TWO TYPES OF PRINTERS, IMPACT AND NON-IMPACT.

•

Difference between Impact and Non-Impact Printers

Last Updated: 06-09-2019 Impact and Non-Impact Printers are two categories of the printer. Impact printers involve mechanical components for conducting printing. While in Non- Impact printers, no mechanical moving component is used. Impact Printers: It is a type of printer that works by direct contact of an ink ribbon with paper. These printers are typically loud but remain in use today because of their unique ability to function with multipart forms. An impact printer has mechanisms resembling those of a typewriter. Example of Impact Printers, Dot-matrix printers, Daisy-wheel printers, and line printers. Non-Impact Printers: It is a type of printer that does not hit or impact a ribbon to print. They used laser, xerographic, electrostatic, chemical and inkjet technologies. Non-impact printers are generally much quieter. They are less likely to need maintenance or repairs than earlier impact printers. Example of Non-Impact Printers is Inkjet printers and Laser printers.

Difference between Impact and Non-Impact Printers:

IMPACT PRINTER NON IMPACT PRINTER

Produces A type of printer

characters and that produces

graphics on a characters and

piece of paper by graphics on a IMPACT PRINTER NON IMPACT PRINTER

striking it is called piece of paper

impact printer. without striking.

It prints by

hammering a set Printing is done by

of metal pin or depositing ink in

character set. any form.

No

Electromechanical electromechanical

devices are used device is used.

Faster speeds Slower speeds

around 250 words around 1 page per

per second. 30 seconds.

Have banging

noise of needle on

paper Works silently

WHAT IS IS BIT, WHAT IS THE BINARY CODE

Sometimes abbreviated as b (lowercase), bit is short for binary digit. It's a single unit of information with a value of either 0 or 1 (off or on, false or true, low or high). Eight bits make a , as shown in the picture. So, if you had two bytes (word) it would be 16 bits (2 x 8=16), and 10 bytes would be 80 bits (10 x 8

What comes before a bit? A bit is the smallest unit of computer measurement, which means nothing comes before a bit.

What comes after a bit? A comes after a bit. However, it's more common for a nibble to be skipped and for a byte to come after a bit.

Bits in a computer processor With early computer processors (e.g., 8088 and 80286), the processors were 16-bit processors, which means the processors were capable of working with 16-bit binary numbers (decimal number up to 65,535). Anything larger and the computer would need to break up the number into smaller pieces. Later processors were 32-bit, which are capable of up to 32- bit binary numbers (decimal number up to 4,294,967,295). Today's computers are 64-bit, which are capable of up to 64-bit binary numbers (decimal number over 18 quintillion).

• How to determine if you have a 32-bit or 64-bit CPU. Bits in color With colors, the bit color depth is calculated by 2 to the power of the bit color. In other words, an 8-bit color would be 2^8, which is 256 colors. Below is a listing of byte values in comparison to other units of upmeasurements.

Bit (b)

Bit in a Bit (b) 1

Bits in a Nibble (N) 4

Bits in a Byte (B) 8

Bits in a (Kb)

Bits in a (KB) 8,000

Bits in a (Kib) 1,024

Bits in a Kibibyte (KiB) 8,192

Bits in a (Mb) 1,000,000

Bits in a Megabyte (MB) 8,000,000

Bits in a (Mib) 1,049,000

Bits in a Mebibyte (MiB) 8,389,000

Bits in a (Gb) 1,000,000,000

Bits in a (GB) 8,000,000,000

Bits in a (Gib) 1,000,000,000 A bit is an acronym, shouldn't it be written in all uppercase? Although "bit" is an acronym, it can be written in all uppercase like most acronyms or as all lowercase. When deciding what style to use for your writing, make sure to remain consistent. Like most style guides, Computer Hope chooses to write

WHAT IS THE BINARY CODE

Binary code.. Binary code, code used in digital computers, based on a binary number system in which there are only two possible states, off and on, usually symbolized by 0 and 1. Whereas in a decimal system, which employs 10 digits, each digit position represents a power of 10 (100, 1,000, etc.), in a binary system each digit position represents a power of 2 (4, 8, 16, etc.). A binary code signal is a series of electrical pulses that represent numbers, characters, and operations to be performed. A device called a clock sends out regular pulses, and components such as transistors switch on (1) or off (0) to pass or block the pulses. In binary code, each decimal number (0–9) is represented by a set of four binary digits, or bits. The four fundamental arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division) can all be reduced to combinations of fundamental Boolean algebraic operations on binary numbers. (See the table below for how the decimal numbers from 0 to 10 are represented in binary.)

Binary codeDecimal numerals represented by binary digits

decimal binary conversion

0 0 0 ( 20 )

1 1 1 ( 20 ) Binary codeDecimal numerals represented by binary digits

decimal binary conversion

2 10 1 ( 21 ) + 0 ( 20 )

3 11 1 ( 21 ) + 1 ( 20 )

4 100 1 ( 22 ) + 0 ( 21 ) + 0 ( 20 )

5 101 1 ( 22 ) + 0 ( 21 ) + 1 ( 20 )

6 110 1 ( 22 ) + 1 ( 21 ) + 0 ( 20 )

7 111 1 ( 22 ) + 1 ( 21 ) + 1 ( 20 )

8 1000 1 ( 23 ) + 0 ( 22 ) + 0 ( 21 ) + 0 ( 20 )

9 1001 1 ( 23 ) + 0 ( 22 ) + 0 ( 21 ) + 1 ( 20 )

10 1010 1 ( 23 ) + 0 ( 22 ) + 1 ( 21 ) + 0 ( 20 )

Difference among Bit, Byte and Words | Computer Difference # Bit: The computer does not have a large number of symbols for representing data. It has only two, 0 and 1 (called binary digits or bits). These correspond to the two electronic ox magnetic states used in computer circuits and storage.

The smallest unit used for feeding data and program into computer is bit. Information is handled in the computer by electrical components such as transistors, integrated circuits, semiconductors and wires, all of which can only indicate two states or conditions.

Transistors are either conducting or non-conducting; magnetic materials are either magnetized or non-magnetized in one direction or in the opposite direction; a pulse or voltage is present or not present.

These two possible states can be expressed with the help of bits -0 and 1. For example, the presence of current pulse in a circuit in computer may be represented by the bit 1 and the absence of current pulse in a circuit may be represented by the bit 0.

Difference # Byte: A collection of some bits is called a byte. Byte is a group of adjacent bits (binary digits) operated upon as a unit. An 8 bit unit is commonly called a byte and has become the standard unit for storing a single character.

In many computers, it is 8-bit set encoding one alphanumeric character or two decimal digits. Alphanumeric is a contraction for alphabetic (A, B, C, etc.) and numeric, (0, 1, 2, etc.). A set of alphanumeric characters will usually include special characters too such as dollar sign, comma etc.

Difference # Words: Some memory units are not made up of bytes but of words. A computer word consists of the data which is stored or retrieved when a memory location is specified Word is a collection of bits treated as a single unit. Word is an ordered set of characters handled as a unit by the computer. The word may be fixed or variable in length. The word length depends upon the number of bits or characters in a word.

The number of bits varies from 4, 8, 12, 16, 32 etc., up to 64 i.e., the word may be as long as 64 bits or as short as 8 bits. In a fixed word-length computer, the number of characters in a word does not vary, and an address will typically refer to one set of characters. In a variable word-length computer, each character or byte has an address and the word utilized by the computer can include a variable number of characters. The length of the variable word is specified either by the instruction which calls for it or by a word- mark in storage. A byte is usually shorter than a word, typically consisting of 8 bits. In some computers the grouping of bits, bytes or words is flexible in design to meet the differing storage requirements of numbers, alphanumeric .

HOW MANY BYTES CAN BE STORED IN THE PRIMARY STORAGE UNIT OF A 512K-BYTES COMPUTER

DATA * A bytes =8 bits * A =1024 bytes * 1 bytes =0.0009765625 kilobytes *half of bytes=0.00048828125 kilobytes *1024/2= 512 Solution

512/0.00048828125= 2048576 bytes

DISTINGUISH BETWEEN CPU AND ALU.

DIFFERENCE Between CPU and ALU

3 The main difference between CPU and ALU is that the CPU is an electronic circuit that handles instructions to operate the computer while the ALU is a subsystem of the CPU that performs arithmetic and logical operations. The most essential component of a computer is the CPU. It carries out instructions to ensure the proper functioning of the computer. CPU is also known as the processor. ALU and CU are major subcomponents of the CPU. ALU performs arithmetic and logical operations while the CU sends timing and control signals to the other units and manages the resources. CPU depends on system clock, memory, data bus and addresses bus to function properly. In brief, CPU is the central unit of the computer while ALU is a subpart of the CPU.Difference Between CPU and ALU

What is CPU

CPU is the unit in a computer that handles all the functionalities of the computer. It consists of two major components: Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) and the Control Unit(CU). The Arithmetic Unit performs the calculations and logical operations. The CU regulates and synchronizes the tasks of the computer Firstly, the CPU fetches the instructions from memory. Then it decodes those instructions to find out the operands and opcode. Finally, that instruction gets executed. The processing unit that performs the actual execution is called the core. Some CPUs consist of multiple cores in a single CPU to execute more instructions simultaneously. A CPU can process a 32bit or 64bit instructions depending on computer architecture. Modern computer systems have multiple CPUs speed up the overall computation speed.

What is ALU

ALU stands for Arithmetic and Logical Unit and is a subsystem of the CPU. The main objective of ALU is to perform arithmetic and logical operations. Addition, subtraction, division are some examples of arithmetic operations. Logical operations are used to find the logic of the statements such as true or false.

ALUs are also used in Floating Point Units (FPU) and Graphical Processing Units (GPU).

Figure 2: ALU

The operation of a simple addition of two integers using the ALU is as follows. The ALU receives two integer operands. The opcode is the operation performed on operands. In a mathematical expression “4+3”, 4 and 3 are the operands and the + or the addition is the opcode. The status register requires information about the previous or the current operation of the ALU. Therefore, there are incoming and outgoing status signals to the ALU. Finally, the ALU will output the result 7. Relationship Between CPU and ALU

• ALU is a subsystem of CPU. A single CPU can have multiple ALUs. Difference Between CPU and ALU Definition

A CPU is the electronic circuitry within a computer that carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetic, logical, control and input/output operations specified by the instructions. An ALU is a combinational digital electronic circuit that carries out arithmetic and logic operations on the operands in computer instructions.

Stands for

CPU stands for Central Processing Unit while ALU stands for Arithmetic and Logical Unit.

Main Functionality

The CPU handles instructions that are necessary for the proper functioning of the computer. On the other hand, ALU performs arithmetic and logical operations.

Main Focus

CPU focuses on carrying out instructions on a timely basis and performing the functionalities accurate on time. The ALU focuses on mathematics and logical reasoning.

Conclusion

The difference between CPU and ALU is that the CPU is an electronic circuit that handles instructions to operate the computer while the ALU is a subsystem of the CPU that performs arithmetic and logical operations. In brief, ALU is a subpart of the CPU.

DISTINGUISH BETWEEN INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL MEMORY

Internal & External Memory Memory is the medium by which data is stored and manipulated. In computer systems today, there are two types of memory: 1. Internal memory 2. External memory

Internal memory is normally associated with RAM (or random access memory) and is also known as main memory. It's typically smaller in size but has faster access times. External memory, also known as secondary memory, is separate from main memory. It takes the form of magnetic disks and external drives that carry much higher memory capacities but input/output access times are much slower due to its access mechanisms. Internal & External Memory Sorting is the process of moving data items around and placing them in an orderly manner. Data is not always stored in contiguous memory spaces, however. Imagine a box containing a bunch of different numbered cards. The best way to understand the contents of the box would be to sort the numbered cards in some sort of order. In computing systems, sorting is done by using various algorithms. Sorting done within main memory is called internal sorting. Some of the common internal sorting algorithms include bubble sort, insertion sort, and merge sort. When we discussed sorting a box of numbered cards earlier, we assumed that all the cards we needed access to (the complete data set) were present in the box. This is not always the case when accessing data in memory. Some data sets are too large to be held in internal memory, so external memory is used. In these cases, chunks of data are brought from external memory into main memory and sorted. These chunks of data are then merged into a single sorted array through a process called internal merge sort. Note that the sorted chunk brought into main memory is not necessarily complete as the algorithm has yet to sort through the remaining chunks of data held in external memory. We need to ensure that we have a complete sorted data set, not just one sorted piece. This requires many algorithmic sorting cycles. If we attempt to execute sorting directly from external memory using internal sorting algorithms, the process of accessing the external disks will greatly slow down the sorting process. Though internal sorting algorithms operate efficiently within internal memory, they are less efficient in handling the very large data sets stored in external memory.

DISTINGUISH BETWEEN ACCUMULATER AND REGISTER Register memory s the fastest memory available to the CPU, It is used to store information which is immediately needed by the processor. Therefore all the information to and from the processor goes via registers.

ACCUMULATER is a register which stores the intermediate results for large computation. For example, try to calculate the following multiplication on a piece of paper 9876 x 145687 any average person will do it in 4 steps of multiplication &1 additional step of adding the partial results to accumulate the final results. This holding of the intermediate results is performed by the accumulator.

DISTINGUISH BETWEEN PROCESSOR AND CENTRAL PROCESS UNIT CPU

A CPU (central processing unit) contains (1-many) cores. Each core can execute (1-many) threads depending on hyper-threading technology - it does the actual computation sort to speak.

So what is a processor? Does it refer to the CPU, the entire chip as a whole? Does ? Yes, A processor is a generic term used to describe any sort of CPU, regardless of cores. Same goes for CPU, it does not imply single or multi-core and can be used to refer to either.

A central processing unit (CPU) is the electronic circuitry within a computer that carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetic, logical, control and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions. The term has been used in the computer industry at least since the early 1960s. Traditionally, the term "CPU" refers to a processor, more specifically to its processing unit and control unit (CU), distinguishing these core elements of a computer from external components such as main memory and I/O circuitry. Processing performance of computers is increased by using multi-core processors, which essentially is plugging two or more individual processors (called cores in this sense) into one integrated circuit. Ideally, a dual core processor would be nearly twice as powerful as a single core processor. In practice, the performance gain is far smaller, only about 50%, due to imperfect software algorithms and implementation. Increasing the number of cores in a processor (i.e. dual-core, quad-core, etc.) increases the workload that can be handled. This means that the processor can now handle numerous asynchronous events, interrupts, etc. which can take a toll on the CPU when overwhelmed. These cores can be thought of as different floors in a processing plant, with each floor handling a different task. Sometimes, these cores will handle the same tasks as cores adjacent to them if a single core is not enough to handle the information.

Due to specific capabilities of modern CPUs, such as hyper-threading and uncore, which involve sharing of actual CPU resources while aiming at increased utilization, monitoring performance levels and hardware utilization gradually became a more complex task.

Multi-processor systems are different however. This refers to a computer with a motherboard that supports more than 1 processor (usually 2 to 8 CPUs, but some super computers use special hardware that allows for many more to be used on a single motherboard). Here is a catch, multi-processor computers can (and usually do) use multi- core CPUs. For example, I have built several multi-processor servers that had two Intel Xeon 5560 Quad Core CPUs. This particular CPU offers a technology known as hyper threading. Hyper threading is a technology that virtually splits the 4 (quad) cores into halves, which effectively gives you a total of 8 cores per CPU. Since we have 8 cores per CPU with hyper- threading, and the system is multi-processor - the end result is a system with 16 cores. Each core can process a thread independently of the other cores, which means you have a lot more power to process information than you would with a s

A processor is a difficult term to define, like many words it depends on the context in which it is being used.

A processor as defined by Dictionary.com is

the key component of a computing device that contains the circuitry necessary to interpret and execute electrical signals fed into the device So in a sense a computer has many "processors". Everything from the CPU which does the majority of the 'thinking' for the computer, to the GPU(drives the display) is technically a processor.

As for cores, many modern CPU's(at the time this was written) are made up of multiple processors. This allows for faster performance because the work is split amongst the cores. The CPU(Central Processing Unit) simply refers to the way the operating system sees the CPU - as an entity that will process information

It allows the operating system to take advantage of running multiple independent tasks simultaneously, which often yields greater performance but is not available on all CPU's

REFERENCE

COMPUTER HOPE, COMPUTER SCIENCE, BUSINESS MANAGEMENT IDEAS,GEEKS FOR GEEKS, BRITANNICA