WORLD CLASS EDUCATION STUDENT NAME: DOMINIC SICHONE COURSE: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ASSIGNMENT:I/O DEVICES LECTURER: DOCTOR BRADLEY DUMA DATE:07 NOVEMBER 2020 TABLE OF CONTENT PAGE NO INTRODUCTION…..…….,…………………..............................1 TYPES OF PRINTERS………………..…………………………..2 WHAT IS BITS BINARY CODE,…………………………………9 DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN BIT, BYTES,AND WORD……12 CALCULATION BETWEEN BIT AND,BYTES…………………..14 DISTINGUISH BETWEEN CPU AND ALU……….……………….15 INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL MEMORY……..…..……………….18 ACCUMULATER AND REGISTER…………….……………….…19 PROCESSOR AND CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT……………20 REFERENCE……...............................................…………………21 DEFINITION PRINTER A printer is a device that accepts text and output from a computer and transfers the information to paper, usually to standard size sheets of paper. Printers vary in size, speed, sophistication, and cost. In general, more expensive printers are used for higher-resolution color printing. Personal computer printers can be distinguished as impact or non- impact printers. Early impact printers worked something like an automatic typewriter, with a key striking an inked impression on paper for each printed character. The dot-matrix printer was a popular low-cost personal computer printer. It's an impact printer that strikes the paper a line at a time. The best-known non-impact printers are the inkjet printer, of which several makes of low-cost color printers are an example, and the laser printer. The inkjet sprays ink from an ink cartridge at very close range to the paper as it rolls by. The laser printer uses a laser beam reflected from a mirror to attract ink (called toner ) to selected paper areas as a sheet rolls over a drum. The four printer qualities of most interest to most users are: • Color: Color is important for users who need to print pages for presentations or maps and other pages where color is part of the information. Color printers can also be set to print only in black-and-white. Color printers are more expensive to operate since they use two ink cartridges (one color and one black ink) that need to be replaced after a certain number of pages. Users who don't have a specific need for color and who print a lot of pages will find a black-and-white printer cheaper to operate. • Resolution: Printer resolution (the sharpness of text and images on paper) is usually measured in dots per inch (dpi). Most inexpensive printers provide sufficient resolution for most purposes at 600 dpi. • Speed: If you do much printing, the speed of the printer becomes important. Inexpensive printers print only about 3 to 6 sheets per minute. Color printing is slower. More expensive printers are much faster. • Memory: Most printers come with a small amount of memory (for example, one megabyte) that can be expanded by the user. Having more than the minimum amount of memory is helpful and faster when printing out pages with large images or tables with lines around them (which the printer treats as a large image). Printer I/O Interfaces The most common I/O interface for printers has been the parallel Centronics interface with a 36- pin plug. In the future, however, new printers and computers are likely to use a serial interface, especially Universal Serial Bus or FireWire with a smaller and less cumbersome plug. Printer Languages Printer languages are commands from the computer to the printer to tell the printer how to format the document being printed. These commands manage font size, graphics, compression of data sent to the printer, color, etc. The two most popular printer languages are Postscript and Printer Control Language. Postscript is a printer language that uses English phrases and programmatic constructions to describe the appearance of a printed page to the printer. This printer language was developed by Adobe in 1985. It introduced new features such as outline fonts and vector graphics. Printers now come from the factory with or can be loaded with Postscript support. Postscript is not restricted to printers. It can be used with any device that creates an image using dots such as screen displays, slide recorders, and image setters. PCL (Printer Command Language) is an escape code language used to send commands to the printer for printing documents. Escape code language is so- called because the escape key begins the command sequence followed by a series of code numbers. Hewlett Packard originally devised PCL for dot matrix and inkjet printers. Since its introduction, it has become an industry standard. Other manufacturers who sell HP clones have copied it. Some of these clones are very good, but there are small differences in the way they print a page compared to real HP printers. In 1984, the original HP Laserjet printer was introduced using PCL. PCL helped change the appearance of low-cost printer documents from poor to exceptional quality. Fonts A font is a set of characters of a specific style and size within an overall typeface design. Printers use resident fonts and soft fonts to print documents. Resident fonts are built into the hardware of a printer. They are also called internal fonts or built-in fonts. All printers come with one or more resident fonts. Additional fonts can be added by inserting a font cartridge into the printer or installing soft fonts to the hard drive. Resident fonts cannot be erased unlike soft fonts. Soft fonts are installed onto the hard drive and then sent to the computer's memory when a document is printed that uses the particular soft font. Soft fonts can be purchased in stores or downloaded from the Internet DESCRIBE THE TWO TYPES OF PRINTERS, IMPACT AND NON-IMPACT. • Difference between Impact and Non-Impact Printers Last Updated: 06-09-2019 Impact and Non-Impact Printers are two categories of the printer. Impact printers involve mechanical components for conducting printing. While in Non- Impact printers, no mechanical moving component is used. Impact Printers: It is a type of printer that works by direct contact of an ink ribbon with paper. These printers are typically loud but remain in use today because of their unique ability to function with multipart forms. An impact printer has mechanisms resembling those of a typewriter. Example of Impact Printers, Dot-matrix printers, Daisy-wheel printers, and line printers. Non-Impact Printers: It is a type of printer that does not hit or impact a ribbon to print. They used laser, xerographic, electrostatic, chemical and inkjet technologies. Non-impact printers are generally much quieter. They are less likely to need maintenance or repairs than earlier impact printers. Example of Non-Impact Printers is Inkjet printers and Laser printers. Difference between Impact and Non-Impact Printers: IMPACT PRINTER NON IMPACT PRINTER Produces A type of printer characters and that produces graphics on a characters and piece of paper by graphics on a IMPACT PRINTER NON IMPACT PRINTER striking it is called piece of paper impact printer. without striking. It prints by hammering a set Printing is done by of metal pin or depositing ink in character set. any form. No Electromechanical electromechanical devices are used device is used. Faster speeds Slower speeds around 250 words around 1 page per per second. 30 seconds. Have banging noise of needle on paper Works silently WHAT IS IS BIT, WHAT IS THE BINARY CODE Sometimes abbreviated as b (lowercase), bit is short for binary digit. It's a single unit of information with a value of either 0 or 1 (off or on, false or true, low or high). Eight bits make a byte, as shown in the picture. So, if you had two bytes (word) it would be 16 bits (2 x 8=16), and 10 bytes would be 80 bits (10 x 8 What comes before a bit? A bit is the smallest unit of computer measurement, which means nothing comes before a bit. What comes after a bit? A nibble comes after a bit. However, it's more common for a nibble to be skipped and for a byte to come after a bit. Bits in a computer processor With early computer processors (e.g., 8088 and 80286), the processors were 16-bit processors, which means the processors were capable of working with 16-bit binary numbers (decimal number up to 65,535). Anything larger and the computer would need to break up the number into smaller pieces. Later processors were 32-bit, which are capable of up to 32- bit binary numbers (decimal number up to 4,294,967,295). Today's computers are 64-bit, which are capable of up to 64-bit binary numbers (decimal number over 18 quintillion). • How to determine if you have a 32-bit or 64-bit CPU. Bits in color With colors, the bit color depth is calculated by 2 to the power of the bit color. In other words, an 8-bit color would be 2^8, which is 256 colors. Below is a listing of byte values in comparison to other units of upmeasurements. Bit (b) Bit in a Bit (b) 1 Bits in a Nibble (N) 4 Bits in a Byte (B) 8 Bits in a Kilobit (Kb) Bits in a Kilobyte (KB) 8,000 Bits in a Kibibit (Kib) 1,024 Bits in a Kibibyte (KiB) 8,192 Bits in a Megabit (Mb) 1,000,000 Bits in a Megabyte (MB) 8,000,000 Bits in a Mebibit (Mib) 1,049,000 Bits in a Mebibyte (MiB) 8,389,000 Bits in a Gigabit (Gb) 1,000,000,000 Bits in a Gigabyte (GB) 8,000,000,000 Bits in a Gibibit (Gib) 1,000,000,000 A bit is an acronym, shouldn't it be written in all uppercase? Although "bit" is an acronym, it can be written in all uppercase like most acronyms or as all lowercase.