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Diatomaceous Sediments and Environmental Change in the Pleistocene Olorgesailie Formation, Southern Kenya Rift Valley

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Diatomaceous Sediments and Environmental Change in the Pleistocene Olorgesailie Formation, Southern Kenya Rift Valley Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 269 (2008) 17–37 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/palaeo Diatomaceous sediments and environmental change in the Pleistocene Olorgesailie Formation, southern Kenya Rift Valley R. Bernhart Owen a,⁎, Richard Potts b,c, Anna K. Behrensmeyer d, Peter Ditchfield e a Department of Geography, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong b Human Origins Program, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, Washington D.C. 20013-7012, USA c Paleontology Section, Department of Earth Sciences, National Museums of Kenya, P.O. Box 40658, Nairobi, Kenya d Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, Washington D.C. 20013, USA e Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art, University of Oxford, Dyson Perrins Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK article info abstract Article history: The Olorgesailie Formation is comprised of lacustrine, volcaniclastic and alluvial sediments that formed in Received 7 March 2008 the southern Kenya Rift between about 1.2 million and 490,000 years ago. Diatoms are common in much of Received in revised form 23 June 2008 the sequence and preserve a record of environmental change within the basin. A high-resolution diatom Accepted 30 June 2008 stratigraphy has been developed for these deposits. The data document the presence of freshwater and saline lakes as well as wetlands. Transfer functions indicate that these water bodies ranged in conductivity between Keywords: about 200–20,000 μScm− 1, with pH varying between about 7.5 and 10.3. Pedogenesis affected multiple Olorgesailie fl Diatoms horizons within the succession, re ecting periods of emergence that encompass much of the time represented by Sedimentation the Olorgesailie Formation. A variety of other sedimentological indicators (carbonates, rhizoliths, mudcracks, Paleosols erosional channels) also record periods when the sampled portions of the basin were dominated by terrestrial Paleoenvironments conditions. Stone tools are common at several levels, indicating the use of the area by hominins. Lakes and Hominins wetlands were potentially usable as sources of potable water by hominins for part of the basin history, but at other times were undrinkable. Other water sources (springs, rivers) would have been necessary during these periods. Paleoenvironments in the basin were complex and changed frequently with time. Such shifts in resources and habitat distribution during Olorgesailie Formation time seem likely to have influenced the behavior and evolution of local plant and animal populations, including Homo. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction (Gasse,1974; Owen, 1981; Owen and Renaut,1986; Renaut et al., 2000; Trauth et al., 2003). Over the last few decades there have been many attempts to Paleolimnological studies have been used to generate paleogeo- develop continuous high-resolution (decadal to annual) records of graphic information and records of past climatic conditions and paleoenvironmental change in eastern Africa. These studies have variability. The information has been of use to archeologists interested largely been based on data from cores recovered from late Pleistocene in the environmental settings that supported early human popula- to Holocene sediments in modern lakes (Richardson and Richardson, tions, and to paleoanthropologists and geologists who have focused on 1972; Barker, 1992; Johnson, 1996; Stager et al., 1997; Telford et al., the linkages between climate change and human evolution (Potts, 1999; Chalié and Gasse, 2002; Johnson et al., 2002; Legesse et al., 1996, 1998, 2004, 2007; Feibel, 1997; Potts, 1998; Bobe and 2002; Russell et al., 2003; Cohen et al., 2007), and to a lesser extent Behrensmeyer, 2004; Behrensmeyer, 2006; Trauth et al., 2007). In within wetland areas (Ashley et al., 2004; Driese et al., 2004; Owen et some cases, researchers have used the contemporaneous development al., 2004). Miocene to Pleistocene stratigraphic records have also been of large lakes in different drainage basins to suggest Pleistocene wet developed from lacustrine rocks exposed in outcrops as a result of periods and have related these to hominin evolutionary hypotheses faulting and/or erosion, although the latter studies tend to reconstruct (Trauth et al., 2005). In this context, questions about the stability of the environmental conditions at discrete intervals rather than attempt to inferred paleolakes are important and detailed temporal reconstruc- develop detailed stratigraphies through temporally long sequences tions are necessary to evaluate the potential evolutionary impact. An important issue in these studies concerns the way in which early hominins responded to their surroundings. This has formed a central theme in recent investigations of the Olorgesailie Basin of the southern Kenya Rift Valley (Potts, 1994; Potts et al., 1999; Sikes et al., 1999; Potts, ⁎ Corresponding author. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (R.B. Owen), [email protected] (R. Potts), 2001), where researchers have examined the spatial distribution of [email protected] (A.K. Behrensmeyer), peter.ditchfi[email protected] (P. Ditchfield). hominin artifacts in paleolandscape settings over distances of a few 0031-0182/$ – see front matter © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.06.021 18 R.B. Owen et al. / Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 269 (2008) 17–37 hundred meters to several kilometers. A second theme of this research Olorgesailie Formation; 2) to integrate the diatom data with sedi- has been to assess how hominin behaviors and animal lineages were mentological evidence and to incorporate data on pedogenically mod- able to persist or change in relation to environmental variability over ified deposits in order to integrate both submergent and emergent time, as reflected in the sediments of the Olorgesailie Basin (Potts, 1996, parts of the basin's environmental history; and 3) to examine how 2001; Behrensmeyer et al., 2002; Brooks et al., 2007). fluctuations in lake level and chemistry might have affected ancient The deposits at Olorgesailie formed in a variety of environments hominins. The sediments studied comprise Members 1 to 12 of the that included terrestrial settings associated with soil formation, fluvial Olorgesailie Formation, deposits that were laid down between about situations, swamps, lake-marginal wetlands, and lakes of varying size, 1.2 million and 0.60 million years ago (Deino and Potts, 1990, 1992; water depth, and chemistry. Many of the stone tools are associated Behrensmeyer et al., 2002). with paleosols and shallow river channels located in the eastern out- crops of the Legemunge Plain, within or close to the Site Museum 2. Geological background and archeological setting (Fig. 1; Isaac, 1977; Potts et al., 1999). Questions have been raised as to whether the hominins lived in lowland settings close to lake margins The Olorgesailie deposits were first described by Gregory (1921). or in upland regions, visiting lakeshore areas for food and other re- Subsequently, Louis and Mary Leakey (Leakey, 1952) discovered sources (Potts et al., 2004). Recent research efforts have been directed abundant Acheulean handaxes, which stimulated further archeologi- towards the determination of vegetation types (Sikes et al., 1999) and cal and geological studies (Isaac, 1968, 1977, 1978; Potts, 1989, 1994; paleolandscape reconstructions in which the hominins lived (Potts, Potts et al., 1999, 2004). Shackleton (1955, 1978) undertook detailed 1994; Potts et al., 1999). For example, there appears to be a rela- geological mapping, with some of his results being included in a Kenya tionship between the concentration of stone artifacts and shallow Geological Survey report (Baker, 1958). Later, Baker and Mitchell paleochannels close to lava ridges, which may have represented (1976) referred to the deposits as the “Legemunge Beds”, with Isaac boundaries between lowland and upland zones traversed by the (1978) raising their status to that of a formation. Marsden (1979) de- hominin toolmakers (Potts et al., 1999). The quality and location of scribed the general setting and history of the Olorgesailie Formation. water resources also likely had an influence on hominin activities, and Owen (1981) and Owen and Renaut (1981, 2000) have presented consequently an understanding of past aquatic environments is an accounts of the sedimentology, diatom stratigraphy, and diatom spa- important aspect of archeological research in the area. For example, tial distributions and demonstrated that the Olorgesailie sediments lake water might not have been drinkable during times of relative were laid down in water bodies that ranged from fresh to saline- aridity and high salinity. Under such circumstances springs and alkaline. Koch (1987) examined aspects of vertebrate taphonomy and swamps would have been preferred sites for potable water. paleoecology. Since 1985, collaboration between the Smithsonian In- This research presents a new diatom stratigraphy for the eastern stitution and National Museums of Kenya has led to new paleoan- Legemunge Plain (Fig. 1), an area that includes the Site Museum thropological, geological, and paleoenvironmental research in the (referred to as Locality C) and other main locations (Locality A) where Olorgesailie region, which has been directed
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