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Article Look but Don't Lick! Find out How These Brightly Colored Frogs
The Power of Poison Look But Don’t Lick! GRADES K-2 NOTES FOR EDUCATORS Common Core State Standards: W.K-2.2, W.K-2.8 Have students read the article “Look but Don’t Lick!” Have them write notes RI.K-2.1, RI.K-2.2, RI.K-2.4, RI.K-2.7, RI.K-2.10 in the large right-hand margin. For example, they could underline key passages, paraphrase important information, or write down questions that New York State Science Core Curriculum: they have. LE 3.1a Next Generation Science Standards: If it is not possible to create color handouts, use a computer projector to PE 1-LS1-2 display the reading so that students can see the colorful frog photos. You DCI LS1.A: Structure and Function may also have them color their black and white copies to match the actual All organisms have external parts. Different colors. animals use their body parts in different ways to see, hear, grasp objects, protect Ask: themselves, move from place to place, and • What does it mean for an animal to be poisonous? (A: An animal is seek, find, and take in food, water and air. poisonous if its body contains a substance that is harmful or fatal to other Plants also have different parts (roots, animals.) stems, leaves, flowers, fruits) that help • How does being poisonous help the frogs in this article survive? (A: them survive and grow. Predators will not eat an animal that is poisonous to them. The frogs signal that they are poisonous by their bright colors, which warn predators not to eat them. -
Visual Signaling in Anuran Amphibians
.. Hödl, W. and Amezquita, A. (2001). Visual signaling in anuran amphibians. In: Anuran communication, (M.J. Ryan, ed.). .. Smithsonian lust. Press, Washington. Pp. 121-141. 10 WALTER HÖDL AND ADOLFO AMEZQUITA Visual Signaling in Anuran Amphibians lntroduction cation. social behavior, or natural history. visual signaling was either not considered or was treated as a minor subject Acoustic communication plays a fundamental role in an- (Wells 1977a, 1977b; Arak 1983; Duellman and Trueb 1986; uran reproduction and thus is involved in evolutionary Rand 1988; Halliday and Tejedo 1995; Stebbins and Cohen processes such as mate recognition. reproductive isolation. 1995; Sullivan et al. 1995). The most detailed review ofthe speciation. and character displacement (Wells 1977a. 1977b. subject is now more than 20 years old (Wells 1977b). Never- 1988;Rand 1988;Gerhardt and Schwartz 1995;Halliday and theless some authors have discussed the possible evolution- Tejedo 1995;Sullivan et al. 1995).Visual cues. however. have ary link between visual signaling and the reproductive ecol- been thought to function only during dose-range inter- ogy of species, such as reproduction associated with streams actions (Wells 1977c; Duellman and Trueb 1986). Visual sig- (Heyer et aI. 1990; Lindquist and Hetherington 1996. 1998; naling is predicted to be predominantly employed by diur- Hödl et al. 1997;Haddad and Giaretta 1999) or reproduction nal species at sites with an unobstructed view (Endler 1992). within feeding territories (Wells 1977c). Diurnality. however. is not common for the majority offrog Our aim in this review is (1) to propose a dassmcation of species. Thus vocalizations. which are highly efficient for reported behavioral patterns of visual signaling in frags; (2) communicating at night or in dense vegetation, are by far to describe the diversity of visual signals among living an- the best studied anuran signals (Duellman and Trueb 1986; uran taxa; and (3) to apply a comparative approach to explor- Fritzsch et aI. -
A Review of Chemical Defense in Poison Frogs (Dendrobatidae): Ecology, Pharmacokinetics, and Autoresistance
Chapter 21 A Review of Chemical Defense in Poison Frogs (Dendrobatidae): Ecology, Pharmacokinetics, and Autoresistance Juan C. Santos , Rebecca D. Tarvin , and Lauren A. O’Connell 21.1 Introduction Chemical defense has evolved multiple times in nearly every major group of life, from snakes and insects to bacteria and plants (Mebs 2002 ). However, among land vertebrates, chemical defenses are restricted to a few monophyletic groups (i.e., clades). Most of these are amphibians and snakes, but a few rare origins (e.g., Pitohui birds) have stimulated research on acquired chemical defenses (Dumbacher et al. 1992 ). Selective pressures that lead to defense are usually associated with an organ- ism’s limited ability to escape predation or conspicuous behaviors and phenotypes that increase detectability by predators (e.g., diurnality or mating calls) (Speed and Ruxton 2005 ). Defended organisms frequently evolve warning signals to advertise their defense, a phenomenon known as aposematism (Mappes et al. 2005 ). Warning signals such as conspicuous coloration unambiguously inform predators that there will be a substantial cost if they proceed with attack or consumption of the defended prey (Mappes et al. 2005 ). However, aposematism is likely more complex than the simple pairing of signal and defense, encompassing a series of traits (i.e., the apose- matic syndrome) that alter morphology, physiology, and behavior (Mappes and J. C. Santos (*) Department of Zoology, Biodiversity Research Centre , University of British Columbia , #4200-6270 University Blvd , Vancouver , BC , Canada , V6T 1Z4 e-mail: [email protected] R. D. Tarvin University of Texas at Austin , 2415 Speedway Stop C0990 , Austin , TX 78712 , USA e-mail: [email protected] L. -
Taxonomic Checklist of Amphibian Species Listed in the CITES
CoP17 Doc. 81.1 Annex 5 (English only / Únicamente en inglés / Seulement en anglais) Taxonomic Checklist of Amphibian Species listed in the CITES Appendices and the Annexes of EC Regulation 338/97 Species information extracted from FROST, D. R. (2015) "Amphibian Species of the World, an online Reference" V. 6.0 (as of May 2015) Copyright © 1998-2015, Darrel Frost and TheAmericanMuseum of Natural History. All Rights Reserved. Additional comments included by the Nomenclature Specialist of the CITES Animals Committee (indicated by "NC comment") Reproduction for commercial purposes prohibited. CoP17 Doc. 81.1 Annex 5 - p. 1 Amphibian Species covered by this Checklist listed by listed by CITES EC- as well as Family Species Regulation EC 338/97 Regulation only 338/97 ANURA Aromobatidae Allobates femoralis X Aromobatidae Allobates hodli X Aromobatidae Allobates myersi X Aromobatidae Allobates zaparo X Aromobatidae Anomaloglossus rufulus X Bufonidae Altiphrynoides malcolmi X Bufonidae Altiphrynoides osgoodi X Bufonidae Amietophrynus channingi X Bufonidae Amietophrynus superciliaris X Bufonidae Atelopus zeteki X Bufonidae Incilius periglenes X Bufonidae Nectophrynoides asperginis X Bufonidae Nectophrynoides cryptus X Bufonidae Nectophrynoides frontierei X Bufonidae Nectophrynoides laevis X Bufonidae Nectophrynoides laticeps X Bufonidae Nectophrynoides minutus X Bufonidae Nectophrynoides paulae X Bufonidae Nectophrynoides poyntoni X Bufonidae Nectophrynoides pseudotornieri X Bufonidae Nectophrynoides tornieri X Bufonidae Nectophrynoides vestergaardi -
Poison Dart Frogs
POISON DART FROGS Anura Dendrobates tinctorius Family: Dendrobatidae Genus: multiple Range: Southern Central America and north and central South America Habitat: tropical rainforests Niche: Diurnal, terrestrial; breed in trees, carnivorous Wild diet: small invertebrates, particularly ants, which give them their poisonous properties in most cases Zoo diet: pinhead crickets, fruitflies Life Span: (Wild) 3-15 years (Captivity) up to 20 years Sexual dimorphism: Males slightly smaller Location in SF Zoo: South American Tropical Rainforest and Aviary APPEARANCE & PHYSICAL ADAPTATIONS: There are 40 species of Dendrobates poison dart frogs. All have bright coloration (aposematic coloration), which warns predators of their toxic skin secretions (alkaloids obtained from insects they eat). They are small frogs (most are no bigger than a paper clip). They have a good vision used to help capture prey. Their long, sticky tongue darts out and captures their prey once spoted. Each foot contains four toes which each have a flattened tip with a suction cup pad which is used for gripping and clinging to vegetation in its habitat. They lack webbing and are poor swimmers and are found near water but not in it. Weight: < 1 oz (< 28 g) Poison Dart Frogs have no webbing between the toes on their feet, so Length: 1 - 6 cm they are poor swimmers and are not often found in the water. STATUS & CONSERVATION: Many species are threatened by habitat loss and over-collection for the pet trade. COMMUNICATION AND OTHER BEHAVIOR The males are territorial, calling to advertise to females and to defend their area. Calls are species dependent and can be anything from a buzz to trilling whistles. -
Poison Dart Frogs and South American Indians
Copyrighted Material 118 F r o G s A N d t o A d s In medieval Europe, frogs and toads were synonymous with evil and witchcraft and toads are depicted as the familiars and alter-egos of witches. Almost all writings of the time portray the toad in a negative fashion (frogs are hardly mentioned) and Shakespeare refers to them as ‘ugly and venomous’. Even today, toads are not welcome in some places and are thought to cause warts, while superstitions concerning toads were commonplace in parts of England and North America until recently. Kenneth Grahame’s The Wind in the Willows, published in 1908, characterizes Toad as pompous and unreliable, but he redresses the balance by also describing him as intelligent and witty. In other children’s tales from Europe, frogs are princes in disguise waiting only for a maiden’s kiss. Poison dart frogs and South American Indians south American Indians of the Emberá Chocó group of frog was enough to kill at least 20,000 mice when tribes from the Pacific slopes of the Andes in Colombia injected under the skin. Extrapolating to humans this is use at least three species of poison dart frogs to tip their equivalent to six or seven average-sized people though blowgun darts: Phyllobates aurotaenia, P. bicolor and comparing toxicity between mice and humans is not P. terribilis. the poison consists of steroidal alkaloids in always completely accurate. the frogs’ skin secretions, of which the most powerful the Indians make their blowguns from a length of is produced by the golden poison dart frog, P. -
Batrachotoxin Alkaloids from Passerine Birds: a Second Toxic Bird Genus (Ifrita Kowaldi) from New Guinea
Batrachotoxin alkaloids from passerine birds: A second toxic bird genus (Ifrita kowaldi) from New Guinea J. P. Dumbacher*†, T. F. Spande‡, and J. W. Daly‡ *Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution, 3001 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; and ‡Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Room 1A-15, Building 8, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0820 Contributed by J. W. Daly, July 24, 2000 Batrachotoxins, including many congeners not previously de- scribed, were detected, and relative amounts were measured by using HPLC-mass spectrometry, in five species of New Guinean birds of the genus Pitohui as well as a species of a second toxic bird genus, Ifrita kowaldi. The alkaloids, identified in feathers and skin, were batrachotoxinin-A cis-crotonate (1), an allylically rearranged 16-acetate (2), which can form from 1 by sigmatropic rearrange- ment under basic conditions, batrachotoxinin-A and an isomer (3 -and 3a, respectively), batrachotoxin (4), batrachotoxinin-A 3 hydroxypentanoate (5), homobatrachotoxin (6), and mono- and dihydroxylated derivatives of homobatrachotoxin. The highest levels of batrachotoxins were generally present in the contour feathers of belly, breast, or legs in Pitohui dichrous, Pitohui kirho- cephalus, and Ifrita kowaldi. Lesser amounts are found in head, back, tail, and wing feathers. Batrachotoxin (4) and homobatra- chotoxin (6) were found only in feathers and not in skin. The levels of batrachotoxins varied widely for different populations of Pito- hui and Ifrita, a result compatible with the hypothesis that these birds are sequestering toxins from a dietary source. omobatrachotoxin (6) was reported in 1992 to occur in the Hskins and feathers of three passerine bird species in the genus Pitohui (family Pachycephalidae) endemic to New Guinea and considered toxic by New Guineans (1). -
Does Batrachotoxin Autoresistance Co-Evolve with Toxicity in Phyllobates Poison-Dart Frogs?
Does batrachotoxin autoresistance co-evolve with toxicity in Phyllobates poison-dart frogs? Supplementary material Supplementary Tables Table S1. Specimen information and accession numbers of the sequences used in ancestral sequence reconstructions. For sequences obtained from publicly available genomes or transcriptomes where sequences do not have individual accession numbers (i.e. Nanorana parkeri, Rhinella marina, Rana pipiens) we provide the name of the contig or gene annotation. Species Voucher Locality DI DII DIII DIV Source Observations Allobates femoralis- Lumbaquí, Ecuador KT989177 - - KT989148 Tarvin et al. 2016 Allobates talamancae - Tundaloma, Ecuador KT989178 - - KT989149 Tarvin et al. 2016 Allobates zaparo- Río Pastaza, Ecuador KT989179 - - KT989150 Tarvin et al. 2016 Ameerega bilinguis- Venecia, Ecuador KT989180 KT989205 KT989220 KT989151 Tarvin et al. 2016 Ameerega hahneli- Canelos, Ecuador KT989181 - - KT989152 Tarvin et al. 2016 Ameerega parvula- Gualaquiza, Ecuador KT989182 KT989206 - KT989153 Tarvin et al. 2016 Panguana Biological Ameerega petersi GECOH1407 Station, Puerto Inca, Perú TBA - - TBA This Study Panguana Biological Ameerega picta GECOH1406 Station, Puerto Inca, Perú TBA - - TBA This Study Leticia, Amazonas, Ameerega trivittata TNHC-FS466 Colombia TBA - - TBA This Study La Celia, Risaralda, Andinobates bombetes GECOH1495 Colombia TBA - - TBA This Study Yotoco, Valle del Cauca, Andinobates bombetes GECOH297 Colombia TBA - - TBA This Study Andinobates fulguritus GECOH1314 Lloró, Chocó, Colombia TBA - - TBA This -
Aggressive Behaviour, Courtship and Mating Call Description of the Neotropical Poison Frog Phyllobates Aurotaenia (Anura: Dendrobatidae)
Herpetology Notes, volume 14: 1145-1149 (2021) (published online on 01 September 2021) Aggressive behaviour, courtship and mating call description of the neotropical poison frog Phyllobates aurotaenia (Anura: Dendrobatidae) Marco González-Santoro1,*, Jack Hernández-Restrepo1, and Pablo Palacios-Rodríguez1 Frogs of the Dendrobatidae family have been and agonistic behaviours in the defence of a territory documented as notably territorial (Summers, 2000; and subsequent reproductive success. Here, we report Pröhl, 2005; Méndez-Narváez and Amézquita, 2014). the aggressive behaviour, courtship, and the description For many species, a good territory can be characterized of a mating call for P. aurotaenia. by a high density of potential mates, suitable oviposition Phyllobates aurotaenia (Boulenger, 1913) is a sites, access to trophic resources and/or land extension dendrobatid frog native to Colombia, South America, (Crump, 1972; Silverstone, 1973; Summers, 1992; restricted to the pacific lowland rainforests of the Meuche et al., 2013). Moreover, successful territorial western versant of the West Andes (Silverstone, 1976; defence has been associated to mating success in males Kahn et al., 2016) (Fig. 1A). Males actively defend their (Roithmair, 1992, 1994; Pröhl, 1997; Ringler et al., territory with advertisement calls (Fig. 1B, 2A) and 2012; Yang and Richards-Zawacki, 2021). Therefore, are responsible for transporting the larvae to breeding although female territoriality has been documented sites. Females of this species are known to roam around (Weygoldt, 1987; Pröhl et al., 2019), typically males without actively defending a territory and approach show a series of behaviours related to the defence of calling males when ready to reproduce (Kahn et al., a territory (reviewed in Pröhl, 2005). -
Homobatrachotoxin in the Genus Pitohui: Chemical Defense in Birds?
REFERENCES AND NOTES 18. E. Kikawa and J. E. Pariso, Proc. Ocean Drill. as a steroidal alkaloid. Prog. Sci. Results 118. 285 (1991 ) Feathers, skin, striated muscle, uropy- 1. C. G. A. Harrison, in The Sea, C. Emiliani, Ed. 19. H. J. B. Dick et a/., ibid., p. 439. (Wiley, New York, 1981), vol. 7, pp. 219-239. 20. N. D. Opdyke and R. Hekinian, J. Geophys. Res. gial gland, heart-liver (combined), and 2. S. K. Baneriee. Tectono~hvsics105. 15 (1984) 72, 2257 (1967) stomach with contents were separated from 3. C. G. A. ~arrison.~nn;, kev. Earth planet. ~ci. 21. B. P. Luyendyk and W. G. Melson, Nature 215. individual hooded pitohuis, variable pito- 147 (19671. 15, 505 (1987). \ -- , huis (P. kirhocephalus), and rusty pitohuis 4. F. J. Vine and D. H. Matthews, Nature 199, 947 22. E. Irving, W. A. Robertson, F. Aumento, Can. J. (1963). Earth Sci. 7, 226 (1970) (P. ferrugineus) (2). Each tissue was stored 5. L. W. Morley and A. Larochelle, R. Soc. Can. 23. D. Stakes, C. Mevel. T. Chaput. Proc. Ocean Drill. separately in 100% ethanol and later was Prog. Sci. Results 118, 153 (1 991) Spec. Publ. 8, 512 (1964); L. W. Morley, in The macerated and washed with 100% ethanol. Sea, C. Emiliani, Ed. (Wiley. NewYork, 1981),vol. 24. Peridotite initially has no magnetite. During the 7. pp. 1717-1719. process of serpentinization, which is considered These crude ethanol extracts were concen- to occur over a long time scale, it acquires chem- 6. F. J. Vine and E. M. -
TAXONOMIC REVISION of RANITOMEYA Zootaxa 3083 © 2011 Magnolia Press · 3 TERMS of USE This Pdf Is Provided by Magnolia Press for Private/Research Use
TERMS OF USE This pdf is provided by Magnolia Press for private/research use. Commercial sale or deposition in a public library or website is prohibited. Zootaxa 3083: 1–120 (2011) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Monograph ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2011 · Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) ZOOTAXA 3083 A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical poison frog genus Ranitomeya (Amphibia: Dendrobatidae) 1 2 3 4 JASON L. BROWN *, EVAN TWOMEY , ADOLFO AMÉZQUITA , MOISÉS BARBOSA DE SOUZA , JANA- LEE P. CALDWELL5, STEFAN LÖTTERS6, RUDOLF VON MAY7, PAULO ROBERTO MELO-SAMPAIO4, DANIEL MEJÍA-VARGAS8, PEDRO PEREZ-PEÑA9, MARK PEPPER10, ERIK H. POELMAN11, MANUEL SANCHEZ-RODRIGUEZ12 & KYLE SUMMERS2 1. Biology Department, Duke University, Durham NC 27701, USA 2. Biology Department, East Carolina University, Greenville NC 27858, USA 3. Universidad de los Andes, Department of Biological Sciences, Bogotá, Colombia 4. Universidade Federal do Acre, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, BR 364 km 04 Distrito Industrial, CEP 69.915-900 Rio Branco AC, Brazil 5. Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History and Department of Zoology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73072, USA 6. Biogeography Department, Trier University, 54286 Trier, Germany 7. Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami FL 33199, USA 8. Associate Researcher, Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia 9. Wildlife Conservation Society, Malecón Tarapaca 332, Iquitos Perú. 10. Understory Enterprises Inc., Charing Cross, Ontario Canada, N0P 1G0 11. Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, the Netherlands 12. Understory Enterprises Inc., Iquitos, Peru *[email protected] Magnolia Press Auckland, New Zealand Accepted by M. -
Batrachotoxin Alkaloids from Passerine Birds: a Second Toxic Bird Genus (Ifrita Kowaldi) from New Guinea
Batrachotoxin alkaloids from passerine birds: A second toxic bird genus (Ifrita kowaldi) from New Guinea J. P. Dumbacher*†, T. F. Spande‡, and J. W. Daly‡ *Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution, 3001 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; and ‡Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, Room 1A-15, Building 8, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0820 Contributed by J. W. Daly, July 24, 2000 Batrachotoxins, including many congeners not previously de- scribed, were detected, and relative amounts were measured by using HPLC-mass spectrometry, in five species of New Guinean birds of the genus Pitohui as well as a species of a second toxic bird genus, Ifrita kowaldi. The alkaloids, identified in feathers and skin, were batrachotoxinin-A cis-crotonate (1), an allylically rearranged 16-acetate (2), which can form from 1 by sigmatropic rearrange- ment under basic conditions, batrachotoxinin-A and an isomer (3 -and 3a, respectively), batrachotoxin (4), batrachotoxinin-A 3 hydroxypentanoate (5), homobatrachotoxin (6), and mono- and dihydroxylated derivatives of homobatrachotoxin. The highest levels of batrachotoxins were generally present in the contour feathers of belly, breast, or legs in Pitohui dichrous, Pitohui kirho- cephalus, and Ifrita kowaldi. Lesser amounts are found in head, back, tail, and wing feathers. Batrachotoxin (4) and homobatra- chotoxin (6) were found only in feathers and not in skin. The levels of batrachotoxins varied widely for different populations of Pito- hui and Ifrita, a result compatible with the hypothesis that these birds are sequestering toxins from a dietary source. omobatrachotoxin (6) was reported in 1992 to occur in the Hskins and feathers of three passerine bird species in the genus Pitohui (family Pachycephalidae) endemic to New Guinea and considered toxic by New Guineans (1).