Phyllobates Terribilis, Golden Poison Frog

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The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ ISSN 2307-8235 (online) IUCN 2008: T55264A85887889 Scope: Global Language: English

Phyllobates terribilis, Golden Poison Frog

Assessment by: IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group

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Citation: IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. 2017. Phyllobates terribilis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T55264A85887889. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017- 3.RLTS.T55264A85887889.en

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THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™ Taxonomy

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family

Animalia Chordata Amphibia Anura Dendrobatidae

Taxon Name: Phyllobates terribilis Myers, Daly and Malkin, 1978

Common Name(s): • English: Golden Poison Frog Taxonomic Source(s): Frost, D.R. 2016. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 (31 March 2016). New York, USA. Available at: http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html. Assessment Information

Red List Category & Criteria: Endangered B1ab(iii) ver 3.1

Year Published: 2017

Date Assessed: August 4, 2016

Justification: Listed as Endangered because its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,473 km2, it occurs in fewer than five threat-defined locations, there is continuous decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to illegal crops, logging, mining activities and pollution resulting from the spraying of illegal crops.

Previously Published Red List Assessments 2004 – Endangered (EN) http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T55264A11282715.en

Geographic Range

Range Description: This species is endemic to Colombia. This species was previously only known from tiny areas on the Pacific coast of Colombia on the Río Saija drainage, in Cauca Department, occurring up to 200 m asl. However it is now also known from Río Naya and Boca Yurumanguí in southern Valle del Cauca Department, which has extended the known range 60 km northward (Marquez et al. 2012). It altitudinal range is between 50–400 m asl (D. Mejía pers. comm. August 2016). It occurs in fewer than five threat- defined locations and its EOO is 1,473 km2.

Country Occurrence: Native: Colombia

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Phyllobates terribilis – published in 2017. 2 http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T55264A85887889.en Population It is a common species. Due to ongoing decline in the extent and quality of habitat, the population is suspected to be decreasing. Current Population Trend: Decreasing

Habitat and Ecology (see Appendix for additional information) This species is from rainforest, and is found in the leaf litter of primary and secondary forest. The eggs are laid on the ground and the males transport the larvae to permanent pools.

Systems: Terrestrial, Freshwater

Use and Trade This frog is present in international trade, with many surveys recording this species as imports of the pet trade e.g. between 2004-2008 in Asia (Nijman and Shepherd 2010), between 2008–2013 in the Philippines (Sy 2014). There are reports of 979 individuals traded in 2008, with most are presumed to be captively bred opposed to caught from the wild (Carpenter et al. 2014, D. Mejía pers. comm. 2016). Taking this species from the wild is prohibited by Colombian Law.

Threats (see Appendix for additional information) The major threats include habitat loss due to illegal crops, logging, mining activities and pollution resulting from the spraying of illegal crops. It is reported in international pet trade (Carpenter et al. 2014), although the proportion caught from the wild is unknown but likely to be small.

Conservation Actions (see Appendix for additional information) Conservation Actions This species is recorded in a very small protected area called Reserva Rana Terribilis. Decree INDERENA No. 39 of 9 July 1985 forbids the collection of species of this genus from the wild in Colombia, for breeding (or other) purposes. It is listed on CITES Appendix II.

Conservation Needed Further protection of part of its range is needed.

Research Needed Research in population trends, ecology, threats and distribution are recommended for the species. Credits

Assessor(s): IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group

Reviewer(s): Stuart, S.N.

Contributor(s): Mejía, D., Gómez, D., Vargas-Salinas, F., Gonzalez Duran, G.A., Bernal, M.H., Gutierrez, P., Lötters, S. & Bolívar, W.

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Phyllobates terribilis – published in 2017. 3 http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T55264A85887889.en Facilitators(s) and Hobin, L., NatureServe Compiler(s):

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Phyllobates terribilis – published in 2017. 4 http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T55264A85887889.en Bibliography Carpenter, A.I., Andreone, F., Moore, R.D. and Griffiths, R.A. 2014. A review of the international trade in amphibians: the types, levels and dynamics of trade in CITES-listed species. Oryx 48(4): 565-574.

IUCN. 2017. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017-3. Available at: www.iucnredlist.org. (Accessed: 7 December 2017).

Lötters, S., Castro Herrera, F., Köhler, J. and Richter, R. 1997. Notes on the distribution and color variation of poison frogs of the genus Phyllobates from western Colombia (Anura, Dendrobatidae). Revue Francaise d'Aquariologie 24: 55-58.

Màrquez, R., Corredor, G., Galvis, C., Góez, D. and Amézquita, A. 2012. Range extension of the critically endangered true poison-dart frog, Phyllobates terribilis (Anura: Dendrobatidae), in western Colombia. Acta Herpetologica 7(2): 341-345.

Myers, C.W., Daly, J.W. and Malkin, B. 1978. A dangerously toxic new frog (Phyllobates) used by Embera Indians of western Colombia with discussion of blowgun fabrication and dart poisoning. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 161(2): 307-366.

Nijman, V. and Shepherd, C.R. 2010. The role of Asia in the global trade in CITES II-listed poison arrow frogs: hopping from Kazakhstan to Lebanon to Thailand and beyond. Biodiversity and Conservation 19(7): 1963-1970.

Rueda-Almonacid, J.V. 1999. Anfibios y Reptiles amenazados de extinción en Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas Fisicas y Naturales 23(Special Suppl.): 475-497.

Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. 1996. Lista actualizada de la fauna de Amphibia de Colombia. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 20(77): 365- 415.

Sy, E.Y. 2014. Checklist of exotic species in the Philippine pet trade, I. Amphibians. Journal of Nature Studies 13: 48-57.

Citation IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. 2017. Phyllobates terribilis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T55264A85887889. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017- 3.RLTS.T55264A85887889.en

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Habitats (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Major Season Suitability Habitat Importance? 1. Forest -> 1.6. Forest - Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland Resident Suitable Yes

5. Wetlands (inland) -> 5.7. Wetlands (inland) - Permanent Freshwater Resident Suitable Yes Marshes/Pools (under 8ha)

Threats (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Threat Timing Scope Severity Impact Score 2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.1. Annual & Ongoing - - - perennial non-timber crops -> 2.1.2. Small-holder farming Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation 2. Agriculture & aquaculture -> 2.3. Livestock farming Ongoing - - - & ranching -> 2.3.2. Small-holder grazing, ranching or farming Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation 3. Energy production & mining -> 3.2. Mining & Ongoing - - - quarrying Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.1. Ecosystem conversion 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation 5. Biological resource use -> 5.3. Logging & wood Ongoing - - - harvesting -> 5.3.5. Motivation Unknown/Unrecorded Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation 9. Pollution -> 9.3. Agricultural & forestry effluents -> Ongoing - - - 9.3.4. Type Unknown/Unrecorded Stresses: 1. Ecosystem stresses -> 1.2. Ecosystem degradation

Conservation Actions in Place (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Conservation Actions in Place In-Place Land/Water Protection and Management

Occur in at least one PA: Yes

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Phyllobates terribilis – published in 2017. 6 http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T55264A85887889.en Conservation Actions in Place In-Place Education

Included in international legislation: Yes

Subject to any international management/trade controls: Yes

Conservation Actions Needed (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Conservation Actions Needed 1. Land/water protection -> 1.1. Site/area protection

1. Land/water protection -> 1.2. Resource & habitat protection

Research Needed (http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/classification-schemes)

Research Needed 1. Research -> 1.2. Population size, distribution & trends

1. Research -> 1.3. Life history & ecology

1. Research -> 1.5. Threats

3. Monitoring -> 3.1. Population trends

Additional Data Fields

Distribution Estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) (km²): 1472.80

Number of Locations: 1-4

Lower elevation limit (m): 50

Upper elevation limit (m): 400

Population Population severely fragmented: No

Habitats and Ecology Continuing decline in area, extent and/or quality of habitat: Yes

Movement patterns: Not a Migrant

© The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Phyllobates terribilis – published in 2017. 7 http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T55264A85887889.en The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ ISSN 2307-8235 (online) IUCN 2008: T55264A85887889 Scope: Global Language: English

The IUCN Red List Partnership

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ is produced and managed by the IUCN Global Species Programme, the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) and The IUCN Red List Partnership.

The IUCN Red List Partners are: Arizona State University; BirdLife International; Botanic Gardens Conservation International; Conservation International; NatureServe; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Sapienza University of Rome; Texas A&M University; and Zoological Society of London.

THE IUCN RED LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES™