Biomonitoring of Air Pollution Exposure and Pathological Changes in Individuals

Junfeng (Jim) Zhang, PhD Professor of Global and Environmental Health Highlights Exposure Biomarker for diesel nitro-PAHs Urine (CEF published work) Urine (HEART study) Hb-adducts of BaP and nitro-PAHs Biomarkers of physiological response/pathway MDA 8-OHdG nitrite Exposure Biomarker for diesel nitro-PAHs Urine  Diesel exhaust (DE) is a significant source of air pollution that has been linked to respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.  Nitro-PAHs have been detected from diesel exhaust particles, and appear to be a more specific marker of DE exposure.  Nitro-PAHs, once inhaled, can be partially metabolized to the corresponding amino-PAHs and excreted in urine. 1-Nitro-Pyrene 1-Amino-Pyrene

Nitroreductase cytochrome P-450

Hydrolysis Hydrolysis

1-Nitroso-Pyrene Hemoglobin adducts DNA adducts Exposure Biomarker for diesel nitro-PAHs CEF study

• An HPLC-fluorescence system was used to analyze 1-aminopyrene in human urine samples collected prior to and during 24 h following the start of 1 h controlled exposure to DE (target concentration 300 3 µg/m as PM10) and clean air control. Exposure Biomarker for diesel nitro-PAHs Beijing Olympic study 1&2-amino-naphthalene

-20

Percent changes in 1&2-AN 1&2-AN in changes Percent per IQR increases in pollutants in increases IQR per -40 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 pyrene B[a]P Total PAHs CO NO2 O3 PM2.5 PN EC Pollutant * Lag 1-amino-pyrene

Percent changes in 1-AP 1-AP in changes Percent -20

per IQR increases in pollutants in increases IQR per

0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 -40 pyrene B[a]P Total PAHs CO NO2 O3 PM2.5 PN EC Pollutant * Lag 1-OH-pyrene

Percent changes in 1-OHP 1-OHP in changes Percent

per IQR increases in pollutants in increases IQR per -20

0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 pyrene B[a]P Total PAHs CO NO2 O3 PM2.5 PN EC Pollutant * Lag Exposure Biomarker for diesel nitro-PAHs Hemoglobin adducts

• The formation of DNA and protein adducts from benzo[a]pyrene Biomarkers of physiological response / pathway

Particulate Matter

Epithelial cells Inflammation •Mitochondria Fenton reactions •Macrophage cells •NADPH oxidase •Transit metals: Fe, Cu, V, Cr, etc •iNOS (NO synthase)

DNA oxidation Lipid peroxidation • Oxidation of NO

DNA repair ω-6-polyunsaturated acids RS-NO RS-H

8-OHdG MDA Biomarkers of physiological response / pathway malondialdehyde (MDA)

Spectrophotometry HPLC-FL GC-MSMS LC-MSMS (TBARS)

Rapid Specific Specific Specific Easy Reproducible Reproducible Reproducible Economical Easily available Sensitive Sensitive

Pre-treatment Less specific Costly Require required Less sensitive Derivatization derivatization On-fibre required Less reproducible derivatization Biomarkers of physiological response / pathway malondialdehyde (MDA)

• Free MDA VS Total MDA – Broncho-alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) – Urine – Serum Free and total MDA Urine

2500

y = 0.2053x - 2.2772 R² = 0.7868

2000

1500

1000 Free MDA(nM)

500

0 0.0 2000.0 4000.0 6000.0 8000.0 10000.0 12000.0 Total MDA (nM) Free and total MDA Serum

Asthmatic non-Asthmatic 14.0 **

12.0

10.0

8.0

6.0

4.0 *

MDA concentratin concentratin (µM) MDA 2.0

0.0 Total MDA Free MDA Biomarkers of physiological response / pathway Animal Inhalation Chambers

Flow rate= 35 L/min Velocity= 0.0004 m/s Temp= 24 ± 1 ᵒC Lighting= natural day/night cycle Biomarkers of physiological response / pathway MDA: Animal Inhalation Chambers

Pregnant rats after 14 day exposure

Pups at 3 or 8 wks old (male + female) Biomarkers of physiological response / pathway MDA: Beijing Olympic study

% changes in EBC MDA associated with IQR increases in ambient SO2 and PM2.5 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5

-10 SO2 PM2.5 -15 Lag0 Lag1 Lag2 Lag3 Lag4 Lag5 Lag6 Lag0 Lag1 Lag2 Lag3 Lag4 Lag5 Lag6 Biomarkers of physiological response / pathway MDA: Beijing Olympic study

% changes in Urine MDA associated with IQR increases in ambient SO2 and PM2.5 35

-5

-10 Lag0 Lag1 Lag2 Lag3 Lag4 Lag5 Lag6 Lag0 Lag1 Lag2 Lag3 Lag4 Lag5 Lag6 Biomarkers of physiological response / pathway 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)

• Analyzing methods

HPLC- LC- ELISA ECD MSMS

• Easy to perform • Specific • Specific • Sensitive • Non-specific • Possible interferences • More sensitive • Lower from the biological reproducibility matrix

Ref: Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2004; 18: 505-510 Biomarkers of physiological response / pathway Urinary 8-OHdG: Beijing Olympic study

% changes in urine 8-OHdG associated with IQR increases in ambient SO2 and PM2.5 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 -20 -40 Lag0 Lag1 Lag2 Lag3 Lag4 Lag5 Lag6 Lag0 Lag1 Lag2 Lag3 Lag4 Lag5 Lag6 Biomarkers of physiological response / pathway Nitrite

• HPLC-UV – Sensitive – Reproducible – Easy to perform (no pretreatment required for exhaled breath condensate and BALF samples) Biomarkers of physiological response / pathway Nitrite: Beijing Olympic study

% changes in EBC Nitrite associated with IQR increases in ambient SO2 and PM2.5 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 Lag0 Lag1 Lag2 Lag3 Lag4 Lag5 Lag6 Lag0 Lag1 Lag2 Lag3 Lag4 Lag5 Lag6 Jake Chung

Xiaoxing Cui Marlyn Duarte

PI: Junfeng (Jim) Zhang

Mingquan Li

Drew Day Jicheng Gong Hailong Han Linchen He