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Sergio Cotta Y Su Análisis Del Derecho

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Sergio Cotta Y Su Análisis Del Derecho UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA SANTIAGO DE GUAYAQUIL Alfredo Ricardo García Cevallos SERGIO COTTA Y SU ANÁLISIS DEL DERECHO Guayaquil 2011 La responsabilidad por los hechos, ideas y doctrinas expuestas en esta tesis, son originales y corresponden exclusivamente al autor. NOTA DE LA DIRECTORA El Doctor Alfredo García Cevallos fue un excelente estudiante dentro de la carrera de Derecho de nuestra Facultad de Jurisprudencia y Ciencias Sociales y Políticas de la Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil, llegando a ser ayudante de cátedra en la materia de Lengua Española. Esta experiencia hizo que su redacción sea muy clara y ello se ve reflejado en su investigación que se tradujo en su tesis para alcanzar el grado doctoral, cuyo título es “Sergio Cotta y su análisis del derecho”, y que hoy lo tenemos como una obra publicada en la biblioteca de Autores de nuestra Facultad. Cabe señalar que el autor de la obra es un sacerdote de la Iglesia católica. Esta obra se distingue de las otras obras publicadas en esta Biblioteca, pues realiza un estudio de Filosofía del Derecho, especialidad que muy pocos llegan a dominar como lo hace el Doctor García, quien ostenta el título de PHD. Esperamos que esta obra que se pone a disposición del público en general contribuya a ampliar el conocimiento del Derecho, desde un punto de vista más filosófico. Abogada Corina Navarrete Luque Directora Biblioteca de Autores A mis sobrinos, María Cecilia y Paúl Alfredo ¡O aeterna véritas, et vera cáritas et cara aetérnitas! (San Agustín) INTRODUCCIÓN Sergio Cotta, en su producción intelectual, ha tenido un objetivo claro: adentrarse en la fenomenicidad de la vida para encontrar la verdad. Ha buscado y ha incursionado en diversos ámbitos de la realidad (el derecho, la política, la historia, etc.), para encontrar aquellas estructuras que están en el fondo de la existencia y que constituyen el centro del ser humano. Este trabajo pretende ser una introducción sintético-histórica al pensamiento de este autor, especialmente en lo referente al derecho. Queremos que las siguientes páginas den una pauta, unos puntos claros, de modo que cualquier persona que quiera acercarse a la obra de Cotta, pueda utilizarlos como fundamento de su labor. Esto es así, porque en definitiva, pretendemos mostrar el hilo conductor de todo el iter intelectual de Cotta, un camino en algunas ocasiones escabroso; en otras, llano; aunque siempre con un fin preciso: encontrar con honestidad el prístino ser de las cosas. Éste es el motivo por el que nos atrevernos a pensar que Cotta ha sido uno de aquellos profetas de la verdad y del sentido que ha tenido Italia en el siglo XX, especialmente en el campo de la filosofía jurídica y la filosofía política. En el capítulo I hemos decidido comenzar presentando, en orden cronológico, la biografía de Sergio Cotta, siguiendo los acontecimientos más significativos de su vida. En el capítulo II desarrollaremos el método de estudio creado por Cotta: la ontofenomenología. Expondremos su camino de elaboración, su composición y su presentación definitiva. La ontofenomenología repre- senta la cumbre donde llegó nuestro autor después de haber bruñido las dos ideas básicas que han estado en él siempre presentes: el ser y la historia. Este método es una feliz solución para poder acercarse al verdadero ser de las cosas desde la perspectiva del aquí y del ahora. A continuación, dedicamos el capítulo III al estudio de las conclusiones a las que llega Cotta en una primera aproximación fenomenológica: el hombre como ser-con-los-otros, la socionomía, las formas coexistenciales, etc. Al llegar al capítulo IV damos un paso más. Veremos el resultado del análisis ontológico respecto al sujeto: dualidad sintético-relacional, el problema de la libertad, el hecho de que existimos-con-los-otros o coexistencialidad ontológica, etc. Cotta divide la realidad en zonas o regiones ontológicas: el derecho, la amistad, la política, la familia, el juego y la caridad. Cada una de ellas tiene su principio constitutivo, su dirección difusiva, su ámbito humano de extensión y su principio regulador o deber-ser. Pues bien, en el último capítulo (V) mostraremos de qué manera nuestro autor aplica el método ontofenomenológico a una de estas realidades: a la dimensión jurídica. Estudiaremos el deber-ser del derecho, la justicia; analizaremos su principio constitutivo, la norma; y examinaremos la vida del derecho que proviene de su fuerza intrínseca de difusividad universal. En lo que se refiere al fundamento ontológico, veremos por qué existe el derecho en la existencia humana y qué lugar ocupa. Al final podremos decir que la dimensión jurídica es, con palabras del autor, «una segunda naturaleza» en el hombre. Antes de terminar esta introducción, quisiéramos dejar constancia de nuestro agradecimiento al Prof. Dr. Ramiro Larrea Santos, relator de esta tesis de doctorado, por la ayuda y la colaboración que me ha prestado. Gracias a la Facultad de Derecho de la UCSG, en la persona de su decano, Dr. Iván Castro Patiño, que ha permitido la publicación de tesis. Gracias a todas las personas que de alguna manera hicieron posible la realización de este trabajo. Gracias mil. Una advertencia: la traducción de los textos de Sergio Cotta, citados en este trabajo, es nuestra, a menos que las citaciones hayan sido extraídos de publicaciones en español. ÍNDICE Introducción .................................................................................. 11 I. VIDA Y OBRAS DE SERGIO COTTA 1. Datos biográficos y trayectoria intelectual de Sergio Cotta 1.1 Datos biográficos. ………………………………… 17 1.2 Trayectoria intelectual………………………………… 20 1.2.1 Momento crítico-interpretativo ……………… 21 1.2.2 Momento perspectivístico……………………… 27 1.2.3 Momento ontofenomenológico………………… 31 1.3 Producción intelectual de Cotta ……………………. 33 II. EL MÉTODO COTTIANO: LA ONTOFENOMENOLOGÍA 1. Introducción 1.1 La metafísica de la subjetividad ……………………… 39 1.2 Hacia la metafísica de la objetividad ………………… 54 2. Génesis y uso del término ontofenomenología ………….. 58 3. El análisis fenomenológico 3.1 Justificación ………………………………………….. 61 3.2 Los dos itinerarios de aproximación fenomenológica .. 64 3.3 Resultados del análisis fenomenológico …………….. 67 4. El análisis ontológico 4.1 «Ir sí, pero a lo profundo». …………………………… 68 4.2 Resultados del análisis ontológico ……..…………… 71 4.3 Cotta: ¿metafísico u ontológico?……………………… 72 III. NIVEL FENOMENOLÓGICO DEL ANÁLISIS DE COTTA: LA COEXISTENCIA 1. La fenomenología de la coexistencia 1.1 Itinerario intelectual del concepto de la coexistencia en Cotta. …………………………………………….. 75 1.1.1 Naturalidad de la sociabilidad humana ………... 75 1.1.2 La coexistencia fenomenológica ……………… 78 1.2 La experiencia práctica como fundamento de la coexistencia fenomenológica ………………………. 82 1.3 Autonomía, heteronomía y socionomía. ……………. 86 2. Las formas coexistenciales 2.1 Itinerario intelectual …………………………………. 91 2.2 Aproximación fenomenológica y clasificación ……… 95 2.2.1 Las formas integrativo-excluyentes …………… 98 a) La amistad ……………………………….. 98 b) La familia …………………………………. 100 c) La política ……………………………….. 104 2.2.2 Las formas integrativo-incluyentes ……………. 109 a) El derecho ………………………………….. 109 b) El juego …………………………………… 112 c) La caridad ………………………………….. 115 IV. NIVEL ONTOLÓGICO DEL ANÁLISIS DE COTTA: LA ESTRUCTURA DEL SUJETO HUMANO 1. La dualidad sintética del yo ……………………………….. 119 1.1 El hombre como ser indigente ……………………….. 119 1.2 El «synolon» del yo ………………………………….. 122 2. La relacionalidad ontológica ………………………………. 126 3. El problema de la libertad …………………………………. 132 4. La coexistencia ontológica ……………………………….. 137 5. El sujeto humano, ¿persona o individuo?………………….. 146 V. EL DERECHO COMO ESTRUCTURA ESPECÍFICA ONTORELACIONAL 1. El análisis morfoestructural del derecho 1.1 El principio regulativo del derecho: la justicia ……….. 151 1.1.1 El problema de la moral en Cotta …………….. 151 1.1.2 La moral del derecho: la justicia……………….. 154 1.1.3 La justicia estructural …………………………. 160 1.2 El principio constitutivo del derecho: la norma …….. 167 1.2.1 La justificación de las normas ………………… 167 1.2.2 El problema del derecho natural en Cotta …….. 175 a) Crítica a la concepción de la Escuela del derecho natural racionalista ……………….. 175 b) El valor del derecho positivo ………………. 180 c) Derecho positivo: derecho natural vigente…. 180 d) El nuevo uso de la expresión «derecho natural» 185 1.2.3 Los derechos fundamentales 186 1.3 La vida del derecho a partir de los principios de difusividad y universalidad …………………………. 188 1.3.1 Juridicidad, validez y derecho …………………. 188 1.3.2 La función del derecho ……………………….. 191 a) La función estructural del derecho …………. 191 b) La capacidad pacificadora del derecho y el problema de la violencia …………………… 193 1.3.3 El derecho y la política ……………………….. 201 a) La política y el problema de la legitimación . 202 b) La política como forma coexistencial ……… 204 c) Poder y autoridad ………………………….. 208 1.3.4 El derecho y el tiempo ………………………… 211 2. El derecho como «segunda naturaleza del hombre». Análisis ontológico …………………………………….. 215 2.1 Desde el hombre al derecho ………………………….. 216 2.2 Desde el derecho al hombre ………………………….. 221 3. La ciencia jurídica y la filosofía del derecho en Cotta ……. 223 Conclusiones ………………………………………………………. 229 Apéndice 1 ………………………………………………………… 237 Apéndice 2: bibliografía ………………………………………… 239 I. VIDA Y OBRAS DE SERGIO COTTA En este capítulo nos proponemos presentar un rápido recorrido cronológico de la vida de nuestro autor y de su trayectoria intelectual. Al hablar de sus obras, destacaremos la
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