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© 2015 April Lynn Colette © 2015 April Lynn Colette FLOODS, FAVORS AND FIXES: THE REPRODUCTION OF VULNERABILITY IN SANTA FE, ARGENTINA BY APRIL LYNN COLETTE DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geography in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2015 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Professor Jesse Ribot, Chair Professor Robert Olshansky Associate Professor Ashwini Chhatre Associate Professor Julie Cidell ABSTRACT Defined as the probability of a threat of damage, injury or loss, risk is a combination of hazard and vulnerability. Without hazard there is no risk. Without vulnerability there is no risk. Vulnerability – the predisposition to damage – is precisely what determines the impact of a particular hazard. Both hazard and vulnerability are necessary to create disaster. Guarding against hazard by reducing exposure is one approach to averting or preventing disaster. But it is only part of the security equation. Vulnerability reduction is the other. While the interaction between hazard and vulnerability is recognized in the literature as fundamental in shaping disaster risk, the solutions that emerge in practice tend to focus on the hazard. Most rely on large-scale infrastructure to reduce physical exposure to hazards. But these solutions rarely address the social, political and economic factors that make people vulnerable in the first place. Taking the case of Santa Fe, Argentina – a city with a long history of floods – to illustrate this point, this dissertation explores why people in the city remain vulnerable despite the government’s responses to risk. It is not that the city’s infrastructural solutions have failed to reduce risk. Rather, the solutions themselves are also part of the problem: they occlude social and political causality on the vulnerability side of the risk equation. I argue that the complex and non-linear relations between people and government, rather than the hazards themselves, produce the most damage precisely because they shape access to the physical, social and political protections that structure vulnerability. These relations also shape responses to risk and govern access to resources that could facilitate adaptation (but tend to produce maladaptation). Rather than focus on the flood events themselves, this study analyzes the way risk is framed and the solutions that emerge from that framing. These solutions are predominantly physical infrastructure, which have produced, both materially and discursively, unequal flood risk. For over a century, the state has engineered the floodplain by constructing a variety of infrastructure including canals, stormwater drains, bridges, embankments and pumping stations to cross the rivers or to prevent floods. Through their materiality, infrastructure carved out spaces in the city, designating the organized and “moral” spaces for the wealthy and middle classes and the disorganized and “immoral” spaces for the poor and lower classes. They created a distinction between riskier and more protected areas, shunting the poor into neighborhoods more exposed to flooding. Not only did these infrastructure physically transform the urban landscape, they also shaped society through discourse, which reinforced and normalized the uneven distribution of ii risk. By routing residents’ affective responses to the city’s risky and safe spaces through a discursive field defined by high modern ideals, those who settled on low-lying land were labeled as inferior and immoral. This study highlights the invisible power of discourse which results in the non-questioning and normalization of risk. By centering my analytical focus on how infrastructure are powerful material, social, political, discursive and relational agents, I show how infrastructure both produce and are produced by people’s (both government and individuals) notions of what and who is at risk. Crucially, I argue that the discursive production of risk becomes part and parcel of the construction of the material and social world by projecting framings of risk that shape vulnerability and belonging in the contemporary city. iii To the people of Santa Fe and In loving memory of Emma Her tenacity, bravery and creativity inspired me to never give up iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of this dissertation would have been a nearly impossible endeavor had it not been for the support of a number of colleagues, friends, mentors and family members. While this dissertation took me longer than I would like to admit, I encountered a lot of wonderful people in the process. Some have come and gone, providing assistance at specific points along the way. Others have been a constant source of support and guidance. At UIUC, I am deeply grateful to my advisor, Jesse Ribot for his mentorship over the last six years. He has provided me with unwavering support throughout this process, even while oceans away. I especially thank him for his tireless review of my writing over the years, although the bulk of my work fails to do justice to his brilliant insights. He has been an inspiration in many ways, but most notably as a trailblazer for his ability to bridge disciplines and, importantly, the policy-practice-higher education divide. Despite drifting from the Department of Urban and Regional Planning since I began my journey at UIUC, Rob Olshansky is a very important part of what made my educational experience special. I would not have gotten through the writing process without his critical and practical insights and words of advice. He encouraged me to write with clarity. Not only that, but he believed that I could. I am truly thankful to Ashwini Chhatre who has always been patient and encouraging, particularly in my theoretical pursuits. Without his remarkably vast topical knowledge and sharp insight, I would not have been able to get this project off the ground. Julie Cidell has been a fantastic member of my committee. She served as a much needed source of support, especially in teasing out the complexities of the world of infrastructure. I am grateful for her generosity and sound advice. Additionally, I am indebted to Malini Ranganathan. Although she was not a part of my committee, her support and peer-mentorship kept me moving towards my goal. Having experienced the ups and downs of a PhD herself, not only did she provide clarity and constructive critiques throughout my journey, but her wisdom in navigating the process was invaluable. I am also grateful to the staff of the Department of Geography and Geographic Information Science at UIUC. Susan Etter and Matt Cohn have provided me with unparalleled administrative support and have, in many ways, contributed to my professional development. There are also numerous graduate students and postdocs who I have shared my time in the v program with. Many of them have contributed to my intellectual and personal journey and I feel quite lucky for that. There are so many of them to whom I owe thanks, but a special mention must go to Richelle Bernazolli, Michael Minn and Charles Fogelman who stuck with me to the tumultuous end. I have also been blessed with a wonderful group of friends outside of the department (and university), namely Stephen Sherman, Rachel Leipow, Vicki Shah, Emily Gates and Seth Gunnerson who made sure I was surviving the writing process. I am thankful for the guidance of Theresa Benson who reminded me that my “pluckiness” was what got me this far and, indeed, was what would help me finish. I owe very special thanks to Christina Weber. No matter the physical distance between us, her love, friendship and humor made progress on the dissertation, and on life in general, entirely possible. This dissertation would not have been possible without the generous financial support provided by a National Science Foundation Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant, Social Science Research Council International Dissertation Research Fellowship, a Graduate Fellowship from the Beckman Institute of Advanced Sciences, the Marion Russell Dissertation Fellowship and the Charles Alexander Fellowship for Women from the Department of Geography and Geographic Information Science. Additionally, I am exceedingly grateful for the institutional support of the National University of the Litoral (UNL), which served as a home base during my fieldwork. In Argentina, my fieldwork left me deeply indebted to many who were so giving of themselves in sharing their experiences and stories with me. I am grateful for their trust, generosity and willingness to invite me into their homes and places of work to answer my endless questions while sharing mate. I owe special thanks to Hugo Arrillaga and Elda Tancredi for their academic support while in the field. I am particularly grateful to Pedro Nieva, Luis Rudi, José Cettour, Ruben Salas and Gladis Coserez for giving their so much of their time and energy in the procurement of data and in the organization of workshops. Also to Eduardo Madariaga for his patience, support and interest in my study. Santa Fe might have been much less of a friendly place had it not been for an exceedingly warm group of friends. I owe a great deal to Patricia Rosa, Adrián Varela, Wanda Fernandez, Marciel Della Bitta and Milva Avanza whose open-armed acceptance made Santa Fe my home away from home. Also to the Rodíguez family who, not only put a roof over my head but also fed me after many long days in the field. Nidia Cabral, who ventured out to a few of my field vi sites with me, provided unflinching support and encouragement both professionally and personally. I am incredibly thankful to my friends in the group Los Sin Buscapinas, who never failed to lighten my daily struggles with a little humor. Most of all, Los Sin Buscapinas are an incredible source of inspiration, constantly showing me what it means to be a good storyteller. I owe a great deal of gratitude to my family, particularly my mother, who tirelessly and lovingly supported my academic pursuits.
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