DOCSLIB.ORG

A Three-Dimensional Analysis of the Morphological Evolution And

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Three-Dimensional Analysis of the Morphological Evolution And Martín-Serra et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014, 14:129 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/14/129 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access A three-dimensional analysis of the morphological evolution and locomotor behaviour of the carnivoran hind limb Alberto Martín-Serra*, Borja Figueirido and Paul Palmqvist Abstract Background: The shape of the appendicular bones in mammals usually reflects adaptations towards different locomotor abilities. However, other aspects such as body size and phylogeny also play an important role in shaping bone design. We used 3D landmark-based geometric morphometrics to analyse the shape of the hind limb bones (i.e., femur, tibia, and pelvic girdle bones) of living and extinct terrestrial carnivorans (Mammalia, Carnivora) to quantitatively investigate the influence of body size, phylogeny, and locomotor behaviour in shaping the morphology of these bones. We also investigated the main patterns of morphological variation within a phylogenetic context. Results: Size and phylogeny strongly influence the shape of the hind limb bones. In contrast, adaptations towards different modes of locomotion seem to have little influence. Principal Components Analysis and the study of phylomorphospaces suggest that the main source of variation in bone shape is a gradient of slenderness-robustness. Conclusion: The shape of the hind limb bones is strongly influenced by body size and phylogeny, but not to a similar degree by locomotor behaviour. The slender-robust “morphological bipolarity” found in bone shape variability is probably related to a trade-off between maintaining energetic efficiency and withstanding resistance to stresses. The balance involved in this trade-off impedes the evolution of high phenotypic variability. In fact, both morphological extremes (slender/robust) are adaptive in different selective contexts and lead to a convergence in shape among taxa with extremely different ecologies but with similar biomechanical demands. Strikingly, this “one-to-many mapping” pattern of evolution between morphology and ecology in hind limb bones is in complete contrast to the “many-to-one mapping” patternfoundintheevolutionofcarnivoranskull shape. The results suggest that there are more constraints in the evolution of the shape of the appendicular skeleton than in that of skull shape because of the strong biomechanical constraints imposed by terrestrial locomotion. Keywords: Carnivora, Hind limb, Allometry, Locomotion, Phenotypic evolution, Convergence Background the literature as “ecomorphological indicators” of locomo- One of the key aspects of species biology is locomotion, tion modes in living species. Thus, several studies on loco- which determines many important behavioural activities motor evolution in mammals have used limb indicators of such as foraging, hunting, escaping from predators, or mi- ecological adaptations to determine paleobiological aspects grating [1-3]. Therefore, the study of locomotor adaptations in extinct species [6-14]. However, natural selection is in living and extinct species is crucial to understanding not always the only factor in shaping morphological their role in present and past ecosystems [4,5]. traits [15-17]. It is important to investigate the effects of Natural selection has led to morphological adaptations in different potential sources of variation prior to identifying the postcranial skeleton, which have been largely treated in possible ecomorphological correlates, such as phylogenetic inheritance [15-17] or allometry [18-23]. This study investigated the influence of phylogeny, allom- * Correspondence: [email protected] Departamento de Ecología y Geología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de etry, and locomotor behaviour in shaping the morphology Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 20971 Málaga, Spain of the hind limb bones (i.e., femur, tibia, and pelvic girdle © 2014 Martín-Serra et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Martín-Serra et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2014, 14:129 Page 2 of 13 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/14/129 bones) in mammalian carnivores (extant and extinct taxa of the forelimb? (vi) Does the appendicular skeleton – from the order Carnivora plus some taxa from the closely- fore- and hind limbs – reflect functional and ecological related order Creodonta). We used mammalian fissiped convergences similar to the way the craniodental skeleton carnivorans (i.e., a paraphyletic group that includes mem- reflects them? bers of the mammalian order Carnivora exclusive of mem- bers of the clade Pinnipedia, which were excluded due to Results their highly aquatic specialization) as a model system Phylogeny and size for the following reasons: (i) their mode of locomotion The permutation tests performed to investigate the is remarkably diverse, including arboreal, terrestrial, and presence of a phylogenetic structure in shape (Procrustes semiaquatic modes [24-28]; (ii) they have a different coordinates, Pco) and size (Log-transformed centroid size, hunting styles, including pursuing, pouncing, ambushing, Log-Cs) showed statistically significant results for all the or hunting [9,29-36]; and (iii) their phylogenetic relation- bones (Table 1). The multivariate regressions of shape on ships are well characterised [37]. size were statistically significant in all cases and indicate the This article forms part of a wider study on the eco- presence of interspecific allometry (Figure 1A, 1C and 1E). morphology and evolution of the appendicular skeleton The shape changes explained by interspecific allometry are in the order Carnivora with a particular focus on the in- shown in Figure 1B, 1D, and 1F (also see Additional file 1). fluence of various factors in shaping the fore- and hind The multivariate regressions between the phylogenetic limb bones. We complement the analysis of the forelimb independent contrasts for shape on the contrasts for size [38] by studying the evolution of the hind limb. This also yielded significant results and suggest that allometry study will therefore lead to a complete picture of the is not merely due to a phylogenetic effect (Figure 2A, 2C, morphological evolution of all major limb bones of the and 2E). The shape changes explained by evolutionary carnivoran appendicular skeleton as a whole. allometryareshowninFigure2B,2D,and2F. Our predictive hypothesis was that there would be many similarities between the evolution of the bone Phenotypic spaces and their histories of occupation shape of the fore- and hind limbs. However, as these Principal component analyses (PCA) were performed to limbs have several functional differences and anatomical investigate the morphological variability of each bone and peculiarities, we also predicted that there would be some their respective phylomorphospaces (Figure 3). The PCA differences in their patterns of evolution. For example, it performed on the shape of the pelvis (although we only has been demonstrated that the forelimbs of domestic analyzed one side of the pelvic girdle [innominate bone], dogs support a greater proportion of body weight than we refer to it as the pelvic girdle or pelvis for easier under- the hind limbs [39,40] and this could be the case for all standing) provided two principal components (PC), which fissiped carnivorans. If this supposition were correct, it accounted for more than 52% of the original variance. would be reasonable to assume that allometry has less The first PC (Figure 3A, x axis) differentiated the pelvis effect on the hind limb bones than on the forelimb of hyaenids and ursids with positive scores from the bones. Furthermore, hind limbs are thought to be more shape of the pelvis of felids with negative scores. The important in providing impulse during acceleration and second PC (Figure 3A, y axis) mainly differentiated muste- running than the forelimbs [39,41,42] and therefore loids (i.e., procyonids, ailurids, and mustelids) with positive locomotor behaviour could have a stronger influence on scores from canids and hyaenids with negative scores. The shaping the hind limb than the forelimb. On the other corresponding shapes at the extremes of both eigenvectors hand, many carnivoran species use their forelimbs for are shown in Figure 3B and Additional file 2A. activities other than the ones involved in locomotion, A visual inspection of this phylomorphospace shows such as grasping, climbing, or manipulating prey [28,33,43] that the terminal branches are relatively short and the and this could also be a potential source of morphological internal branches are relatively long (Figure 3A). This differences between the fore- and hind limbs. pattern suggests that the pelvis shapes of closely related We used 3D geometric morphometrics to characterize the morphology of the hind limb bones (i.e., femur, tibia Table 1 Results of assessing the presence of a and the pelvic girdle bones) in order to answer the fol- phylogenetic signal in each hind limb bone shape (Pco) lowing questions: i) Is there an allometric effect in shap- and size (Log-Cs) ing the morphology of the hind limb bones; (ii) Is there Bone Shape Size a phylogenetic
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Morphometric Analyses of Cave Bear Mandibles (Carnivora, Ursidae)
    Revue de Paléobiologie, Genève (décembre 2018) 37 (2): 379-393 ISSN 0253-6730 Morphometric analyses of cave bear mandibles (Carnivora, Ursidae) Gennady F. BARYSHNIKOV1*, Andrei Yu. PUZACHENKO2 & Svetlana V. BARYSHNIKOVA1 1 Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia 2 Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Staromonetnyi per. 29, 109017 Moscow, Russia * Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Morphometric variability of cave and brown bears and their ancestors (Ursus minimus and U. etruscus) is examined using multivariate statistics based on measurements of 679 mandibles from 90 localities in Northern Eurasia. The variability is dependent on sexual dimorphism in size: it is well seen in big cave bears (U. spelaeus, U. kanivetz = ingressus, U. kudarensis), whose males are nearly 25% larger than females. In the morphological space, we identified two main types of mandibles: the “arctoid” type [U. minimus, U. etruscus, U. arctos, U. rodei (?)], and the “spelaeoid” type (U. spelaeus spelaeus, U. s. eremus, U. kanivetz, U. kudarensis). The intermediate “deningeroid” type includes U. deningeri, U. savini, U. rossicus (males), and U. spelaeus ladinicus. An additional unit is formed by female sample of U. rossicus. The mandible bones are less informative for understanding of cave bear evolution, because in comparison to crania, they have a rather simple shape. Keywords Ursus, cave bears, morphometrics, variations, mandible, evolution, adaptation, Pleistocene. Résumé Analyse morphométrique de la mandibule chez les ours des cavernes. - La variabilité morphométrique des ours des cavernes, des ours bruns et de leurs ancêtres (Ursus minimus et U. etruscus) est étudiée à partir des mesures de 679 mandibules de 90 sites d’Eurasie du nord, à l’aide des méthodes d’analyses statistiques multivariées.
    [Show full text]
  • Uma Perspectiva Macroecológica Sobre O Risco De Extinção Em Mamíferos
    Universidade Federal de Goiás Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Evolução Uma Perspectiva Macroecológica sobre o Risco de Extinção em Mamíferos VINÍCIUS SILVA REIS Goiânia 2019 VINÍCIUS SILVA REIS Uma Perspectiva Macroecológica sobre o Risco de Extinção em Mamíferos Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Evolução do Departamento de Ecologia do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal de Goiás como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Ecologia e Evolução. Orientador: Profº Drº Matheus de Souza Lima- Ribeiro Co-orientadora: Profª Drª Levi Carina Terribile Goiânia 2019 DEDI CATÓRIA Ao meu pai Wilson e à minha mãe Iris por sempre acreditarem em mim. “Esper o que próxima vez que eu te veja, você s eja um novo homem com uma vasta gama de novas experiências e aventuras. Não he site, nem se permita dar desculpas. Apenas vá e faça. Vá e faça. Você ficará muito, muito feliz por ter feito”. Trecho da carta escrita por Christopher McCandless a Ron Franz contida em Into the Wild de Jon Krakauer (Livre tradução) . AGRADECIMENTOS Eis que a aventura do doutoramento esteve bem longe de ser um caminho solitário. Não poderia ter sido um caminho tão feliz se eu não tivesse encontrado pessoas que me ensinaram desde método científico até como se bebe cerveja de verdade. São aos que estiveram comigo desde sempre, aos que permaneceram comigo e às novas amizades que eu construí quando me mudei pra Goiás que quero agradecer por terem me apoiado no nascimento desta tese: À minha família, em especial meu pai Wilson, minha mãe Iris e minha irmã Flora, por me apoiarem e me incentivarem em cada conquista diária.
    [Show full text]
  • História Das Paisagens Florestais Mésicas Dentro Da Diagonal De Formações Abertas: Contribuições De Paleomodelagem, Filoge
    ! ! Universidade de Brasília Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia História das paisagens florestais mésicas dentro da diagonal de formações abertas: contribuições de paleomodelagem, filogeografia de espécies associadas e de conservação Roger Maia Dias Ledo Brasília – DF 2016 ! ! ! ! Universidade de Brasília Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia História das paisagens florestais mésicas dentro da diagonal de formações abertas: contribuições de paleomodelagem, filogeografia de espécies associadas e de conservação Orientador: Dr. Guarino Rinaldi Colli Co-orientadora: Dra. Lilian G. Giugliano Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Ecologia da Universidade de Brasília como parte dos requisitos necessários para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Ecologia. Brasília – DF 2016 ! ! Roger Maia Dias Ledo História das paisagens florestais mésicas dentro da diagonal de formações abertas: contribuições de paleomodelagem, filogeografia de espécies associadas e conservação Tese realizada com o apoio da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES/SISBIOTA) e aprovada junto ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia da Universidade de Brasília como requisito para obtenção do título de Doutor em Ecologia. Comissão Examinadora: Prof. Dr. Guarino R. Colli Prof. Dra. Lilian G. Giugliano Presidente/Orientador Co-orientadora UnB UnB Profa. Dra. Leonora P. Costa Prof. Dr. Adrian A. Garda Membro Externo não vinculado ao Programa Membro Externo não vinculado ao Programa UFES UFRN Prof. Dra. Rosane Collevatti Membro Prof. Dr. Ricardo Bomfim Machado Externo não vinculado ao Programa Membro Interno vinculado ao UFG Programa UnB Prof. Dr. Renato Caparroz Membro suplente vinculado ao Programa UnB Brasília, 29 de fevereiro de 2016 ! ! Agradecimentos Esta tese não sairia do papel (ou melhor, não se materializaria no papel) se não fosse a ajuda de inúmeras pessoas.
    [Show full text]
  • Growth Trajectories in the Cave Bear and Its Extant
    Fuchs et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology (2015) 15:239 DOI 10.1186/s12862-015-0521-z RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Growth trajectories in the cave bear and its extant relatives: an examination of ontogenetic patterns in phylogeny Manuela Fuchs, Madeleine Geiger*, Madlen Stange and Marcelo R. Sánchez-Villagra Abstract Background: The study of postnatal ontogeny can provide insights into evolution by offering an understanding of how growth trajectories have evolved resulting in adult morphological disparity. The Ursus lineage is a good subject for studying cranial and mandibular shape and size variation in relation to postnatal ontogeny and phylogeny because it is at the same time not diverse but the species exhibit different feeding ecologies. Cranial and mandibular shapes of Ursus arctos (brown bear), U. maritimus (polar bear), U. americanus (American black bear), and the extinct U. spelaeus (cave bear) were examined, using a three-dimensional geometric morphometric approach. Additionally, ontogenetic series of crania and mandibles of U. arctos and U. spelaeus ranging from newborns to senile age were sampled. Results: The distribution of specimens in morphospace allowed to distinguish species and age classes and the ontogenetic trajectories U. arctos and U. spelaeus were found to be more similar than expected by chance. Cranial shape changes during ontogeny are largely size related whereas the evolution of cranial shape disparity in this clade appears to be more influenced by dietary adaptation than by size and phylogeny. The different feeding ecologies are reflected in different cranial and mandibular shapes among species. Conclusions: The cranial and mandibular shape disparity in the Ursus lineage appears to be more influenced by adaptation to diet than by size or phylogeny.
    [Show full text]
  • Pleistocene Panthera Leo Spelaea
    Quaternaire, 22, (2), 2011, p. 105-127 PLEISTOCENE PANTHERA LEO SPELAEA (GOLDFUSS 1810) REMAINS FROM THE BALVE CAVE (NW GERMANY) – A CAVE BEAR, HYENA DEN AND MIDDLE PALAEOLITHIC HUMAN CAVE – AND REVIEW OF THE SAUERLAND KARST LION CAVE SITES n Cajus G. DIEDRICH 1 ABSTRACT Pleistocene remains of Panthera leo spelaea (Goldfuss 1810) from Balve Cave (Sauerland Karst, NW-Germany), one of the most famous Middle Palaeolithic Neandertalian cave sites in Europe, and also a hyena and cave bear den, belong to the most im- portant felid sites of the Sauerland Karst. The stratigraphy, macrofaunal assemblages and Palaeolithic stone artefacts range from the final Saalian (late Middle Pleistocene, Acheulean) over the Middle Palaeolithic (Micoquian/Mousterian), and to the final Palaeolithic (Magdalénien) of the Weichselian (Upper Pleistocene). Most lion bones from Balve Cave can be identified as early to middle Upper Pleistocene in age. From this cave, a relatively large amount of hyena remains, and many chewed, and punctured herbivorous and carnivorous bones, especially those of woolly rhinoceros, indicate periodic den use of Crocuta crocuta spelaea. In addition to those of the Balve Cave, nearly all lion remains in the Sauerland Karst caves were found in hyena den bone assemblages, except those described here material from the Keppler Cave cave bear den. Late Pleistocene spotted hyenas imported most probably Panthera leo spelaea body parts, or scavenged on lion carcasses in caves, a suggestion which is supported by comparisons with other cave sites in the Sauerland Karst. The complex taphonomic situation of lion remains in hyena den bone assemblages and cave bear dens seem to have resulted from antagonistic hyena-lion conflicts and cave bear hunting by lions in caves, in which all cases lions may sometimes have been killed and finally consumed by hyenas.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Meeting Issue 2003 Final Revision
    Program of the Seventy-Second Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists to be held at The Tempe Mission Palms Hotel Tempe, Arizona April 23 to April 26, 2003 AAPA Scientific Program Committee: John H. Relethford Chair and Program Editor James Calcagno William L. Jungers Lyle Konigsberg Lorena Madrigal Karen Rosenberg Theodore G. Schurr Lynette Leidy Sievert Dawnie Wolfe Steadman Karen B. Strier Edward Hagen, Computer Programming Charles A. Lockwood, Cover Photo Local Arrangements Committee: Leanne T. Nash (Chair) Brenda J. Baker Kaye E. Reed Charles A. Lockwood Robert C. Williams Melissa K. Schaefer (student) Stephanie Meredith (student) and many other student volunteers 2 Message from the Program Committee Chair The 2003 AAPA meeting, our seventy- obtain abstracts and determine when and second annual meeting, will be held at the where specific posters and papers will be Tempe Mission Palms Hotel in Tempe, Ari- presented. zona. There will be 682 podium and poster As in the past, we will meet in conjunc- presentations in 55 sessions, with a total of tion with a number of affiliated groups in- almost 1,300 authors participating. These cluding the American Association of Anthro- numbers mark our largest meeting ever. The pological Genetics, the American Der- program includes nine podium symposia and matoglyphics Association, the Dental An- three poster symposia on a variety of topics: thropology Association, the Human Biology 3D methods, atelines, baboon life history, Association, the Paleoanthropology Society, behavior genetics, biomedical anthropology, the Paleopathology Association, and the dental variation, hominid environments, Primate Biology and Behavior Interest primate conservation, primate zoonoses, Group.
    [Show full text]
  • Cave Bear Ecology and Interactions With
    CAVEBEAR ECOLOGYAND INTERACTIONSWITH PLEISTOCENE HUMANS MARYC. STINER, Department of Anthropology,Building 30, Universityof Arizona,Tucson, AZ 85721, USA,email: [email protected] Abstract:Human ancestors (Homo spp.), cave bears(Ursus deningeri, U. spelaeus), andbrown bears (U. arctos) have coexisted in Eurasiafor at least one million years, andbear remains and Paleolithic artifacts frequently are found in the same caves. The prevalenceof cave bearbones in some sites is especiallystriking, as thesebears were exceptionallylarge relative to archaichumans. Do artifact-bearassociations in cave depositsindicate predation on cave bearsby earlyhuman hunters, or do they testify simply to earlyhumans' and cave bears'common interest in naturalshelters, occupied on different schedules?Answering these and other questions aboutthe circumstancesof human-cave bear associationsis made possible in partby expectations developedfrom research on modem bearecology, time-scaledfor paleontologicand archaeologic applications. Here I review availableknowledge on Paleolithichuman-bear relations with a special focus on cave bears(Middle Pleistocene U. deningeri)from YarimburgazCave, Turkey.Multiple lines of evidence show thatcave bearand human use of caves were temporallyindependent events; the apparentspatial associations between human artifacts andcave bearbones areexplained principally by slow sedimentationrates relative to the pace of biogenicaccumulation and bears' bed preparationhabits. Hibernation-linkedbehaviors and population characteristics of cave
    [Show full text]
  • Cave Bears and Ancient DNA: a Mutually Beneficial Relationship
    Berichte der Geologischen Bundesanstalt 132 Cave bears and ancient DNA: a mutually beneficial relationship Axel Barlow 1, Michael Hofreiter 1 and Michael Knapp 2 Abstract For almost 30 years, cave bears and paleogenetic research have shared a mutually beneficial relation- ship. Due to the abundance and frequently good preservation of cave bear bones, they have often been the tissue of choice to develop and test molecular approaches aimed at recovering and sequencing DNA from ancient remains. Our understanding of cave bear biology has similarly profited from the molecular data produced through paleogenetic studies. DNA data has complemented morphologi- cal data to provide insights into the evolution and phylogeny of cave bears. Molecular population dynamic studies have helped develop hypotheses explaining the extinction of cave bears, and new genomic data is now promising to shed light on evolutionary and population genetic processes that could previously only be obtained from living species. Here we evaluate and review the role cave bears have played in the development of paleogenetic research as well as the role that paleogenetic research has had in understanding cave bear biology. We provide a perspective on where this mutually beneficial relationship is likely to take us in the near future. Zusammenfassung Seit fast 30 Jahren verbindet die Höhlenbären- und paläogenetische Forschung eine, für beide Seiten vorteilhafte, Beziehung. Aufgrund der Fülle und häufig guten Erhaltung von Höhlenbär-Knochen waren sie häufig das Material der Wahl, um molekulare Ansätze zur Extraktion und Sequenzierung von DNA aus Fossilien zu entwickeln und zu testen. Unser Verständnis der Biologie des Höhlen- bären hat in ähnlicher Weise von den molekularen Daten aus paläogenetischen Studien profitiert.
    [Show full text]
  • O Ssakach Drapieżnych – Część 2 - Kotokształtne
    PAN Muzeum Ziemi – O ssakach drapieżnych – część 2 - kotokształtne O ssakach drapieżnych - część 2 - kotokształtne W niniejszym artykule przyjrzymy się ewolucji i zróżnicowaniu zwierząt reprezentujących jedną z dwóch głównych gałęzi ewolucyjnych w obrębie drapieżnych (Carnivora). Na wczesnym etapie ewolucji, drapieżne podzieliły się (ryc. 1) na psokształtne (Caniformia) oraz kotokształtne (Feliformia). Paradoksalnie, w obydwu grupach występują (bądź występowały w przeszłości) formy, które bardziej przypominają psy, bądź bardziej przypominają koty. Ryc. 1. Uproszczone drzewo pokrewieństw ewolucyjnych współczesnych grup drapieżnych (Carnivora). Ryc. Michał Loba, na podstawie Nyakatura i Bininda-Emonds, 2012. Tym, co w rzeczywistości dzieli te dwie grupy na poziomie anatomicznym jest budowa komory ucha środkowego (bulla tympanica, łac.; ryc. 2). U drapieżnych komora ta jest budowa przede wszystkim przez dwie kości – tylną kaudalną kość entotympaniczną i kość ektotympaniczną. U kotokształtnych, w miejscu ich spotkania się ze sobą powstaje ciągła przegroda. Obydwie części komory kontaktują się ze sobą tylko za pośrednictwem małego okienka. U psokształtnych 1 PAN Muzeum Ziemi – O ssakach drapieżnych – część 2 - kotokształtne Ryc. 2. Widziane od spodu czaszki: A. baribala (Ursus americanus, Ursidae, Caniformia), B. żenety zwyczajnej (Genetta genetta, Viverridae, Feliformia). Strzałkami zaznaczono komorę ucha środkowego u niedźwiedzia i miejsce występowania przegrody w komorze żenety. Zdj. (A, B) Phil Myers, Animal Diversity Web (CC BY-NC-SA
    [Show full text]
  • The Genus Ursus in Eurasia: Dispersal Events and Stratigraphical Significance
    Riv. It. Paleont. Strat. v. 98 n,4 pp. 487-494 Marzo 7993 THE GENUS URSUS IN EURASIA: DISPERSAL EVENTS AND STRATIGRAPHICAL SIGNIFICANCE MARCO RUSTIONI* 6. PAUL MAZZA** Ke vuords: Urszs, PIio-Pleistocene. Eurasia. Riassunto. Sulla base dei risultati di precedenti studi condotti dagli stessi autori vengono riconosciuti cinque gruppi principali di orsi: Ursus gr. ninimus - thihtanus (orsi neri), Ursus gr. etuscus (orsi erruschi), Ursus gr. arctos (orsi bruni), Ursus gr, deningeri - spelaeus (orsi delle caverne) e Ursus gr. maitimus (orsi bianchi). Gli orsi neri sembrano essere scomparsi dall'Europa durante il Pliocene superiore, immigrarono nuovamente in Europa all'inizio del Pleistocene medio e scomparvero definitivamente dall'Europa all'inizio del Pleistocene superiore. Gli orsi etruschi sono presenti più o meno contemporaneamente nelle aree meridionali dell'Europa e dell'Asia nel corso del Pliocene superiore. La linea asiatica sembra scomparire alla fine di questo periodo, mentre il ceppo europeo soprawisse, dando origine, nel corso del Pleistocene inferiore, ai rappresentanti più evoluti. Gli orsi bruni si sono probabilmente originati in Asia. Questo gruppo si diffuse ampiamente nella regione oloartica differenziandòsi in un gran numero di varietà e presumibilmente raggiunse I'Europa alla fine del Pleistocene inferiore. L'arrivo degli orsi bruni in Europa è un evento significativo, che all'incirca coincise con il grande rinnovamento faunistico del passaggio Pleistocene inferiore-Pleistocene medio. Gli orsi bruni soppiantarono gli orsi etruschi, tipici dei contesti faunistici villafranchiani, e dettero origine alla linea degli orsi delle caverne. Gli orsi delle caverne ebbero grande successo in Europa nel Pleistocene medio e superiore e scomparvero alla fine dell'ultima glaciazione quaternaria o nel corso del primo Olocene.
    [Show full text]
  • And the Taxonomy of the Yellow-Tailed Woolly Monkey, Lagothrix flavicauda
    AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 137:245–255 (2008) Taxon Combinations, Parsimony Analysis (PAUP*), and the Taxonomy of the Yellow-Tailed Woolly Monkey, Lagothrix flavicauda Luke J. Matthews1* and Alfred L. Rosenberger2,3 1Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, NY 10003 2Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, The Graduate Center, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210 3Department of Mammalogy, The American Museum of Natural History, New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, NY 10024 KEY WORDS cladistics; taxonomy; taxon combinations; PAUP; parsimony; tree inference; New World monkeys; ateline systematics ABSTRACT The classifications of primates, in gen- results indicate that alternative selections of species sub- eral, and platyrrhine primates, in particular, have been sets from within genera produce various tree topologies. greatly revised subsequent to the rationale for taxonomic These results stand even after adjusting the character decisions shifting from one rooted in the biological spe- set and considering the potential role of interobserver cies concept to one rooted solely in phylogenetic affilia- disagreement. We conclude that specific taxon combina- tions. Given the phylogenetic justification provided for tions, in this case, generic or species pairings, of the pri- revised taxonomies, the scientific validity of taxonomic mary study group has a biasing effect in parsimony distinctions can be rightly judged by the robusticity of analysis, and that the cladistic rationale for resurrecting the phylogenetic results supporting them. In this study, the Oreonax generic distinction for the yellow-tailed we empirically investigated taxonomic-sampling effects woolly monkey (Lagothrix flavicauda) is based on an ar- on a cladogram previously inferred from craniodental tifact of idiosyncratic sampling within the study group data for the woolly monkeys (Lagothrix).
    [Show full text]
  • On the Socio-Sexual Behaviour of the Extinct Ursid Indarctos Arctoides: an Approach Based on Its Baculum Size and Morphology
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Digital.CSIC On the Socio-Sexual Behaviour of the Extinct Ursid Indarctos arctoides: An Approach Based on Its Baculum Size and Morphology Juan Abella1,2*, Alberto Valenciano3,4, Alejandro Pe´rez-Ramos5, Plinio Montoya6, Jorge Morales2 1 Institut Catala` de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Auto`noma de Barcelona. Edifici ICP, Campus de la UAB s/n, Barcelona, Spain, 2 Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, Madrid, Spain, 3 Departamento de Geologı´a Sedimentaria y Cambio Medioambiental. Instituto de Geociencias (CSIC, UCM), Madrid, Spain, 4 Departamento de Paleontologı´a, Facultad de Ciencias Geolo´gicas UCM, Madrid, Spain, 5 Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat de Vale`ncia, Paterna, Spain, 6 Departament de Geologia, A` rea de Paleontologia, Universitat de Vale`ncia, Burjassot, Spain Abstract The fossil bacula, or os penis, constitutes a rare subject of study due to its scarcity in the fossil record. In the present paper we describe five bacula attributed to the bear Indarctos arctoides Depe´ret, 1895 from the Batallones-3 site (Madrid Basin, Spain). Both the length and morphology of this fossil bacula enabled us to make interpretative approaches to a series of ecological and ethological characters of this bear. Thus, we suggest that I. arctoides could have had prolonged periods of intromission and/or maintenance of intromission during the post-ejaculatory intervals, a multi-male mating system and large home range sizes and/or lower population density. Its size might also have helped females to choose from among the available males.
    [Show full text]