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Pirates, Anarchists, and Terrorists: Violence and the Boundaries of Sovereignt Authority

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Pirates, Anarchists, and Terrorists: Violence and the Boundaries of Sovereignt Authority ABSTRACT Title of dissertation: PIRATES, ANARCHISTS, AND TERRORISTS: VIOLENCE AND THE BOUNDARIES OF SOVEREIGNT AUTHORITY Mark Alexander Shirk, Doctor of Philosophy, 2014 Dissertation direct by: Prof. Virginia Haufler Department of Government and Politics This study examines how states combat episodes of violence that pose an ontological threat to the state. Sovereignty is a bundle of practices that draw, maintain, and redraw boundaries around political authority, the state is the polity constructed by these boundaries. The boundaries can be physical such as a border between state or conceptual such as that between public and private. These boundaries create the ‘conceptual maps that state leaders use to make sense of the world. The threat posed by violent action is constructed by narratives. Revisionist narratives of violence, the focus of this study, are illegible to states using current conceptual maps and therefore cannot be defeated while they remain. States are forced to redraw the boundaries of sovereign authority in the course of combating these threats, resulting in a transformed state. In my three cases – golden age piracy in the 18 th century, anarchist ‘propagandists of the deed’ at the turn of the 20 th , and al Qaeda – I demonstrate that the state develops creative solutions to concrete crises. For instance, golden age pirates exploited a surfeit of ungoverned land and open markets in the early 18th century Atlantic to attack trade forcing colonial states to bring their Atlantic colonies into the domestic sphere and shift the sea into an open space. Similarly, the rise of the labor movement and the development fingerprint databases and the universal passport system were, in part, responses to the threat of anarchists propounding “propaganda of the deed” at the turn of the 20 th century. Finally, counterterror innovations devised to combat al Qaeda, such as targeted killing and bulk data collection, have transformed borders from sites of exclusion designed to keep out undesirables to sites of collection where they are tracked and controlled. Each case demonstrates how states re-inscribe themselves by redrawing conceptual boundaries, such as between in order to make sense of an episode of revisionist and respond effectively. PIRATES, ANARCHISTS, AND TERRORISTS: VIOLENCE AND THE BOUNDARIES OF SOVEREIGN AUTHORITY by Mark Alexander Shirk Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2014 Advisory Committee: Professor Virginia Haufler, Chair Professor David Cunningham Professor Daniel Green Professor Paul Huth Professor Meyer Kestnbaum © Copyright by Mark Alexander Shirk 2014 Dedication This Dissertation is dedicated to my wonderful wife Fiona, who has not only provided support above and beyond what could be imagined but also proved a tireless editor. I also dedicate this to my parents, Alex and Bev, who supported me throughout my long education and my dog Cleo who doesn’t care about the vicissitudes of academic life, only that she gets fed and that I pet her belly. ii Acknowledgements This dissertation was not written alone and I have many people to mention without whom I could not have finished it. First, I am indebted to the Horowitz Foundation for Social Policy for a Dissertation Grant and the Harold D. Lasswell Award. This funded my archival research in London and Paris. Without it this would be a much different and much weaker project. This grant also allowed me to hire Annie Rehill to provide valuable translations of French archival material. I would also like to thank my dissertation committee: David Cunningham, Daniel Green, Paul Huth, Meyer Kestnbaum as well as my chair, Virginia Haufler who pushed hard for me to undertake archival research and do interviews despite my early reluctance. I also want to thank, in no particular order, Ken Conca, Patrick Thaddeus Jackson, George Quester, Scott Kastner, Jacqui Ignatova, Quddus Snyder, Ken Matis, Karol Soltan, Jennifer Hadden, Daniel Nexon, Barak Mendelsohn, Jeppe Mulich, Kirwin Ray Schaffer, Edward Lucas, Christian Bueger, Jan Stockbruegger, Jorg Kustermans, Andreas Behnke, Jennifer Lobasz, Frederic Shaffer, Lily Ling, Sheryl Strosschein, Bridget Coggins, and Hans-Martin Jaeger for comments on various parts and drafts of this project at the University of Maryland, in private conversations, and/or at conference panels and workshops. If I forgot anyone I sincerely apologize. iii Table of Contents List of Tables……………………………………………………………………...…….vi Chapter 1: Introduction………………………………………………………………..1 The argument……………………………………………………………………...6 Method…………………………………………………………………………...12 Plan of dissertation……………………………………………………………….19 Chapter 2: The State, Sovereignty, and Boundaries…………………………………26 Sovereignty in international relations……………………………………………28 The state and sovereignty……………………………………………………..….36 Boundaries………………………………………………………………….……42 Sovereignty and boundary drawing as practice……………………………….…48 The state as a bounded polity……………………………………………….……55 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….58 Chapter 3: Violence, Threat, and the Boundaries of Sovereign Authority…………..61 Terrorism and threat……………………………………………………………...63 Violence, narrative, and threat…………………………………………………...69 Narratives of violence……………………………………………………………72 Significance……………………………………………………………..………..76 Revisionist violence and sovereign boundaries…………………………….……87 Shattering………………………………………………………………………...93 Re-inscribing…………………………………………………………………..…98 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………...102 Chapter 4: The Golden Age of Piracy and the Creation of an Atlantic World…..…104 Who were the golden age pirates?.......................................................................105 “No peace beyond the Line”……………………………………………………108 “Committing depredations and acts of hostility”…………………………...…..118 “Hostes humani generis”………………………………………………………..121 “How little acts of grace and mercy work on these vermine”……………….…127 “More effectually contribute to the suppressing of them”……………….……..130 “The absence of sovereignty over the oceans is not a timeless feature”……….140 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………...144 Chapter 5: Propaganda of the Deed, Passports, and Boundaries in Europe at the Turn of the 20 th Century…………………………………147 “Believing in a better future”……………………………………………...……146 “The anarchist assassin simply murders at haphazard”………………………...156 “Satan has made himself a dynamiter”………………………………………....161 “Vive l’anarchie!”………………………………………………………………168 “A mortal enemy of anarchy could not have done more”……………………...180 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………...195 iv Chapter 6: Drones, Data, and Boundaries in the Global War on Terror……………………………….…………………..199 “They’d been here all along”………………………………………………...…200 “This is civilization’s fight”…………………………………………………….208 “Not whether but when”………………………………………………………..218 “The robot is our answer to the suicide bomber”…………………...............…221 “There will be chalk dust on my cleats”………………………………………..240 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………...…252 Chapter 7: Boundaries in the 21 st century…………………………………………..255 Trends………………………………………………………………………..…255 Sovereignty…………………………………………………………………..…259 Globalization……………………………………………………………………261 Privacy in the 21 st century…………………………………………………..….265 Ways forward………………………………………………………………..…277 Works Cited………………………..……………………………………………..…….281 v List of Tables Table 3.1: Narratives in Historical Episodes of Violence……………………..…………75 Table 3.2: Threats and Dynamics Involved in Each Narrative………….……………….85 Table 4.1: English Trade (000 Tons): Entries and Clearances, 1686-1779…………….119 vi Chapter 1: Introduction At 2:49pm on April 15, 2013 the first of three explosions took place at the finish line of the Boston Marathon, resulting in 3 dead and 264 injured. A few days later the National Guard and Boston Police were on a manhunt for suspects Tamerlan and Dzhokar Tsarnaev. Tracked by a cell phone left in a car they had stolen, the Tsarnaev brothers would find themselves in a shootout with the authorities that killed 26 year old Tamerlan and injured 19 year old Dzhokar before the latter was able to escape. Thus began the manhunt; surreal scenes where armed National Guardsmen blocked off a perimeter thought to be where Dzhokar Tsarnaev was hiding and then went house to house, knocking on doors and searching the suburban homes of the residents of Watertown, Massachusetts. They entered houses and searched backyards producing a contrasting aesthetic of quiet, sanitized suburbia against the urgency and raw power of militarized searches. Only thing is, Dzhokar Tsarnaev was not within the area blocked out and searched. He had escaped onto a boat just outside the area, hiding under a tarp. After hours of these searches, it was only after a local man noticed blood on his boat and tipped off the police that Dzhokar Tsarnaev was arrested. This story stands as a metaphor for many the challenges posed to the state in the 21 st century. The Boston policemen and National Guardsmen sealed off a particular territory and searched it slowly, house by house, using a method of force that could be seen as an exemplify the modern territorial state attempting to exercise authority and power in the way that it knows best. Dzhokar Tsarnaev is one of the types of challenges which are posed by what has come to be known as ‘globalization’; weakening the state 1 from a place, physical or conceptual, just outside of its reach. No matter how much
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